Schmid C., Zepa B., Snipe A. Language Policy and Ethnic Tensions in Quebec and Latvia
This article traces the factors that led to the adoption of the
Charter of the French Language in Quebec in 1977 and the Latvian
Language Law in 1999. Conces for the French language in Quebec in
the 1960s and 1970s, the Latvian language in the Soviet Union in
the late 1980s, and in the Latvian state in the 1990s were ignited
by some of the same demographic and assimilative forces in the two
societies. Demographic factors included a decline in the birth
rate, lower socioeconomic status, and a fear of minoritization in
their own respective territories. Schools in English in Quebec and
schools in Russian in Latvia attracted most immigrants. To counter
these trends, language policies were drafted restricting access to
English and Russian languages in schools, on commercial signs, in
legislative bodies, and in municipal, public, and para-public
administration. Looking for a model to change these conditions,
Latvia based a significant part of its language law on the Quebec
Charter of the French Language. Significant controversies erupted
in both societies with the passage of restrictive language
legislation. While the laws have helped to reverse the position of
the French and Latvian languages, they have not solved the delicate
balance between linguistic communal rights and individual rights.
Похожие разделы
Смотрите также
Горенбург Д. Региональный сепаратизм в России: этническая мобилизация или захват власти ?
Статья " Regional Sepаratism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab?" Europe-Asia Studies. 1998. Vol .51. № .2. P. 245- 274. Авторский перевод Кучумова И.В. 1999. Рассматривается роль этнического возрождения в стремлении национальных республик к суверенитету в процессе перехода от коммунистического Советского Союза к посткоммунистической Российской Федерации, а также проблемы, которые возникли в процессе борьбы за суверенитет. Исследования...
Barnett, Thomas P.M. The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
Berkley Trade, 2004. - 448 p. Barnett, professor at the U.S. Naval War College, takes a global perspective that integrates political, economic and military elements in a model for the post-September 11 world. Barnett argues that terrorism and globalization have combined to end the great-power model of war that has developed over 400 years, since the Thirty Years War. Instead, he divides the world along binary lines. An increasingly expanding "F...
Bercovitch J., DeRouen Karl. Civil Wars
This paper looks at how violent ethnic conflicts are managed. The paper separates ethnic civil wars from the more general class of ethnic conflicts. More specifically, we examine these conflicts, and seek to understand the extent to which mediation can play an effective role in managing such conflicts, and which factors have the most impact on its performance and effectiveness. We set up a theoretical framework from which we derive several propos...
Gilley Bruce. Against the concept of ethnic conflict
Despite a boom in studies of ethnic conflict, the empirical and conceptual justification for this field remains weak. Not only are claims of surging ethnic conflict unsubstantiated, but the concept itself is problematic. The concept tends to homogenise quite distinct political phenomena. Making valid causal inferences about ‘ethnic conflict’ is nearly impossible as a result, a shortcoming reflected in the un-robust nature of the literature on the...
Giuliano E. Secessionism from the Bottom Up Democratization, Nationalism, and Local Accountability in the Russian Transition
World Politics, Volume 58, Number 2, January 2006, pp. 276-310 (Article) In the early 1990s Russia stood at the precipice of state failure. Demands for autonomy radiated from Russia’s ethnic republics, threatening to split the federation along ethnic lines as had happened to the Soviet Union before it. Russia’s republics had begun appropriating power from Moscow during the late Soviet era. With the collapse of the USSR, several accelerated their...
Jones Matthew. Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia, 1961-1965: Britain, the United States, Indonesia and the Creation of Malaysia
This fascinating study looks at the origins, outbreak and course of the Indonesian-Malaysian confrontation of 1963-1966, within the context of British and American policies in South East Asia during the 1960s as a whole. Matthew Jones uses new archival sources to throw fresh light on such subjects as British Colonial policy and the creation of Malaysia, Anglo-American tensions over the confrontation itself, and the diplomacy of that important, bu...
Kalyvas Stathis N. New and Оld civil wars. A Valid Distinction?
THE decline of interstate armed conflict and perceived rise in the frequency of civil wars since the end of the cold war1—especially in Europe2—have contributed to a new wave of interest in civil wars.3 This interest focuses on ethnic competition as a source of conflict and widely regards civil wars of the post–cold war era (new civil wars) as fundamentally different from their predecessors (old civil wars); new civil wars are distinguished as cr...
Shultz Richard H. In the Aftermath of War US Support for Reconstruction and Nation-Building in Panama Following Just Cause
Air University Press, 2000 - 91 p. ISBN10: 1585660582 ISBN13: 9781585660582 (eng) Dr. Shultz assesses the December 1989 invasion of Panama and the effectiveness of US foreign policy implemented afterward. He focuses on reconstruction, nation-building, and democratization following Operation Just Cause. He reviews contemporary Panamanian politics and comments on what went wrong with our contingency planning. Dr. Shultz examines the origins and fu...
Varshney Ashutosh. Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality
Why do we have so many ethnic partisans in the world ready to die as suicide bombers? Does a rational calculus lie beneath the nationalist pride and passions? Can it be discovered if only we apply our understanding of rationality more creatively? This article seeks to answer these questions by focusing on the nationalism of resistance. It argues that a focus on dignity, self-respect, and recognition, rather than a straightforward notion of self-i...
Walter Barbara F. Explaining the Intractability of Territorial Conflict
The most intractable civil wars in the last half of the twentieth century were not ethnic civil wars or ideological civil wars. The most intractable conflicts were those fought over territory. Between 1940 and 1996, combatants fighting territorial civil wars were 70 percent less likely to initiate peace negotiations than combatants fighting any other type of civil war (Walter 2002). And once begun, these negotiations rarely brought peace. In only...