3 SOLAR COLLECTOR TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS
973
F
R
U
L
= negative of the first-order coefficient of
collector efficiency vs. F
R
U
L/T
and G
test
)
F
R(τα)
= intercept of collector efficiency vs. (T
i
- T
a
)/I
T
at work conditions
F
R
(τα) = intercept of collector efficiency vs. (T
i
- T
a
)/I
T
at test conditions
Gtest = flow rate per collector unit area at test
conditions, kg/m²
I = total horizontal radiation per unit area, W/m²
I
T
= total incident radiation on the collector
surface, W/m²
M = accumulated water quantity, kg
M = mass flow rate, kg/s
P = power consumption of pump or fan, W
Q
u
= rate of energy gain of total collector array, W
r
1
= factor for correcting F
R
(τα)
n
and F
R
U
L
, for
operation at flow rates other than that at test
conditions
T = temperature, °C
T
a
= ambiant temperature, °C
T
i
= inlet fluid temperature, °C
T
o
= outlet fluid temperature, °C
U
A
= overall heat transfer of heat exchanger, W/C
U
L
= overall loss coefficient of collector, W/m²gC
τ = Transmittance of the collector glass cover
7. REFERENCES
(1) D.A. Ciochetti and R.H. Metcalf, “Pasteurization of
naturally contaminated water with solar energy”.
Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 1984,
47(2):223-228
(2) N. Safapour, and R.H. Metcalf, “Enhancement of solar
water pasteurization with reflectors”. Applied &
Environmental Microbiology, 1999, 65(2):859-861
(3) N.K. Bansal, R.L. Sawhney, and Misra A., “Solar
Sterilization of Water”. Solar Energy, 1988, 1: 35-39
(4) H.H. El-Ghetany and I.E. EL-Seesy, “Performance
evaluation of an overflow thermosyphon solar water
heating system”. Engineering Research Journal,
Faculty of Engineering, Helwan university, 2005, 101:
M1-M16
(4) El-Seesy I.E., “Solar water disinfecting system”,
Doctoral thesis. Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering , Al-Azhar university, 2007
(6) A.C. David, and R.H. Metcalf, Pasteurization of
Naturally contaminated Water with Solar Energy.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1984,
223-228
(7) A.D. Shitzer, Z. Kalmanoviz and G. Grossman,
“Experiments with a flat plate solar water heating
system in thermosyphonic flow”. Solar Energy, 1979,
22: 27-35
(8) G.L. Morrison and J.E. Braun, “System modeling and
operation characteristics of thermosyphon solar water
heater”. Solar Energy, 1985, 34: 389-405
(9) J.A. Duffie, and W.A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of
Thermal Processes”, Wiley J. & Sons, Inc., New York,
1991
(10) ASHRAE “Handbook of Fundamentals”, American
Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Standard 93-77, 1977
(11) F.P. DeWitt, and D.P. Incropera,, (1996). “Introduction
to Heat Transfer”. Wiley J. and Sons, Inc., New York,
1996
(12) M.J. Brandemuehl, and W.A. Beckman, “Economic
Evaluation and Optimization of Solar Heating
Systems”. Solar Energy,1979, 23: 1-10
(13) TRNSYS Coordinator, “A Transient System
Simulation Program”. Madison: University of
Wisconsin, 2000