Geophysical Laboratory, Caegie Institution of Washington,
Washington, D.C. 20008
ABSTRACT
The terminology of igneous cumulates was originally formulated on the concept that the rocks were concentrations of minerals accumulated by crystal settling. It is now well established for several major intrusions that plagioclase that had been typed as cumulus should, in fact, have floated in its parental magmatic liquid. Nevertheless, the terminology has been valuable in the classification of the rocks of these and other intrusions, and it has been useful in certain aspects of their genetic interpretation. The name 'cumulate' is therefore redefined so that crystal settling is a possible but not essential process in the origins of the rocks to which it is applied. The overall nomenclature of layered intrusions is then reviewed, and definitions of names are refined and systematized to clarify their applications. Careful distinction is made between descriptive and genetic names.
A cumulate is defined as an igneous rock characterized by a framework of touching mineral crystals and grains that evidently were concentrated through fractional crystallization of their parental magmatic liquids. A layer is a sheetlike unit of cumulate that is a distinctive entity in its compositional and (or) textural features. A lamina is a thin (2-5 cm), sharply defined layer. Igneous lamination is a general name for planar structure that is pervasive through cumulates on the scale of their grain size. Layering is the overall structure and fabric manifest through combinations of layers, laminae, and lamination. The difference between layers and layering is essentially the difference between individuals and a population, and the terms that describe one are not necessarily appropriate to the description of the other. But the fundamental variants of all of layering, lamination, grading in layers, and layer contacts can essentially be described by one or more of the four modifiers, 'grain-size', 'modal', 'textural', and 'cryptic', where the last refers to cumulus-mineral compositions. A system for subdividing layered intrusions is proposed in which distinction is made between general divisions ranked as series, zones, and subzones, and prominent units that are called groups, members, rhythmic units, and cyclic units. Applications to the Skaergaard, Bushveld, Muskox, Stillwater, and other intrusions are briefly described.
ABSTRACT
The terminology of igneous cumulates was originally formulated on the concept that the rocks were concentrations of minerals accumulated by crystal settling. It is now well established for several major intrusions that plagioclase that had been typed as cumulus should, in fact, have floated in its parental magmatic liquid. Nevertheless, the terminology has been valuable in the classification of the rocks of these and other intrusions, and it has been useful in certain aspects of their genetic interpretation. The name 'cumulate' is therefore redefined so that crystal settling is a possible but not essential process in the origins of the rocks to which it is applied. The overall nomenclature of layered intrusions is then reviewed, and definitions of names are refined and systematized to clarify their applications. Careful distinction is made between descriptive and genetic names.
A cumulate is defined as an igneous rock characterized by a framework of touching mineral crystals and grains that evidently were concentrated through fractional crystallization of their parental magmatic liquids. A layer is a sheetlike unit of cumulate that is a distinctive entity in its compositional and (or) textural features. A lamina is a thin (2-5 cm), sharply defined layer. Igneous lamination is a general name for planar structure that is pervasive through cumulates on the scale of their grain size. Layering is the overall structure and fabric manifest through combinations of layers, laminae, and lamination. The difference between layers and layering is essentially the difference between individuals and a population, and the terms that describe one are not necessarily appropriate to the description of the other. But the fundamental variants of all of layering, lamination, grading in layers, and layer contacts can essentially be described by one or more of the four modifiers, 'grain-size', 'modal', 'textural', and 'cryptic', where the last refers to cumulus-mineral compositions. A system for subdividing layered intrusions is proposed in which distinction is made between general divisions ranked as series, zones, and subzones, and prominent units that are called groups, members, rhythmic units, and cyclic units. Applications to the Skaergaard, Bushveld, Muskox, Stillwater, and other intrusions are briefly described.