Афонин А.В., Ньюпорт Р.К., Поляков В.С. и др. Основы инфракрасной термографии
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231
Ðèñ. 4.4. Ãðàôèê çàâèñèìîñòè ðàäèàöèîííîé òåìïåðàòóðû îò òåðìîäèíàìè-
÷åñêîé äëÿ íèêåëåâîãî îáúåêòà
Ãðàôèê çàâèñèìîñòè ïðèâåäåí íà ðèñ. 4.4, à ëèíåéíàÿ àïïðîêñèìàöèÿ
èìååò âèä
,
ãäå Ê
ò
=2,175 ãðàä
1
; b
ò
=264,58°Ê.
Òàêèì æå îáðàçîì õîðîøî ëèíåàðèçóåòñÿ çàâèñèìîñòü ñðåäíåãî
êîýôôèöèåíòà èçëó÷åíèÿ îò òåìïåðàòóðû
,
ãäå Ê
e
=0,47× 10
-4
ãðàä
1
, b
e
=0,046.
Ïðèâåäåííûå ïðîöåäóðû ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâîé äëÿ ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ òåð-
ìîðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèõ èçìåðåíèé ïîäàâëÿþùåãî áîëüøèíñòâà îáúåê-
òîâ, âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ íà ïðàêòèêå.
232
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
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7. G. Paez. Integrable and differentiable approximations to Plancks equation.
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8. Ë.À. Íîâèöêèé, Á.Ì. Ñòåïàíîâ. Îïòè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ìàòåðèàëîâ
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19. L.J.Kozlowski, R.B.Bailey, D.E.Cooper. Large staring IRFPA¢s of
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25. R.Owen, J.Belcher, H.Beratan, S.Frank. Producibility advances in hybrid
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27. R.I. Herring, Ph.E. Howard. Design and performance of the ULTRA
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âèçèîííûõ ïðèåìíèêîâ äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ äåôåêòîâ âûñîêîâîëüòíîãî
îáîðóäîâàíèÿ». Ë., ËÈÏÊÝí, 1990.
29. À.È. Òàäæèáàåâ. Àíàëèç èñêàæåíèé ïðè òåðìîãðàôè÷åñêèõ
îáñëåäîâàíèÿõ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ óñòàíîâîê // Ýíåðãîíàäçîð-èíôîðì
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31. Øåéêèí À.À., Òàäæèáàåâ À.È. Àíàëèç õàðàêòåðà ðàçâèòèÿ äåôåêòîâ
â ôàðôîðîâûõ èçîëÿöèîííûõ êîíñòðóêöèÿõ è âîçìîæíîñòåé èõ
âûÿâëåíèÿ íà îñíîâå òåïëîâèçèîííîãî êîíòðîëÿ / Ìåòîäû è
ñðåäñòâà îöåíêè ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ.
Âûï.4. ÑÏá.: ÏÝÈÏÊ, 1997.
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235
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ............................................................................................. 5
ÃËÀÂÀ 1. ÈÇËÓ×ÅÍÈß Â ÈÍÔÐÀÊÐÀÑÍÎÌ ÄÈÀÏÀÇÎÍÅ .......... 6
1.1. Ïðèðîäà îïòè÷åñêîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ .................................................... 6
1.2. Ðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèå åäèíèöû è âåëè÷èíû ......................................9
1.2.1. Ïîòîê èçëó÷åíèÿ ....................................................................9
1.2.2. Ñèëà èçëó÷åíèÿ .................................................................... 10
1.2.3. Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ îñâåùåííîñòü è ñâåòèìîñòü....................10
1.2.4. Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ ÿðêîñòü ...................................................... 11
1.2.5. Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèé ôàêòîð ...................................................... 12
1.2.6. Ïîòîê èçëó÷åíèÿ â ïîëóñôåðó ............................................ 13
1.2.7. Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ îñâåùåííîñòü îò òî÷å÷íûõ
è ïðîòÿæåííûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ................................................ 14
1.3. Òåïëîâîå èçëó÷åíèå....................................................................... 16
1.3.1. Èçëó÷åíèå àáñîëþòíî ÷åðíîãî òåëà................................... 16
1.3.2. Ñâåòèìîñòü â ñïåêòðàëüíîé ïîëîñå ...................................24
1.3.3. Ïðîèçâîäíàÿ ñâåòèìîñòè ïî òåìïåðàòóðå ........................ 31
1.4. Èçëó÷àòåëüíàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ìàòåðèàëîâ .....................................34
1.4.1. Îòðàæåíèå, ïðîïóñêàíèå è èçëó÷åíèå ìàòåðèàëîâ ..........34
1.4.2. Ñïåêòðàëüíûå è èíòåãðàëüíûå êîýôôèöèåíòû
èçëó÷åíèÿ ìåòàëëîâ ............................................................ 44
1.4.3. Êîýôôèöèåíòû èçëó÷åíèÿ äèýëåêòðèêîâ ..........................46
1.4.4. Çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôèöèåíòà èçëó÷åíèÿ
îò óãëà íàáëþäåíèÿ .............................................................49
236
1.4.5. Èçëó÷åíèå âíóòðåííèõ ñëîåâ ñðåäû
ïîëóïðîçðà÷íûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ..............................................50
1.4.6. Ñîñòàâëÿþùèå òåïëîâîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ îáúåêòîâ.
Óðàâíåíèå ñóììàðíîé ÿðêîñòè .......................................... 53
1.5. Ïðîïóñêàíèå àòìîñôåðû............................................................... 54
1.5.1. Ïðîõîæäåíèå èçëó÷åíèÿ ÷åðåç àòìîñôåðó ........................ 54
1.5.2. Ìîëåêóëÿðíîå ïîãëîùåíèå ïàðîâ âîäû
è óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà ............................................................... 57
1.5.3. Îñëàáëåíèå ÷àñòèöàìè ........................................................ 68
1.5.4. Ïðîïóñêàíèå àòìîñôåðû íà âåðòèêàëüíûõ
è íàêëîííûõ òðàññàõ........................................................... 72
1.6. Èçëó÷åíèå àòìîñôåðû ...................................................................73
1.6.1. Èçëó÷åíèå àòìîñôåðíîãî ñòîëáà
íà òðàññå íàáëþäåíèÿ ......................................................... 73
1.6.2. Ïîëóñôåðè÷åñêàÿ ôîíîâàÿ çàñâåòêà îáúåêòîâ ..................74
1.6.3. Îñâåùåííîñòü îò áîêîâîãî èñòî÷íèêà ............................... 81
ÃËÀÂÀ 2. ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÀ ÏÐÈÅÌÀ
ÈÍÔÐÀÊÐÀÑÍÛÕ ÈÇËÓ×ÅÍÈÉ.................................... 83
2.1. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå îïòè÷åñêîãî èçîáðàæåíèÿ................................... 83
2.1.1. Ïîíÿòèÿ ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîé îïòèêè ....................................... 83
2.1.2. Âîëíîâûå ñâîéñòâà. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ èäåàëüíîé
îïòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû.......................................................... 100
2.1.3. Îñâåùåííîñòü èçîáðàæåíèÿ .............................................102
2.2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñðåäñòâ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî
àíàëèçà èíôðàêðàñíîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ ............................................105
2.2.2. Ýêâèâàëåíòíàÿ ñõåìà îïòèêî-ýëåêòðîííîãî
òðàêòà ðàäèîìåòðà ............................................................. 118
237
2.2.3. Ïåðåäàòî÷íàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà
îïòèêî-ýëåêòðîííîãî ïðèáîðà .........................................123
2.3. Òåïëîâèçèîííûå òåðìîãðàôè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû ..........................129
2.3.1. Ñêàíèðóþùèå òåïëîâèçèîííûå ñèñòåìû ........................ 130
2.3.2. Òåïëîâèçèîííûå ñèñòåìû íà ïîëíîôîðìàòíûõ
ìàòðèöàõ............................................................................. 135
2.2.3. Íåîõëàæäàåìûå òåïëîâûå ìàòðè÷íûå
ïðèåìíèêè èçëó÷åíèÿ ......................................................137
2.4. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òåïëîâèçèîííîé àïïàðàòóðû
êàê ñðåäñòâà èçìåðåíèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî
ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû ....................................................... 144
2.4.1. Ñïåêòðàëüíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ..........................................144
2.4.2. Òåìïåðàòóðíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü .................................... 145
2.4.3. Òåìïåðàòóðíîå ðàçðåøåíèå .............................................. 146
2.4.4. Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ðàçðåøåíèå ........................................148
2.4.5. Î ãëóáèíå ïîëÿ çðåíèÿ ......................................................151
2.5. Ñîâðåìåííûå òåïëîâèçèîííûå ñèñòåìû ...................................155
2.6. Ïèðîìåòðû ...................................................................................166
ÃËÀÂÀ 3. ÒÅÐÌÎÐÀÄÈÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈß ........... 173
3.1. Óðàâíåíèå ñóììàðíîé ñâåòèìîñòè, èñïîëüçóåìîå
â òåðìîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ ....................................................173
3.2. Êîíòðàñòû òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêîé òåìïåðàòóðû...........................183
3.3. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ïîãðåøíîñòè èçìåðåíèé
òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêîé òåìïåðàòóðû .............................................. 185
238
3.4. Èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûå ïîãðåøíîñòè àïïàðàòóðû .......................... 188
3.5. Âëèÿíèå ïåðåäàòî÷íîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òåïëîâèçîðà íà
èçìåðåíèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ òåïëîâûõ íåîäíîðîäíîñòåé.
Âûáîð ðàññòîÿíèé ñúåìêè è ó÷åò ïîãðåøíîñòåé âëèÿíèÿ ...... 196
3.5.1. Ðàñ÷åò îäíîìåðíûõ ïåðåäàòî÷íûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê
è îïðåäåëåíèå ïîãðåøíîñòåé èçìåðåíèÿ ñèãíàëà.......... 196
3.5.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå äâóìåðíîé èìïóëüñíîé ôóíêöèè
è ïîãðåøíîñòåé îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñèãíàëà ............................201
3.5.3. Âûáîð ðàññòîÿíèÿ ñúåìêè è ðàñ÷åò ïîãðåøíîñòè
èçìåðåíèÿ ðàäèàöèîííûõ òåìïåðàòóð
ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûõ íåîäíîðîäíîñòåé îáúåêòà ................ 202
ÃËÀÂÀ 4. ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÎÅ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ
ÓÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß ÑÓÌÌÀÐÍÎÉ ÑÂÅÒÈÌÎÑÒÈ
È ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÏÎÃÐÅØÍÎÑÒÅÉ .............205
4.1. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ îöåíêà êîýôôèöèåíòîâ
èçëó÷åíèÿ ìàòåðèàëîâ .................................................................205
4.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå ýôôåêòèâíîé òåìïåðàòóðû
ïîëóñôåðè÷åñêîé ôîíîâîé çàñâåòêè.......................................... 212
4.3. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèõ ïîãðåøíîñòåé.......................... 213
4.4. Ïëàíèðîâàíèå òåðìîðàäèîìåòðè÷åñêèõ èçìåðåíèé.................216
4.4.1. Èçìåðåíèå ìàëûõ òåìïåðàòóðíûõ êîíòðàñòîâ
íà óðîâíå òåìïåðàòóð îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ..................... 216
4.4.2. Êîíòðîëü òåìïåðàòóðû âûñîêîîòðàæàþùåãî îáúåêòà ...226
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ......................................................................................232
239
ÄËß ÇÀÌÅÒÎÊ
240
À.Â. ÀÔÎÍÈÍ
Ð. K. ÍÜÞÏÎÐÒ
Â.Ñ. ÏÎËßÊÎÂ
Ñ.Ñ. ÑÅÐÃÅÅÂ
À.È. ÒÀÄÆÈÁÀÅÂ
Ðåäàêòîð Ïîëóíîâñêàÿ Å.Ñ.
Ðåäàêòîð èçäàíèÿ Êîðåïàíîâ À.À.
Êîððåêòîð Ëèíêîâà Í.Â.
Ðèçîãðàô îáúåì ï.ë. 15, òèðàæ 100 ýêç.
Çàêàç ¹ 107 Öåíà äîãîâîðíàÿ
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