Second Edition, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , Hoboken, New
Jersey, 2005 year, 677 p.
Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts
What Is Telecommunication?
Telecommunication Will Touch Everybody
Introductory Topics in Telecommunications
End-Users, Nodes, and Connectivities
Telephone Numbering and Routing
The Use of Tandem Switches in a Local Area
Connectivity
Introduction to the Busy Hour and Grade of
Service
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full Duplex
One-Way and Two-Way Circuits
Network Topologies 0
Variations in Traffic Flow
Quality of Service
Standardization in Telecommunications
The Organization of the PSTN in the United States
Points of Presence
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Signals Convey Intelligence
Chapter Objective
Signals in Everyday Life
Basic Concepts of Electricity for Communications 0
Early Sources of Electrical Current 0
The Electrical Telegraph: An Early Form of
Long-Distance Communications
What Is Frequency?
Electrical Signals
Introduction to Transmission
Modulation
Binary Digital Signals
Introduction to Transporting Electrical Signals
Wire Pair
Coaxial Cable Transmission
Fiber-Optic Cable
Radio Transmission
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Quality of Service and Telecommunication Impairments
Objective
Quality of Service: Voice, Data, and Image
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Voice Transmission
Data Circuits
Video (Television)
The Three Basic Impairments and How They Affect the
End-User
Amplitude Distortion
Phase Distortion
Noise
Level
Typical Levels
Echo and Singing
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Transmission and Switching: Coerstones of a Network
Transmission and Switching Defined
Traffic Intensity Defines the Size of Switches and the
Capacity of Transmission Links
Traffic Studies
Discussion of the Erlang and Poisson Traffic
Formulas
Waiting Systems (Queueing)
Dimensioning and Efficiency
Quantifying Data Traffic
Introduction to Switching
Basic Switching Requirements
Concentration and Expansion
The Essential Functions of a Local Switch
Introductory Switching Concepts 0
Early Automatic Switching Systems
Common Control (Hard-Wired)
Stored Program Control
Concentrators and Remote Switching
Essential Concepts in Transmission
Introduction
Two-Wire and Four-Wire Transmission
Introduction to Multiplexing
Definition
Frequency Division Multiplex
Pilot Tones
Comments on the Employment and
Disadvantages of FDM Systems
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Transmission Aspects of Voice Telephony
Chapter Objective
Definition of the Voice Channel 0
The Human Voice 0
Operation of the Telephone Subset
The Subset Mouthpiece or Transmitter
The Subset Earpiece or Receiver
Subscriber Loop Design
Basic Design Considerations
Subscriber Loop Length Limits
Designing a Subscriber Loop
Extending the Subscriber Loop
Cookbook Design Methods for Subscriber
Loops
Present North American Loop Design Rules 0
Design of Local Area Wire-Pair Trunks (Junctions) 0
Introduction 0
Inductive Loading of Wire-Pair Trunks
(Junctions) 0
Local Trunk (Junction) Design Considerations 0
VF Repeaters (Amplifiers) 0
Review Exercises 0
References 0
Chapter 6 Digital Networks 0
Introduction to Digital Transmission 0
Two Different PCM Standards 0
Basis of Pulse Code Modulation 0
Sampling 0
Quantization 0
Coding
PCM System Operation
Line Code
Signal-to-Gaussian-Noise Ratio on PCM Repeatered
Lines 0
Regenerative Repeaters
PCM System Enhancements
Enhancements to DS
Enhancements to E
Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems
Introduction
Stuffing and Justification
North American Higher-Level Multiplex
European E Digital Hierarchy
Long-Distance PCM Transmission
Transmission Limitations
Jitter and Wander
Distortion
Thermal Noise
Crosstalk
Digital Loop Carrier
New Versions of DSL
Digital Switching
Advantages and Issues of Digital Switching
Approaches to PCM Switching
Review of Some Digital Switching Concepts
Digital Network
Introduction
Technical Requirements of the Digital Network
Digital Network Performance Requirements
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Signaling
What Is the Purpose of Signaling?
Defining the Functional Areas
Supervisory Signaling
Address Signaling 0
Call Progress: Audible-Visual 0
Signaling Techniques 0
Conveying Signaling Information 0
Evolution of Signaling
Subscriber Call Progress Tones and Push-Button
Codes (North America)
Compelled Signaling
Concepts of Link-by-Link Versus End-to-End Signaling 0
Effects of Numbering on Signaling
Associated and Disassociated Channel Signaling
Signaling in the Subscriber Loop
Background and Purpose
Metallic Trunk Signaling
Basic Loop Signaling
Reverse-Battery Signaling
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Local and Long-Distance Networks
Chapter Objective
Makeup of the PSTN
The Evolving Local Network
What Affects Local Network Design? 0
Design of Long-Distance Networks
Introduction
Three Design Steps
Link Limitation
Numbering Plan Areas
Exchange Location
Hierarchy
Network Design Procedures
Traffic Routing in a National Network 0
New Routing Techniques 0
Logic of Routing
Call-Control Procedures
Applications
Transmission Factors in Long-Distance Telephony
Introduction
Echo
Singing
Causes of Echo and Singing
Transmission Design to Control Echo and
Singing 0
Introduction to Transmission-Loss Engineering
Loss Plan for Digital Networks (United States)
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 9 Concepts in Transmission Transport
Objective
Radio Systems
Scope
Introduction to Radio Transmission
Line-of-Sight Microwave
Fades, Fading, and Fade Margins
Diversity and Hot-Standby
Frequency Planning and Frequency Assignment
Satellite Communications
Introduction
The Satellite
Three Basic Technical Problems
Frequency Bands: Desirable and Available
Multiple Access to a Communication Satellite 0
Earth Station Link Engineering
Digital Communication by Satellite
Very-Small-Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Networks
Fiber-Optic Communication Links
Applications
Introduction to Optical Fiber as a Transmission
Medium
Types of Optical Fiber
Splices and Connectors
Light Sources
Light Detectors
Optical Fiber Amplifiers
Wavelength Division Multiplexing 0
Fiber-Optic Link Design
Coaxial Cable Transmission Systems
Introduction
Description
Cable Characteristics
Transmission Media Summary
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 10 Data Communications
Chapter Objective
The Bit—A Review
Removing Ambiguity: Binary Convention
Coding
Errors in Data Transmission
Introduction
Nature of Errors
Error Detection and Error Correction
dc Nature of Data Transmission
dc Loops
Neutral and Polar dc Transmission Systems
Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time
Introduction
Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 0
Timing
Bits, Bauds, and Symbols
Digital Data Waveforms
Data Interface: The Physical Layer
Digital Transmission on an Analog Channel
Introduction
Modulation–Demodulation Schemes
Critical Impairments to the Transmission of
Data
Channel Capacity
Modem Selection Considerations
Equalization
Data Transmission on the Digital Network
0 What Are Data Protocols?
Basic Protocol Functions
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 0
High-Level Data-Link Control: A Typical
Link-Layer Protocol
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 11 Enterprise Networks I: Local Area Networks
What Do Enterprise Networks Do?
Local Area Networks (LANs)
LAN Topologies
Baseband LAN Transmission Considerations
Overview of ANSI/IEEE LAN Protocols
Introduction
How LAN Protocols Relate to OSI
Logical Link Control (LLC)
LAN Access Protocols
Introduction
CSMA and CSMA/CD Access Techniques 00
Token Ring and FDDI 0
LAN Interworking via Spanning Devices 0
Repeaters 0
LAN Bridges 0
Routers 0
Hubs and Switching Hubs
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 12 Enterprise Networks II: Wide Area Networks
Wide Area Network Deployment
Introductory Comments
The Concept of Packet Data Communications
TCP/IP and Related Protocols
Background and Scope
TCP/IP and Data-Link Layers 0
IP Routing Algorithm
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
Background and Objectives
The Future of ISDN
Speeding Up the Network: Frame Relay
Rationale and Background
The Genesis of Frame Relay
Introduction to Frame Relay Operation 0
Frame Structure
Traffic and Billing on a Frame Relay Network
Congestion Control: A Discussion
Quality of Service Parameters
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks
Definition of a Metropolitan Area Network
Design Approaches
Fiber-Optic Ring Network
IEEE 0 System
IEEE 0 Standard
Differences Between 0 and 0
IEEE 0 Standard
IEEE 0 MAC Requirements
Review Exercises
References 0
Chapter 14 CCITT Signaling System No.
Introduction
Overview of SS No. Architecture
SS No. Relationship to OSI
Signaling System Structure
Signaling Network Management
The Signaling Data Link Layer (Layer )
The Signaling Link Layer (Layer )
Signal Unit Delimitation and Alignment
Error Detection
Error Correction
Flow Control 0
Basic Signal Unit Format 0
Signaling Network Functions and Messages (Layer )
Introduction
Signaling Message-Handling Functions
Signaling Network Structure
Introduction
Inteational and National Signaling Networks
Signaling Performance—Message Transfer Part
Basic Performance Parameters
Traffic Characteristics
Transmission Parameters
Signaling Link Delays over Terrestrial and
Satellite Links
0 Numbering Plan for Inteational Signaling Point Codes
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Introduction
Services Provided by the SCCP
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Connection-Oriented Functions: Temporary
Signaling Connections
Structure of the SCCP 0
User Parts
Introduction
Telephone User Part (TUP)
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 15 Voice-Over Packets in a Packet Network
An Overview of the Concept
Data Transmission Versus Conventional Digital
Telephony
Drawbacks and Challenges for Transmitting Voice on
Data Packets
VoIP, Introductory Technical Description
VoIP Gateway 0
An IP Packet as Used for VoIP
The Delay Tradeoff
Lost Packet Rate
Echo and Echo Control
Media Gateway Controller and Its Protocols
Overview of the ITU-T Rec. H. Standard
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)
Megaco or ITU-T Rec. H. (Ref. )
Review Exercises 00
References 0
Chapter 16 Television Transmission 0
Background and Objectives 0
An Appreciation of Video Transmission 0
Additional Definitions 0
The Composite Signal 0
Critical Video Parameters 0
General 0
Transmission Standard—Level 0
Other Parameters 0
Video Transmission Standards (Criteria for Broadcasters)
Color Transmission
Standardized Transmission Parameters
(Point-to-Point TV)
Methods of Program Channel Transmission
The Transmission of Video Over LOS Microwave
xvi CONTENTS
Bandwidth of the Baseband and Baseband
Response
Preemphasis
Differential Gain
Differential Phase
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (0 kHz to MHz)
Continuity Pilot
TV Transmission by Satellite Relay
Digital Television
Introduction
Basic Digital Television
Bit Rate Reduction—Compression Techniques
An Overview of the MPEG- Compression
Technique 0
0 Conference Television
Introduction
The pX kbps Codec
Brief Overview of Frame Transport for Video
Conferencing
Basic Principle
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 17 Community Antenna Television (Cable Television)
Objective and Scope
The Evolution of CATV
The Beginnings
Early System Layouts
System Impairments and Performance Measures
Overview
dBmV and Its Applications
Thermal Noise in CATV Systems
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) Versus
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N) in CATV Systems
The Problem of Cross-Modulation (Xm)
Gains and Levels for CATV Amplifiers
The Underlying Coaxial Cable System
Taps 0
Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Systems
Design of the Fiber-Optic Portion of an HFC
System
Digital Transmission of CATV Signals
Approaches
Transmission of Uncompressed Video on CATV
Trunks
Compressed Video
Two-Way CATV Systems
Introduction
Impairments Peculiar to Upstream Service
Two-Way Voice and Data over CATV Systems Based on
the DOCSIS 0 Specification
General
Layer —Physical Layer
Layer —Data-Link Layer
Layer and Above
Subsplit/Extended Subsplit Frequency Plan
Other General Information
Frequency Reuse
Cable Distance Limitations
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 18 Cellular and PCS Radio Systems
Introduction
Background
Scope and Objective
Basic Concepts of Cellular Radio
Radio Propagation in the Mobile Environment
The Propagation Problem
Propagation Models
Impairments: Fading in the Mobile Environment
Introduction
Diversity: A Technique to Mitigate the Effects
of Fading and Dispersion
Cellular Radio Path Calculations
The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma
Background and Objectives
Bit Rate Reduction of the Digital Voice Channel
Network Access Techniques
Introduction
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Reuse
Personal Communications Services (PCS)
Defining Personal Communications
Narrowband Microcell Propagation at PCS
Distances
Cordless Telephone Technology
Background
North American Cordless Telephones
European Cordless Telephones
0 Wireless LANs
Mobile Satellite Communications
Background and Scope
Advantages and Disadvantages of LEO
Systems
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 19 Advanced Broadband Digital Transport Formats
Objective and Scope
SONET 0
Introduction and Background 0
Synchronous Signal Structure 0
Add–Drop Multiplexer
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 0
Introduction 0
SDH Standard Bit Rates 0
Interface and Frame Structure of SDH 0
Review Exercises 0
References 0
Chapter 20 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
0. Evolving Toward ATM
0. Introduction to ATM
0. User–Network Interface (UNI) and Architecture
0. The ATM Cell: Key to Operation
0. ATM Cell Structure
0. Idle Cells 0
0. Cell Delineation and Scrambling 0
0. ATM Layering and B-ISDN
0. Physical Layer
0. The ATM Layer
0. The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
0. Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
0. Functional Architecture
0. B-ISDN/ATM Routing and Switching
0. The Virtual Channel Level
0. The Virtual Path Level
0. Signaling Requirements 0
0. Setup and Release of VCCs 0
0. Signaling Virtual Channels 0
0.0 Quality of Service (QoS)
0. ATM Quality of Service Review
0. Selected QoS Parameter Descriptions
0. Traffic Control and Congestion Control
0. Transporting ATM Cells
0. In the DS Frame
CONTENTS xix
0. DS Mapping
0. E Mapping
0. Mapping ATM Cells into SDH
0. Mapping ATM Cells into SONET
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 21 Network Management
What Is Network Management?
The Bigger Picture
Traditional Breakout by Tasks 0
Fault Management 0
Configuration Management 0
Performance Management 0
Security Management
Accounting Management
Survivability—Where Network Management Really
Pays
Survivability Enhancement—Rapid
Troubleshooting
System Depth—A Network Management Problem
Aids in Network Management Provisioning
Communication Channels for the Network
Management System
Network Management from a PSTN Perspective
Objectives and Functions
Network Traffic Management Center
Network Traffic Management Principles
Network Traffic Management Functions 0
Network Traffic Management Controls
Network Management Systems in Enterprise Networks
What Are Network Management Systems?
An Introduction to Network Management
Protocols
Remote Monitoring (RMON)
SNMP Version
SNMP Version (SNMPv. ) 0
Common Management Information Protocol
(CMIP)
Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)
TMN Functional Architecture
Function Blocks
TMN Functionality
TMN Reference Points
0 Network Management in ATM
Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI)
Functions
ILMI Service Interface 0
Review Exercises
References
Appendix A Review of Fundamentals of Electricity with
Telecommunication Applications
A. Objective
A. What Is Electricity?
A. Electromotive Force (EMF) and Voltage
A. Resistance
A. Ohm’s Law
A. Voltages and Resistances in a Closed Electric
Circuit
A. Resistance of Conductors
A. Resistances in Series and in Parallel, and Kirchhoff’s
Laws 0
A. Kirchhoff’s First Law 0
A. Kirchhoff’s Second Law
A. Hints on Solving dc Network Problems
A. Electric Power in dc Circuits
A. Introduction to Alteating Current Circuits
A. Magnetism and Magnetic Fields
A. Electromagnetism
A. Inductance and Capacitance
A. What Happens When We Close a Switch on an
Inductive Circuit?
A. RC Circuits and the Time Constant
A. Alteating Currents
A. Calculating Power in ac Circuits
A. Ohm’s Law Applied to ac Circuits
A. Calculating Impedance 00
A. Resistance in ac Circuits 0
A.0 Resonance [Refs. and ] 0
References 0
Appendix B A Review of Mathematics for Telecommunication
Applications 0
B. Objective and Scope 0
B. Introduction 0
B. Symbols and Notation 0
B. The Function Concept 0
B. Using the Sigma Notation 0
B. Introductory Algebra 0
B. Review of the Laws of Signs 0
B. Conventions with Factors and Parentheses 0
B. Simple Linear Algebraic Equations 0
B. Quadratic Equations 0
B. Solving Two Simultaneous Linear Equations
with Two Unknowns 0
CONTENTS xxi
B. Logarithms to the Base 0
B. Definition of Logarithm
B. Laws of Logarithms
Appendix C Leaing Decibels and Their Applications
C. Leaing Decibel Basics
C. dBm and dBW
C. Volume Unit (VU)
C. Using Decibels with Signal Currents and Voltages
C. Calculating a Numeric Value Given a dB Value
C. Calculating Watt and Milliwatt Values When
Given dBW and dBm Values
C. Addition of dBs and Derived Units
C. dB Applied to the Voice Channel
C. Insertion Loss and Insertion Gain 0
C. Retu Loss
C.0 Relative Power Level: dBm0, pWp0, etc.
C. Definition of Relative Power Level
C. Definition of Transmission Reference Point
C. dBi
C. dBd
C. EIRP
References
Appendix D Acronyms and Abbreviations
Index
Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts
What Is Telecommunication?
Telecommunication Will Touch Everybody
Introductory Topics in Telecommunications
End-Users, Nodes, and Connectivities
Telephone Numbering and Routing
The Use of Tandem Switches in a Local Area
Connectivity
Introduction to the Busy Hour and Grade of
Service
Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full Duplex
One-Way and Two-Way Circuits
Network Topologies 0
Variations in Traffic Flow
Quality of Service
Standardization in Telecommunications
The Organization of the PSTN in the United States
Points of Presence
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Signals Convey Intelligence
Chapter Objective
Signals in Everyday Life
Basic Concepts of Electricity for Communications 0
Early Sources of Electrical Current 0
The Electrical Telegraph: An Early Form of
Long-Distance Communications
What Is Frequency?
Electrical Signals
Introduction to Transmission
Modulation
Binary Digital Signals
Introduction to Transporting Electrical Signals
Wire Pair
Coaxial Cable Transmission
Fiber-Optic Cable
Radio Transmission
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Quality of Service and Telecommunication Impairments
Objective
Quality of Service: Voice, Data, and Image
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Voice Transmission
Data Circuits
Video (Television)
The Three Basic Impairments and How They Affect the
End-User
Amplitude Distortion
Phase Distortion
Noise
Level
Typical Levels
Echo and Singing
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Transmission and Switching: Coerstones of a Network
Transmission and Switching Defined
Traffic Intensity Defines the Size of Switches and the
Capacity of Transmission Links
Traffic Studies
Discussion of the Erlang and Poisson Traffic
Formulas
Waiting Systems (Queueing)
Dimensioning and Efficiency
Quantifying Data Traffic
Introduction to Switching
Basic Switching Requirements
Concentration and Expansion
The Essential Functions of a Local Switch
Introductory Switching Concepts 0
Early Automatic Switching Systems
Common Control (Hard-Wired)
Stored Program Control
Concentrators and Remote Switching
Essential Concepts in Transmission
Introduction
Two-Wire and Four-Wire Transmission
Introduction to Multiplexing
Definition
Frequency Division Multiplex
Pilot Tones
Comments on the Employment and
Disadvantages of FDM Systems
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Transmission Aspects of Voice Telephony
Chapter Objective
Definition of the Voice Channel 0
The Human Voice 0
Operation of the Telephone Subset
The Subset Mouthpiece or Transmitter
The Subset Earpiece or Receiver
Subscriber Loop Design
Basic Design Considerations
Subscriber Loop Length Limits
Designing a Subscriber Loop
Extending the Subscriber Loop
Cookbook Design Methods for Subscriber
Loops
Present North American Loop Design Rules 0
Design of Local Area Wire-Pair Trunks (Junctions) 0
Introduction 0
Inductive Loading of Wire-Pair Trunks
(Junctions) 0
Local Trunk (Junction) Design Considerations 0
VF Repeaters (Amplifiers) 0
Review Exercises 0
References 0
Chapter 6 Digital Networks 0
Introduction to Digital Transmission 0
Two Different PCM Standards 0
Basis of Pulse Code Modulation 0
Sampling 0
Quantization 0
Coding
PCM System Operation
Line Code
Signal-to-Gaussian-Noise Ratio on PCM Repeatered
Lines 0
Regenerative Repeaters
PCM System Enhancements
Enhancements to DS
Enhancements to E
Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems
Introduction
Stuffing and Justification
North American Higher-Level Multiplex
European E Digital Hierarchy
Long-Distance PCM Transmission
Transmission Limitations
Jitter and Wander
Distortion
Thermal Noise
Crosstalk
Digital Loop Carrier
New Versions of DSL
Digital Switching
Advantages and Issues of Digital Switching
Approaches to PCM Switching
Review of Some Digital Switching Concepts
Digital Network
Introduction
Technical Requirements of the Digital Network
Digital Network Performance Requirements
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Signaling
What Is the Purpose of Signaling?
Defining the Functional Areas
Supervisory Signaling
Address Signaling 0
Call Progress: Audible-Visual 0
Signaling Techniques 0
Conveying Signaling Information 0
Evolution of Signaling
Subscriber Call Progress Tones and Push-Button
Codes (North America)
Compelled Signaling
Concepts of Link-by-Link Versus End-to-End Signaling 0
Effects of Numbering on Signaling
Associated and Disassociated Channel Signaling
Signaling in the Subscriber Loop
Background and Purpose
Metallic Trunk Signaling
Basic Loop Signaling
Reverse-Battery Signaling
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Local and Long-Distance Networks
Chapter Objective
Makeup of the PSTN
The Evolving Local Network
What Affects Local Network Design? 0
Design of Long-Distance Networks
Introduction
Three Design Steps
Link Limitation
Numbering Plan Areas
Exchange Location
Hierarchy
Network Design Procedures
Traffic Routing in a National Network 0
New Routing Techniques 0
Logic of Routing
Call-Control Procedures
Applications
Transmission Factors in Long-Distance Telephony
Introduction
Echo
Singing
Causes of Echo and Singing
Transmission Design to Control Echo and
Singing 0
Introduction to Transmission-Loss Engineering
Loss Plan for Digital Networks (United States)
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 9 Concepts in Transmission Transport
Objective
Radio Systems
Scope
Introduction to Radio Transmission
Line-of-Sight Microwave
Fades, Fading, and Fade Margins
Diversity and Hot-Standby
Frequency Planning and Frequency Assignment
Satellite Communications
Introduction
The Satellite
Three Basic Technical Problems
Frequency Bands: Desirable and Available
Multiple Access to a Communication Satellite 0
Earth Station Link Engineering
Digital Communication by Satellite
Very-Small-Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Networks
Fiber-Optic Communication Links
Applications
Introduction to Optical Fiber as a Transmission
Medium
Types of Optical Fiber
Splices and Connectors
Light Sources
Light Detectors
Optical Fiber Amplifiers
Wavelength Division Multiplexing 0
Fiber-Optic Link Design
Coaxial Cable Transmission Systems
Introduction
Description
Cable Characteristics
Transmission Media Summary
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 10 Data Communications
Chapter Objective
The Bit—A Review
Removing Ambiguity: Binary Convention
Coding
Errors in Data Transmission
Introduction
Nature of Errors
Error Detection and Error Correction
dc Nature of Data Transmission
dc Loops
Neutral and Polar dc Transmission Systems
Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time
Introduction
Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 0
Timing
Bits, Bauds, and Symbols
Digital Data Waveforms
Data Interface: The Physical Layer
Digital Transmission on an Analog Channel
Introduction
Modulation–Demodulation Schemes
Critical Impairments to the Transmission of
Data
Channel Capacity
Modem Selection Considerations
Equalization
Data Transmission on the Digital Network
0 What Are Data Protocols?
Basic Protocol Functions
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 0
High-Level Data-Link Control: A Typical
Link-Layer Protocol
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 11 Enterprise Networks I: Local Area Networks
What Do Enterprise Networks Do?
Local Area Networks (LANs)
LAN Topologies
Baseband LAN Transmission Considerations
Overview of ANSI/IEEE LAN Protocols
Introduction
How LAN Protocols Relate to OSI
Logical Link Control (LLC)
LAN Access Protocols
Introduction
CSMA and CSMA/CD Access Techniques 00
Token Ring and FDDI 0
LAN Interworking via Spanning Devices 0
Repeaters 0
LAN Bridges 0
Routers 0
Hubs and Switching Hubs
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 12 Enterprise Networks II: Wide Area Networks
Wide Area Network Deployment
Introductory Comments
The Concept of Packet Data Communications
TCP/IP and Related Protocols
Background and Scope
TCP/IP and Data-Link Layers 0
IP Routing Algorithm
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
Background and Objectives
The Future of ISDN
Speeding Up the Network: Frame Relay
Rationale and Background
The Genesis of Frame Relay
Introduction to Frame Relay Operation 0
Frame Structure
Traffic and Billing on a Frame Relay Network
Congestion Control: A Discussion
Quality of Service Parameters
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks
Definition of a Metropolitan Area Network
Design Approaches
Fiber-Optic Ring Network
IEEE 0 System
IEEE 0 Standard
Differences Between 0 and 0
IEEE 0 Standard
IEEE 0 MAC Requirements
Review Exercises
References 0
Chapter 14 CCITT Signaling System No.
Introduction
Overview of SS No. Architecture
SS No. Relationship to OSI
Signaling System Structure
Signaling Network Management
The Signaling Data Link Layer (Layer )
The Signaling Link Layer (Layer )
Signal Unit Delimitation and Alignment
Error Detection
Error Correction
Flow Control 0
Basic Signal Unit Format 0
Signaling Network Functions and Messages (Layer )
Introduction
Signaling Message-Handling Functions
Signaling Network Structure
Introduction
Inteational and National Signaling Networks
Signaling Performance—Message Transfer Part
Basic Performance Parameters
Traffic Characteristics
Transmission Parameters
Signaling Link Delays over Terrestrial and
Satellite Links
0 Numbering Plan for Inteational Signaling Point Codes
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Introduction
Services Provided by the SCCP
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Connection-Oriented Functions: Temporary
Signaling Connections
Structure of the SCCP 0
User Parts
Introduction
Telephone User Part (TUP)
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 15 Voice-Over Packets in a Packet Network
An Overview of the Concept
Data Transmission Versus Conventional Digital
Telephony
Drawbacks and Challenges for Transmitting Voice on
Data Packets
VoIP, Introductory Technical Description
VoIP Gateway 0
An IP Packet as Used for VoIP
The Delay Tradeoff
Lost Packet Rate
Echo and Echo Control
Media Gateway Controller and Its Protocols
Overview of the ITU-T Rec. H. Standard
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)
Megaco or ITU-T Rec. H. (Ref. )
Review Exercises 00
References 0
Chapter 16 Television Transmission 0
Background and Objectives 0
An Appreciation of Video Transmission 0
Additional Definitions 0
The Composite Signal 0
Critical Video Parameters 0
General 0
Transmission Standard—Level 0
Other Parameters 0
Video Transmission Standards (Criteria for Broadcasters)
Color Transmission
Standardized Transmission Parameters
(Point-to-Point TV)
Methods of Program Channel Transmission
The Transmission of Video Over LOS Microwave
xvi CONTENTS
Bandwidth of the Baseband and Baseband
Response
Preemphasis
Differential Gain
Differential Phase
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (0 kHz to MHz)
Continuity Pilot
TV Transmission by Satellite Relay
Digital Television
Introduction
Basic Digital Television
Bit Rate Reduction—Compression Techniques
An Overview of the MPEG- Compression
Technique 0
0 Conference Television
Introduction
The pX kbps Codec
Brief Overview of Frame Transport for Video
Conferencing
Basic Principle
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 17 Community Antenna Television (Cable Television)
Objective and Scope
The Evolution of CATV
The Beginnings
Early System Layouts
System Impairments and Performance Measures
Overview
dBmV and Its Applications
Thermal Noise in CATV Systems
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) Versus
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N) in CATV Systems
The Problem of Cross-Modulation (Xm)
Gains and Levels for CATV Amplifiers
The Underlying Coaxial Cable System
Taps 0
Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Systems
Design of the Fiber-Optic Portion of an HFC
System
Digital Transmission of CATV Signals
Approaches
Transmission of Uncompressed Video on CATV
Trunks
Compressed Video
Two-Way CATV Systems
Introduction
Impairments Peculiar to Upstream Service
Two-Way Voice and Data over CATV Systems Based on
the DOCSIS 0 Specification
General
Layer —Physical Layer
Layer —Data-Link Layer
Layer and Above
Subsplit/Extended Subsplit Frequency Plan
Other General Information
Frequency Reuse
Cable Distance Limitations
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 18 Cellular and PCS Radio Systems
Introduction
Background
Scope and Objective
Basic Concepts of Cellular Radio
Radio Propagation in the Mobile Environment
The Propagation Problem
Propagation Models
Impairments: Fading in the Mobile Environment
Introduction
Diversity: A Technique to Mitigate the Effects
of Fading and Dispersion
Cellular Radio Path Calculations
The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma
Background and Objectives
Bit Rate Reduction of the Digital Voice Channel
Network Access Techniques
Introduction
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Reuse
Personal Communications Services (PCS)
Defining Personal Communications
Narrowband Microcell Propagation at PCS
Distances
Cordless Telephone Technology
Background
North American Cordless Telephones
European Cordless Telephones
0 Wireless LANs
Mobile Satellite Communications
Background and Scope
Advantages and Disadvantages of LEO
Systems
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 19 Advanced Broadband Digital Transport Formats
Objective and Scope
SONET 0
Introduction and Background 0
Synchronous Signal Structure 0
Add–Drop Multiplexer
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 0
Introduction 0
SDH Standard Bit Rates 0
Interface and Frame Structure of SDH 0
Review Exercises 0
References 0
Chapter 20 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
0. Evolving Toward ATM
0. Introduction to ATM
0. User–Network Interface (UNI) and Architecture
0. The ATM Cell: Key to Operation
0. ATM Cell Structure
0. Idle Cells 0
0. Cell Delineation and Scrambling 0
0. ATM Layering and B-ISDN
0. Physical Layer
0. The ATM Layer
0. The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
0. Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
0. Functional Architecture
0. B-ISDN/ATM Routing and Switching
0. The Virtual Channel Level
0. The Virtual Path Level
0. Signaling Requirements 0
0. Setup and Release of VCCs 0
0. Signaling Virtual Channels 0
0.0 Quality of Service (QoS)
0. ATM Quality of Service Review
0. Selected QoS Parameter Descriptions
0. Traffic Control and Congestion Control
0. Transporting ATM Cells
0. In the DS Frame
CONTENTS xix
0. DS Mapping
0. E Mapping
0. Mapping ATM Cells into SDH
0. Mapping ATM Cells into SONET
Review Exercises
References
Chapter 21 Network Management
What Is Network Management?
The Bigger Picture
Traditional Breakout by Tasks 0
Fault Management 0
Configuration Management 0
Performance Management 0
Security Management
Accounting Management
Survivability—Where Network Management Really
Pays
Survivability Enhancement—Rapid
Troubleshooting
System Depth—A Network Management Problem
Aids in Network Management Provisioning
Communication Channels for the Network
Management System
Network Management from a PSTN Perspective
Objectives and Functions
Network Traffic Management Center
Network Traffic Management Principles
Network Traffic Management Functions 0
Network Traffic Management Controls
Network Management Systems in Enterprise Networks
What Are Network Management Systems?
An Introduction to Network Management
Protocols
Remote Monitoring (RMON)
SNMP Version
SNMP Version (SNMPv. ) 0
Common Management Information Protocol
(CMIP)
Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)
TMN Functional Architecture
Function Blocks
TMN Functionality
TMN Reference Points
0 Network Management in ATM
Interim Local Management Interface (ILMI)
Functions
ILMI Service Interface 0
Review Exercises
References
Appendix A Review of Fundamentals of Electricity with
Telecommunication Applications
A. Objective
A. What Is Electricity?
A. Electromotive Force (EMF) and Voltage
A. Resistance
A. Ohm’s Law
A. Voltages and Resistances in a Closed Electric
Circuit
A. Resistance of Conductors
A. Resistances in Series and in Parallel, and Kirchhoff’s
Laws 0
A. Kirchhoff’s First Law 0
A. Kirchhoff’s Second Law
A. Hints on Solving dc Network Problems
A. Electric Power in dc Circuits
A. Introduction to Alteating Current Circuits
A. Magnetism and Magnetic Fields
A. Electromagnetism
A. Inductance and Capacitance
A. What Happens When We Close a Switch on an
Inductive Circuit?
A. RC Circuits and the Time Constant
A. Alteating Currents
A. Calculating Power in ac Circuits
A. Ohm’s Law Applied to ac Circuits
A. Calculating Impedance 00
A. Resistance in ac Circuits 0
A.0 Resonance [Refs. and ] 0
References 0
Appendix B A Review of Mathematics for Telecommunication
Applications 0
B. Objective and Scope 0
B. Introduction 0
B. Symbols and Notation 0
B. The Function Concept 0
B. Using the Sigma Notation 0
B. Introductory Algebra 0
B. Review of the Laws of Signs 0
B. Conventions with Factors and Parentheses 0
B. Simple Linear Algebraic Equations 0
B. Quadratic Equations 0
B. Solving Two Simultaneous Linear Equations
with Two Unknowns 0
CONTENTS xxi
B. Logarithms to the Base 0
B. Definition of Logarithm
B. Laws of Logarithms
Appendix C Leaing Decibels and Their Applications
C. Leaing Decibel Basics
C. dBm and dBW
C. Volume Unit (VU)
C. Using Decibels with Signal Currents and Voltages
C. Calculating a Numeric Value Given a dB Value
C. Calculating Watt and Milliwatt Values When
Given dBW and dBm Values
C. Addition of dBs and Derived Units
C. dB Applied to the Voice Channel
C. Insertion Loss and Insertion Gain 0
C. Retu Loss
C.0 Relative Power Level: dBm0, pWp0, etc.
C. Definition of Relative Power Level
C. Definition of Transmission Reference Point
C. dBi
C. dBd
C. EIRP
References
Appendix D Acronyms and Abbreviations
Index