Index 839
675–676, 678; education in, 676–677; end of Cold
War and, 666; Hitler and, 620; India and, 758; Jews
in, 665; Khrushchev and, 672–674; Latin America
and, 707; missiles of, 657–658, 666; naming of, 584;
Nazi Germany and, 620, 622, 624, 626, 631; peaceful
coexistence with West, 656; president of, 678; Russia
a er, 702–703; socialism in, 583–584; society in,
676–678; Stalin in, 619–620; ird World and, 658;
U.S. relations with, 663–666; women in, 620, 632–
633, 672, 677, 713; World War II and, 628, 631–633,
636. See also Russia
Soviet Union (former), 672
Soybeans, 71
Soyinka, Wole, 734–735
Space exploration, 660, 717
Spain: Bourbon dynasty in, 377; Carthage and,
110, 111; in 11th century, 170 (map); European
uni cation and, 703; exploration by, 341–342,
345 (map); in Grand Empire, 457; immigration
from, 496; industrialization in, 471; Italy and, 328;
Latin America and, 445, 491; monarchy in, 328;
Muslims in, 163, 163 (map), 166, 169–170; in New
World, 341–343, 342, 444; Ottoman Turks and, 388;
Southeast Asia and, 351; irty Years’ War and, 373;
trade by, 443; Visigoths in, 287
Spanish-American War, 496, 521–522
Spanish Empire, 342–343, 345. See also Americas;
Spain
Spanish Netherlands, 370
Sparta, 79–80, 85–87, 88, 89. See also Greece (ancient)
Spartacus, revolt by, 117
Speech to the All-India Muslim League (Iqbal), 597
Speech to the Assembly (Atatürk), 597
Speech to the House of Commons (Chamberlain), 621
Speech to the House of Commons (Churchill), 621
Speer, Albert, 633
Spending: de cit, 583; in U.S., 705
Spengler, Oswald, 580
Spheres of in uence: in Americas, 341
Spice Islands (Moluccas), 333, 339 (map), 344
Spices and spice trade, 190–191, 335; European
expansion and, 337, 351; in India, 222; Islam and,
335–336; Portugal and, 339–341; Southeast Asia and,
227, 355
Spinning jenny, 465
Spirit of the Laws, e (Montesquieu), 439
Spirits: in Africa, 191; in India, 41; in Southeast Asia,
229–230
Spiritualism: in China, 64–65
Spoken language, 33
Sports, 502, 719, 764
Spratly Islands: China and, 684
“Spring Prospect” (Du Fu), 257
Srebrenica, 701–702
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 30, 46, 48, 212, 215, 755
Srivijaya state, 226 (map), 227
SS (Nazi guard squadrons), 619
Stained glass, 305–306
Stalin, Joseph, 584, 617, 619–620, 634, 672; China and,
654, 654; Cold War and, 650–651; Khrushchev and,
673–674; at Potsdam, 638; statues of, 657; at Tehran,
637; a er World War II, 645; World War II and, 632;
at Yalta, 638, 644, 644–645, 651
Stalingrad: battle at, 626, 628
Stamp Act (1765), 447
Standard of living: in China, 687; working classes and,
501. See also speci c locations
Standard Oil: in Middle East, 598
Standing army: in Rome, 113. See also Military
Starry Messenger, e (Galil eo), 437
Soldiers: Roman masters of, 119; at Stalingrad, 628; in
Vietnam War, 662; in World War I, 570–572, 572,
575, 578; in World War II, 628, 633. See also Military;
speci c wars
Solidarity movement (Poland), 679
Solomon (Israel), 21, 21 (map)
Solomonids (Ethiopia), 193
Solomon Islands, in World War II, 626
Solon (Athens), 87
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 675, 676
Somalia, 193, 665, 727, 730, 731
S
omme River, battle at, 565
Somoza family (Nicaragua), 666
Song dynasty (China), 222, 237, 239, 241, 553; land
problems and, 242; Mongols and, 248; society and,
244–245
Song Family Saga, A (Hung Mai), 246
Songhai, 196, 336, 337 (map), 350, 724
Song of Lawino (p’Bitek), 735
Song of the South (China), 75
Song Taizu (Song dynasty, China), 239
Son-Jara (Sunjata, Sundiata), 203
Sonni Ali (Songhai), 336
Sophia (Austria), 567
Sophocles, 90
South (U.S.), 497–498, 498
South Africa, 350, 529, 728–729, 731; Boers and,
346, 528–529, 530, 532, 533; British rule in, 532;
independence movement in, 724; Westernization of,
723; Zulu resistance in, 533
South African Republic (Transvaal), 529
South America, 135, 341, 707 (map); Arawak people in,
153–154; civilizations of, 7–8, 146–151; Europeans
in, 341–343, 345; humans in, 146; liberation of,
492, 492–493; peoples and cultures of, 146 (map);
trade in, 148; writing in, 13. See also Latin America;
speci c countries
South Asia, 753–760. See also speci c countries
Southeast Asia, 225–231, 752–753, 761–767, 762 (map);
Catholicism in, 351–352; Cold War and, 761–762;
colonization in, 520–525, 522 (map); economy
in, 228, 523–524; family in, 229; imperialism in,
520–525, 545; India and, 209, 215, 227–228; Islam
in, 163 (map), 335–336; Japan and, 623–624; lifestyle
in, 228–229, 355–357, 765–766; migrants to, 225;
politics in, 766–767; precolonial, 352–355; religion
in, 229–230; rice in, 5; Soviets and, 658; in spice
trade era, 351–357; tensions in, 765; in 13th century,
226 (map); trade in, 225–226, 227, 228, 355; women
in, 228–229, 355–357, 766; in World War II, 625,
631. See also speci c countries
Southern Africa, 199, 528–529; Dutch in, 346; struggle
for, 529 (map)
Southern Asia: civilization in, 208–232, 213 (map)
Southern Rhodesia, 532. See also Zimbabwe
Southern Song (China), 239
South Korea, 654, 771–772, 771 (map). See also Korea;
Korean War
South Vietnam, 655–656, 660, 663
South West Africa, 572
Southwest Asia, 11. See also Middle East
South Yemen, 665
Soviets, in Russia, 576
Soviet Union: Afghanistan and, 665; Africa and, 600,
726; Arab-Israeli disputes and, 739; Asia and, 600;
Balkan region and, 645; Brezhnev and, 674–676;
capitalism in, 679; China and, 654, 654, 655;
collapse of, 672, 678–680; Cuba and, 658–659, 707;
Eastern Europe and, 638, 645, 673 (map), 679–680,
680 (map); economy in, 583, 620, 671–672, 673,
557; in Korea, 279, 431; in Latin America, 495;
in Ottoman Empire, 390, 391; in Rome, 115, 117,
118; sources of slaves, 348; in U.S., 483, 497–498,
498. See also Slave trade
Slave trade, 195, 200, 339, 346–350, 347 (map), 348, 525
Slavic peoples, 299–301; Germans and, 484; migrations
of, 301 (map); Nazis and, 631; World War I and,
486, 567
SLORC (Burma), 764
Slovakia, 622, 703
Slovaks, 477
Slovenes: in Yugoslavia, 580
Slovenia, 378, 701, 703
Slums: in India, 758; in Southeast Asia, 765
Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 717, 718
Smallpox, 342, 419
Smelting iron, 155, 187
Smiles, Samuel, 470
Smith, Adam, 440
Soccer, worldwide popularity of,
764
Social classes. See Classes; Estates (social orders)
Social Contract, e (Rousseau), 440
Social Darwinism, 508–509; colonialism and, 517;
im
perialism and, 515, 529
Social Democratic Party (Germany), 699
Social insurance, 486
Socialism, 473; in Africa, 600, 727, 731; vs. capitalism,
671; in China, 661, 681; in Cuba, 707; in
Czechoslovakia, 663; in Eastern Europe, 657–658;
in France, 698; in India, 753–754; lifestyle and,
676–678; in Middle East, 600; in North Vietnam,
762; revolutionary, 475; in Soviet Union, 583–584,
661. See also Communism
“Socialist Creed” (Nehru), 754
Socialist parties, 474–475
Socialist realism: in China, 691–692
Socialists: in France, 583
Social Revolutionaries (Russia), 484
Social sciences, 440
Social security: in Britain, 699; in Canada, 706
Social Security Act (U.S.), 583
Social welfare. See Welfare
Society: in Africa, 199–201, 350–351, 532, 722–723,
731, 732–733; in Americas, 135, 343–345, 444–447;
in Asia, 722–723; of Athens, 94; Aztec, 143–144;
Black Death and, 324; in China, 127, 244–247, 256,
550–553, 604, 605, 686–690, 691, 691; in Cuba,
707–708; economic power and, 7; European, 291,
292–293, 371–372, 443; feudal, 291; in India, 31,
35, 36–38, 219–222, 399, 401, 403–404; Industrial
Revolution and, 467–469; Inkan, 149–150; in Iran,
741; Islamic, 172–174; in Japan, 426–428, 556–557,
561, 562, 605–608, 768, 769–771; in Korea, 278–279,
431; Kushite, 185; in Latin America, 445, 495–496;
mass, 499–502; in Middle East, 744–748; in 1920s,
584–586; in Ottoman Empire, 391–392; in Pakistan,
756; Protestant Reformation and, 367; religion and,
730, 730; Renaissance, 362–363; Russian, 676–678,
702; Safavid, 396–397; in Southeast Asia, 228–229,
352–357, 355–357; Sumerian, 8–9; in Taiwan, 772;
in Tanzania, 727; in U.S., 498, 703–705; in Western
world, 709–714; in World War II, 631–635; World
War II mobilization of, 631–635
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits
Socrates, 91
Socratic method, 91
Sofala, East Africa, 339, 346
Soil: in China, 60, 71, 688, 688; in Europe, 292
Soka Gakkai (Buddhist organization), 770
Sokkuram Buddha, 278