HRW. Issue: July 2009
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OUTLOOK: HYDRO IN EUROPE 24
TACKLING GEOTECH CHALLENGES
IN THE HIMALAYAS 26
SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT 35
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TLOOK: HYDRO IN EUROPE
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ACKLING GEOTECH CHALLENGE
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IN THE HIMALAYAS 26
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MALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
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www.hydroworld.com
Connecting The Worldwide Hydro Community July 2009
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________________
www.hydroworld.com July 2009 / HRW 1
JULY 2009
WIND-HYDRO INTEGRATION
ARTICLES
24
Hydropower in Europe:
Current Status, Future Opportunities
By Marla J. Barnes
For hydro, the European Union’s current push to increase use of renewables translates to
signi cant growth in the development of new capacity and in upgrading of existing facilities.
26 Project Development in the Himalayas:
Solving Geotechnical Challenges ●
By Imran Sayeed
During hydro project construction in the Himalayas, Indian
utility NHPC Limited has faced multiple geotechnical challenges.
To overcome these, the company has implemented a number
of solutions, including providing adequate reinforcement for
rock slopes and choosing tunneling practices to best deal with
the rock conditions.
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H. Irfan Aker
Dolsar Engineering
Limited, Turkey
Ian M. Cook
ICCL, United
Kingdom
Chris Head
Chris Head & Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B. Kassana
East African Tea
Trade Association
Kenya
Peter Thomas Mulvihill
Pioneer Generation, Ltd.
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal
(R.G.) Vartak
AFCONS Infrastructure
Limited, India
Emmanuel
Antwi-Darkwa
Volta River Authority
Ghana
Arturo Gil
Garcia
Iberdrola
Generation
Spain
Liu Heng
International Network on
Small Hydropower
(IN-SHP), People's
Republic of China
Carlos Alberto Knakiewicz
Itaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri, PhD
Dr. Montris & Associates
Thailand
Luis C. Vintimilla
Consulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang Boting
Chinese Society for
Hydropower Engineering
People's Republic of
China
Roger Gill
Hydro Focus
Pty. Ltd.
Australia
Zhang Jinsheng
China Yangtze
Three Gorges Project
People's Republic of
China
Dr. Terry Moss
Eskom Generation
South Africa
C.V.J. Varma
Council of Power Utilities
and The Dams Society
India
James Yang, PhD
Vattenfall Research
and Development AB
Sweden
2 Viewpoint:
Hydro and Wind Power
4 Briefi ngs
34 New Hydro
35 Small Hydro
40 Index to Advertisers
12 Pumped Storage
Supports Wind Energy
By Fernando Perán Montero
and Juan J. Pérez
Spanish utility Iberdrola is
building the 852-MW La Muela 2
pumped-storage plant to help rm
the variability of its more than
4,200 MW of wind capacity.
26
12
● Peer Reviewed
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In the world of renewable energy, news from 2008 includes the fact of wind pow-
er’s continued rapid growth. Wind added 29 GW during the year. Hydropower
also added capacity in this same range — 25 to 30 GW.
In four years, worldwide wind capacity has grown by a factor of 2.5 times,
from 48 GW in 2004 to 121 GW in 2008 — an annual growth rate of 26%. This
is higher than the growth rate of any other electricity source. Three countries —
Germany, Spain, and the United States — now host more than half of the world’s
wind capacity. And China and India, in 4th and 5th place, are both adding wind
power at a terri c pace.
Hydropower facility owners, operators, and developers need not worry about
hydro being displaced by wind power, or by other new renewable energies or any
other power source. The world needs all the electricity it can get — especially
renewable energy. And, where hydro projects are feasible, they deliver solid value.
Hydro often is a low-cost source of electricity that provides long-term support for
regional economies. Moreover, the long life, reliability, and durability of hydro
projects often provide a bonus. Many types of power projects, including wind
projects, will not endure beyond a 20- or 30-year life. Yet, after 30 years, the
typical hydro project has hardly reached the middle of its life.
Because the worldwide installation rates of wind and hydro are about the same,
gigawatt per gigawatt, it could seem fortuitous that new hydro could “balance”
the intermittency of new wind installations. Indeed, among the top ve wind-
power countries, Spain, China, and India are rapidly adding hydro, and these ad-
ditions aid them in successfully integrating wind power into their electricity grids.
Other countries are not so lucky. Ireland, for example, is adding wind power and
is experiencing integration challenges. Within Ireland and many other countries,
the opportunities for using hydro to support integration are limited.
We cannot get too much hydro and wind power. To put energy needs in per-
spective, what if all of the new demands for electricity in the past ten years had
been provided from hydro and wind (or other renewables)? (And please keep
in mind that electricity provides but a fraction of total energy supplies.) Over
the decade, the 40% addition to total electricity generation added about 6,000
terawatt-hours of energy per year. To supply this much electricity from hydro
and wind power additions would have required total annual capacity additions
totaling 150 to 200 GW … or, about three times as much as was installed in 2008,
a banner year. While these levels of addition may not be beyond possibility, they
are de nitely a far stretch from where we are today. It’s hard to imagine getting
enough of either hydro or wind!
Editor Emeritus
2 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
Viewpoint
Hydro and Wind Power
Vol. 17, No. 3, July 2009
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OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
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______________________
_______________
4 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
PennWell names Barnes publisher of Hydro Group
PennWell Corporation has named Marla Barnes publisher of its Hy-
dropower magazines and events, including Hydro Review and HRW
magazines, the HydroVision and Waterpower conferences and exhibi-
tions, and the electronic news service HydroWorld.com.
At the same time, Dick Rauner was named publisher of PennWell’s
North American Renewable Energy Group, of which the Hydro-
power businesses are a part, along with the Renewable Energy World
North America Conference and Exhibition and the newly announced
Renewable Energy World North America magazine.
Barnes previously was chief editor of the hydropower publications, which PennWell
acquired in December 2008 from Kansas City, Mo.-based HCI Publications Inc. She
has 20 years’ experience as an editor and conference organizer in the hydroelectric power
industry. She is relocating from Kansas City to PennWell’s headquarters in Tulsa, Okla.
Rauner built Renewable Energy World North America conference
Rauner previously was exhibit and sponsorship sales manager for PennWell’s Renew-
able Energy World North America conference and exhibition. He grew the show from
its inception six years ago to its current position as the leading all-renewables confer-
ence and exhibition in North America.
Barnes will report to Rauner, who will continue to report to Richard G. Baker, senior
vice president, North America Power Group.
“With Dick Rauner as group publisher and Marla Barnes as publisher, PennWell
further strengthens its industry-leading North American Power Group to effectively
direct our rapidly growing renewable energy businesses,” PennWell President and CEO
Robert F. Biolchini said.
Variable-speed pumped storage for Swiss
A partnership of a Swiss utility and a federal railway awarded a 125 million euro
(US$167 million) contract to Alstom to supply the 628-MW Nant de Drance hydro-
electric project its rst variable-speed pumped-storage power plant.
Swiss energy provider Alpiq, Forces Motrices Valaisannes, and Swiss federal railway
SBB are building the 990 million franc (US$950 million) pumped-storage project at
Finhaut in the Swiss Alps.
Alstom said it is to supply four 157-MW vertical Francis reversible turbines, four
170-megavolt-ampere vertical asynchronous motor-generators, and other key equip-
ment to the new plant. Alstom said the new installation integrates two state-of-the-art
technologies, a conventional pump-turbine and a variable-speed pump-turbine.
The conventional unit pumps water into an upper reservoir during low energy ➜
®
Briefl y
Communaute Electrique du
Benin (CEB) commissioned
Chinese hydropower construc-
tion company SinoHydro to
build the 147-MW Adjarala
hydroelectric project between
Togo and Benin on Africa’s
Mono River. Work on the 282
million euro (US$389 million)
project is to be completed in 45
months.
Bolivia President Evo Mo-
rales signed a contract with
Italian-led consortium Consor-
cio Hidroelectrico Misicuni for
construction of the 120-meter-
tall Misicuni Dam multipur-
pose project. The consortium
is led with 51 percent owner-
ship by Grandi Lavori Fincosit
S.p.A. of Italy. Bolivia’s Em-
presa Nacional de Electricidad
and South Korea’s Korea Elec-
tric Power Corp. have agreed to
build a 120-MW hydro plant at
Misicuni.
Empresa de Generacion
Electrica Machupicchu S.A.
(Egemsa) awarded a contract
to Grana y Montero of Peru
to rehabilitate and expand the
107-MW Machu Picchu hydro-
electric project in Peru’s Cusco
Region to 206 MW. Grana y
Montero, the sole bidder, of-
fered a bid of US$148 million.
Rehabilitation of Machu Picchu
is required due to ood damage
in February 1998.
Turk ish construction com-
pany Dogus Insaat awarded a
contract to Continental Manu-
facturing Co. (MARCO) of the
United States to supply engi-
neered conveyor systems for the
528-MW Boyabat hydroelectric
project on the Kizilirmak River
in Turkey’s Sinop Province.
MARCO said it is to supply
conveyor systems to transport
and place concrete during con-
struction of Boyabat’s 95-me-
ter-tall concrete gravity dam.
Boyabat Elektrik Uretim ve
Tic Ltd. Sti. was granted per-
mission in 2007 to operate the
project for 49 years.
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We designed our
maintenance-free bearings
with more than just
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or e-mail us at hydro@GGBearings.com
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• Gerhardusgasse 25 • A-1200 Wien • Tel.: +43-(0)1-332 49 92 • Fax: +43-(0)1-332 91 60 • hydro@GGBearings.com
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6 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
demand and releases it to produce energy during peak times. The variable-speed unit
regulates the level of the energy it consumes, contributing to better grid regulation.
The manufacturer said conventional pump-turbines only can operate on a xed quan-
tity of energy, while variable-speed units can regulate the level of energy they comsume.
As a result the variable unit continues to function even at lower energy levels, assuring a
steady re lling of the reservoir while contributing to stabilization of the network.
World Bank outlines sustainable hydro priorities
Acknowledging a sharp change in direction from the 1990s, the World Bank is em-
phasizing a growing role for sustainable hydropower to bring both energy and water
resources bene ts to the developing world.
In “Directions in Hydropower,” a newly issued exposition of the World Bank
Group’s views on the value of hydropower, the bank said hydropower now is viewed
as an integral factor in addressing energy security, climate change, water security,
and regional cooperation.
World Bank lending for hydropower bottomed out in 1999 due to growing opposition
from environmental and other non-governmental organizations.
“There are risks inherent in development and operation of hydropower, many of
which were the focus of passionate debate in the 1990s,” the bank said.
Three bottom lines: social, environmental, economic
As a consequence, the bank said, the de nition of acceptable hydropower has shifted
to one that recognizes core principles of sustainable development with attention to so-
cial and environmental, as well as economic “bottom lines.” It said the shift has been
supported by a decade of better understanding and of developing best practices, safe-
guards, and self-assessment measures from players including the World Bank, Equator
Banks, International Hydropower Association, International Energy Agency, the World
Commission on Dams, and the United Nations Environment Program.
New lending for hydropower increased signi cantly, from less than US$250 million
per year from 2002-2004, to US$500 million per year from 2005-2007. In scal year
2008, new lending for hydro exceeded US$1 billion. The bank said 67 hydropower
projects have been approved since scal year 2003, amounting to US$3.7 billion in
World Bank Group contributions to support a total of US$8.5 billion and nearly 9,700
MW in project investments.
MagEnergy fi nishing unit rehab at DR Congo’s 1,424-MW Inga 2
Canadian magnesium producer MagIndustries Corp. reports its MagEnergy Inc. sub-
sidiary has nearly completed refurbishment of a 168-MW generating unit of the 1,424-
MW Inga 2 hydroelectric project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
MagEnergy has been performing Phase 1 rehab of the project on the Congo River,
including emergency repairs to several turbines and refurbishment of the previously
non-functioning 168-MW turbine. In a statement of year-end results, MagIndustries
said MagEnergy has completed about 90 percent of the work necessary to refurbish
turbine G23, the rst contract at Inga 2.
“MagEnergy is close to completing its initial Phase 1 refurbishment project and the ➜
Firm tapped for
Ecuador’s 1,500-
MW Coca Codo
Sinclair
Developer Coca Codo Sinclair
S.A. signed a letter of intent with
Chinese consortium SinoHydro-
Andes JV to complete negotia-
tions for a contract to build the
1,500-MW Coca Codo Sinclair
hydroelectric project on Ecua-
dor’s Coca River.
SinoHydro-Andes and anoth-
er Chinese group had submitted
bids in March to nance 85 per-
cent of the project and to build it
in Napo Province. Upon comple-
tion, expected in 2014, the US$2
billion, 10-unit project is to use
water from the Coca River near
the Colombia border.
Coca Codo Sinclair S.A.
is a joint venture of Compania
de Generacion Termoelectrica
Pichincha S.A. (Termopichin-
cha) of Ecuador and Energia
Argentina S.A. (Enarsa) of
Argentina.
Business News Americas
said the letter of intent envi-
sions achieving technical, eco-
nomic, and legal pre-contract
agreements as well as seeking
project nancing by China’s
Export-Import Bank.
Andritz to add
38.5-MW unit to
105-MW Iffezheim
Project operator Rheinkraftwerk
Iffezheim GmbH awarded a con-
tract to Andritz Hydro to supply
electro-mechanical equipment
for a new Unit 5, expanding the
105-MW Iffezheim hydroelec-
tric project on the Rhine River.
German utility EnBW,
which jointly owns Rheink-
raftwerk Iffezheim with Elec-
tricite de France, had issued sev-
eral solicitations seeking various
equipment to expand Iffezheim.
Andritz said April 29 the 25
million euro (US$33.3 million)
order calls for a new 38.5-MW
bulb-type turbine-generator
with a 6.8-meter-diameter run-
ner. When work is complete in
2011, the unit would increase
Iffezheim to 143.5 MW, mak-
ing it the largest hydropower
plant on the Rhine.
The new unit is to increase
total project annual generation
to 860 million kilowatt-hours
from 740 million kWh.
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______________
8 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
sale of the energy generated from that project will make a solid contribution to the com-
pany’s results,” MagIndustries said. “Revenues from the sale of 84 MW, representing 50
percent of the fully restored 168-MW capacity, will potentially be generated by late 2009.”
In February 2008, DRC Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga endorsed a proposal by
MagEnergy to perform Phase 2 rehabilitation of Inga 2. The estimated US$110 million
Phase 2 program would rehabilitate an additional four turbines at eight-unit Inga 2, to
restore them to operation over ve years.
Costa Rica approves hydro project concession law
President Oscar Arias signed a new law ensuring the participation of private companies
in the development of hydropower projects in Costa Rica.
Arias signed the framework law on concessions for the utilization of hydropower dur-
ing an April meeting of Costa Rica’s governing council. The measure previously was
approved by Costa Rica’s assembly.
The president’s of ce said the law ensures the participation of private enterprise in hy-
dropower generation and provides the Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Telecom-
munications the power to grant concessions up to 25 years. The agency also may extend
concessions for another 25 years if developers comply with ministry requirements.
The new law lls a loophole created by legislation in the 1990s that transformed Costa
Rica’s previous concession authority, the National Electricity Authority, into utility reg-
ulator Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Publicos (Aresep). At that time, the legisla-
tion failed to establish a new agency to continue to award hydropower concessions.
Yangtze Power takes on more of 22,400-MW Three Gorges
China’s Yangtze Power Co., operator of 22,400-MW Three Gorges Dam, is carrying
out a 107.5 billion renminbi (US$15.76 billion) restructuring plan that includes acquir-
ing full ownership of the project’s 26 operating units, totaling 18,200 MW.
Yangtze Power said it would issue 1.55 billion shares to its parent, China Three
Gorges Project Corp., in a private placement for 12.89 renminbi (US$1.88) each, rais-
ing 20 billion renminbi (US$2.9 billion), and pay 37.5 billion renminbi (US$5.5 bil-
lion) in cash to acquire assets from China Three Gorges. It also is to take on 50 billion
renminbi (US$7.3 billion) in debt.
The assets being acquired include the remaining 18 generating units of the original
26-unit Three Gorges project that Yangtze Power does not already own. The acquisi-
tion is to more than double Yangtze Power’s installed capacity and is to increase its
2009 net pro t to 6.3 billion renminbi (US$922 million) from last year’s 3.93 billion
renminbi (US$575 million).
The plan for Three Gorges originally called for 26 generators, 14 on the left bank of the
Yangtze River and 12 on the right for a total of 18,200 MW. The project has since been ex-
panded further, with another six turbines being added by 2012 for a total of 22,400 MW.
Asian bank rates Mekong energy aid
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) rates as “successful” its aid program to the en-
ergy sector in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia, including as-
sistance to major hydroelectric projects in the region. ➜
China bank to
fi nance 1,500-MW
Mphanda Nkuwa
The Export-Import Bank of Chi-
na agreed to nance construc-
tion of the 1,500-MW Mphanda
Nkuwa hydroelectrict project on
Mozambique’s Zambezi River.
Mozambique’s O Pais news-
paper quoted Energy Minister
Salvador Namburete saying
construction of the US$2 bil-
lion dam is to begin in 2010
in the northern Tete Prov-
ince. The China Exim bank’s
US$2.3 billion loan package
also includes funding a trans-
mission line from the dam site
to Maputo, the capital.
A detailed proposal for con-
struction of Mphanda Nkuwa
boosted the capacity of the pro-
posed project to 1,500 MW from
1,300 MW in 2007. Additional-
ly, the project is seen potentially
expanding to 2,400 MW.
“We expect the process to
be nalized by December this
year and construction should
begin between April and May
next year,” Namburete said.
The project is being devel-
oped by Brazil construction
rm Camargo Correa, national
utility Electricidade de Mocam-
bique, and Energia Capital.
Alstom to
revamp more units
of 10,300-MW
Simon Bolivar
Venezuela utility CVG Elec-
tri cacion del Caroni (Edelca)
has awarded a 31 million euro
(US$41.4 million) contract to
Alstom Hydro for refurbish-
ment of ve generators of the
10,300-MW Simon Bolivar
hydroelectric project on Ven-
ezuela’s Caroni River.
The contract is the fourth
awarded to Alstom by Edelca
and is part of a complete mod-
ernization program to extend
the project’s life by 30 years.
In 2007, Alstom received an 80
million euro (US$107 million)
contract for refurbishment of
four turbine-generators.
In the latest contract, Al-
stom is to refurbish ve 630-
MW generators in powerhouse
2, including rehabilitation of
stators and rotors and the sup-
ply of auxiliaries.
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