Digiulio M., Keogh J. Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
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599
Index
misalignment (bone fractures), 267
mitral insufficiency, 63–65
mitral stenosis, 65–67
mitral valve, 1, 3
mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 67–69
mole (trophoblastic disease), 517–518
monitoring patients after surgery, 483–484
mononucleosis, 159–160
motor neurons, 211
MRA (magnetic resonance angiography), 257
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 257, 279–280,
325–326
MS (multiple sclerosis), 237–240
multiple myeloma, 192–194
multiple sclerosis (MS), 237–240
muscles, 263
fibroids (leiomyomas), 507–508
testing potential (electromyography), 279
musculoskeletal system, 261–280
how it works, 262–263
map of, 261
carpal tunnel syndrome, 263–265
diagnostic tests, 277–280
arthrograph, 278
arthroscopy, 278
biopsy, 278
bone scan, 278–279
CT scans, 279
electromyography (EMG), 279
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
279–280
myelography, 280
ultrasound, 280
x-rays, 277
fractures (skeletal), 266–268
gout, 268–270
osteoarthritis, 271–273
osteomyelitis, 273–275
osteoporosis, 275–277
MVP (mitral valve prolapse), 67–69
myasthenia gravis, 240–243
myectomy, 28
myelin coating on nerve cells, 211, 237
myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia,
189–191
myelography, 280
myeloma, multiple, 192–194
myocardial infarction (MI), 11–15
myocarditis, 41–42
myocardium, 26
myoclonic seizures, 253
myoglobin, 77
myxedema, 333–335
N
Na. See sodium
natriuretic peptides, 421
nausea, caused by anesthetic, 490
needle aspiration biopsy, 529
nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), 382–384
nephron, 374
nerve blocks, 482
nervous system, 209–257
how it works, 210–211
map of, 209
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 216–218
Bell’s palsy, 218–219
brain abscess, 218–221
brain tumor, 222–224
cerebral aneurysm, 225–227
diagnostic tests, 255–257
encephalitis, 227–229
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 230–232
head injury, 212–216
Huntington’s disease (chorea), 232–234
meningitis, 234–237
multiple sclerosis (MS), 237–240
myasthenia gravis, 240–243
Parkinson’s disease, 243–246
seizure disorder, 252–255
spinal cord injury, 246–249
stroke, 249–252
neurologic assessment after surgery, 483
neurons, 211
neuropathies, 542–544
neurotransmitters, 211, 453, 458
dopamine, 463
NHL (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma), 153
NIDDM (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus),
358–363
NMDA receptors, 463
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 153
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM),
358–363
non-small cell lung cancer, 110
nonatopic asthma, 93
nonunion (bone fractures), 267
norepinephrine, 333
overproduction (pheochromocytoma), 353–354
normotonic fluids, 420
nuclear cardiology, 74
600
Index
O
obstruction, intestinal, 313–314
occipital lobe (brain), 211
tumor in, 223
oligodendroglioma, 222
open bone fractures, 266
open head injuries, 212
open pneumothorax, 118
open receptor sites, 453
oral hypoglycemic agents, 361
osmolarity, 420–421. See also fluids and
electrolytes
osteoarthritis, 271–273
osteoblasts, 263
osteoclasts, 263
osteomyelitis, 273–275
osteoporosis, 275–277
ovarian cancer, 512–514
ovarian masses, benign, 514–515
ovulation, 497
oxygen, 87
oxygenation of blood, 3
P
PACU (postanesthesia care unit), 483
PAD (peripheral arterial disease), 18–21
pain management, 535–553
acute pain, 537–540
chronic pain, 540–542
drug addiction, 550–553
peripheral neuropathy, 542–544
phantom limb pain, 544–545
substance use disorders, 545–550
urine toxicology screening, 553
pain medication, postoperative, 480
palliative surgical procedures, 477
pancreas, 285
beta cells, insulin from, 358, 363
pancreatitis, 315–317
pancytopenia (aplastic anemia), 179–181
panic disorder, 456–458
Pap (Papanicolaou) smear, 531
papules, 400
paralytic ileus, 313–314
parathyroid glands, 333
PTH overproduction (hyperparathyroidism),
356–358
PTH underproduction (hypoparathyroidism),
354–356
parathyroid hormone (PTH), 333, 368
hypophosphatemia and, 441
measurement test, 368
overproduction of (hyperparathyroidism),
356–358
underproduction of (hypoparathyroidism),
354–356
parietal lobe (brain), 211
tumor in, 223
parietal pleura, 87
Parkinson’s disease, 243–246
partial mole (trophoblastic disease), 517–519
partial seizures, 253
partial thromboplastin time (PTT), 79, 205, 446
partially movable joints, 263
patient
positioning, anesthesia and, 482
preoperative teaching of, 479–480
transfer of, 480, 484
pelvic joints, 263
peptic ulcer disease (PUD), 319–321
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, 9, 19
pericardial biopsy, 44
pericardiocentesis, 23, 44
pericarditis, 42–44
pericardium, 21
perioperative care, 475–492
peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 18–21
peripheral edema, 420
peripheral nervous systems, 210
peripheral neuropathy, 542–544
peritoneovenous shunt, 293
peritonitis, 317–319
pernicious anemia, 183–185
PET (positron emission tomography), 257
petechiae, 400
PFT (pulmonary function test), 136
pH level, body, 422
phantom limb pain, 544–545
pheochromocytoma, 353–354
phosphorus
abnormally high amount (hyperphosphatemia),
443–444
abnormally low amount (hypophosphatemia),
441–443
blood test for, 447
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), 515–517
pituitary glands, 333
ACTH overproduction, 349–351
growth hormone overproduction, 341–343
pituitary hormone underproduction, 340–342
601
Index
placental site trophoblastic tumors, 518
plaque, in blood vessels. See arteriosclerosis and
atherosclerosis
plaque, skin, 400
platelet count, 446
platelets, 176. See also hematologic system
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP),
201–203
overproduction of (polycythemia vera), 194–196
pleural effusion, 113–115
pleural sac, 87, 118
draining fluid from (thoracentesis), 125
pneumonia, 115–117
pneumothorax, 118–120
polycythemia vera, 194–196
portocaval shunt, 293
positron emission tomography (PET), 257
postanesthesia care, 483–484
postoperative period, 482–484
pain medication, 480
postpartum health, 525–526
potassium hydroxide preparation (KOH) test, 415
potassium (K)
abnormally high amount (hyperkalemia),
432–434
abnormally low amount (hypokalemia),
430–432
blood test for, 447
PPD (Mantoux intradermal skin test), 138–139
prednisone, 202
preeclampsia and eclampsia, 527–529
pregnancy, 519–522
ectopic, 503–505
labor and delivery, 522–524
postpartum health, 524–525
preeclampsia and eclampsia, 527–529
Rh incompatibility, 526–527
testing for, 529
preoperative period, 478–480
preoperative teaching, 479–480
pressure ulcers, 409–411
primary aldosteronism, 351–353
Prinzmetal’s angina, 7
progesterone, 497
prolactin hormone overproduction, 343–345
prolactin test, 368
prostate gland, 375
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 375–377
cancer of, 375, 384–386
prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, 395
prostatic fluid, 375
prothrombin time (PT) test, 79, 205, 328, 446
PSA (prostate specific antigen) test, 395
psychosocial stressors, 458
PT (prothrombin time) test, 79, 205, 328, 446
PTH (parathyroid hormone, parathormone), 333
hypophosphatemia and, 441
measurement test, 368
overproduction of (hyperparathyroidism),
356–358
underproduction of (hypoparathyroidism), 354–356
PTT (partial thromboplastin time), 79, 205, 446
PUD (peptic ulcer disease), 319–321
pulmonary angiography, 133–134
pulmonary edema, 45–47, 88
pulmonary embolism, 127–130
pulmonary function test (PFT), 136
pulmonic valve, 1, 3
pulse oximetry, 81–82, 402
punch biopsy (skin), 414
purpuras, 400
pustules, 400
pyelonephritis, 386–388
R
radioallergosorbent (RAST) test, 415
RAST (radioallergosorbent) test, 415
Raynaud’s disease, 47–49
RBC. See red blood cells
reason for surgery, 477
receptor sites, 453, 458
red blood cells (RBCs), 176. See also anemia
cell overproduction (polycythemia vera),
194–196
RBC count (test), 78, 79, 446
Rh incompatibility, 526–527
Reed-Sternberg cells, 153
referred pain, 536
reflux of stomach acid (GERD), 301–304
regional anesthesia, 482
relative rehydration, 444–445
renal artery, 374
renal calculi (kidney stones), 382–384
renal cancer, 381–382
renal failure, 388–390
renin, 421
renin substrate (angiotensinogen), 421
respiratory acidosis, 120–122
respiratory system, 85–140
how it works, 86–87
map of, 85
602
Index
respiratory system (continued)
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 87–91
acute respiratory failure, 124–127
asbestosis, 91–93
asthma, 93–96
atelectasis, 96–98
bronchiectasis, 99–101
bronchitis, 101–104
Cor Pulmonale, 104–106
diagnostic tests, 132–140
arterial blood gas (ABG), 136–137
bronchoscopy, 132
chest x-rays, 133
lung biopsy, 139–140
Mantoux intradermal skin test (PPD), 138–139
pulmonary angiography, 133–134
pulmonary function test (PFT), 136
sputum culture and sensitivity, 134–135,
169–170
thoracentesis, 135
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan, 137–138
emphysema, 107–110
influenza, 130–132
lung cancer, 110–112
pleural effusion, 113–115
pneumonia, 115–117
pneumothorax, 118–120
postoperative complications, 486–488
pulmonary embolism, 127–130
respiratory acidosis, 120–122
tuberculosis (TB), 122–124, 128
restorative surgical procedures, 477
restrictive cardiomyopathy, 26
Rh incompatibility, 526–527
Rh (Rhesus) factor test, 531
RHD (rheumatic heart disease), 49–51
rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 49–51
rheumatoid arthritis, 155–157
rheumatoid factor, 167
rhonchi, 88
risks of surgery, 477
intraoperative injury, 481–482
rolling hernia, 311–312
rule of nines, 402
S
SA (ino-atrial) node, 3
saliva, 285
schizophrenia, 463–464
SCI (spinal cord injury), 246–249
scleroderma, 157–159
scleroderma autoantibodies, 167
scrub nurses, 481
second-degree burns, 401–402
seizure disorder, 252–255
semen analysis, 531
sensitivity and culture tests
sputum, 134–135, 169–170
urine, 394
septic shock, 163–165
septum, 1, 3
shave biopsy (skin), 414
shunt, liver, 293
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone secretion), 346–348
sickle cell anemia, 187–189
sigmoid colon, 285
simple goiter, 338–340
simple partial seizures, 253
single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT), 257
sino-atrial (SA) node, 3
skeletal system. See musculoskeletal system
skin. See integumentary system
skin biopsy, 414
skin cancers, 400, 405–407
skin preparation, preoperative, 479
skull fractures, 213
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosis), 165–167
small cell lung cancer, 110
small intestine, 285
Crohn’s disease, 294–297
diverticulitis disease, 297–299
sodium (Na)
abnormally high amount (hypernatremia),
424–426
abnormally low amount (hyponatremia), 422–424
blood test for, 447
solar exposure, 405
somatotropin test, 367
SPECT (single photon emission computed
tomography), 257
spinal anesthesia, 482
spinal column, 211
myelography, 280
spinal cord injury, 246–249
spinal tap. See lumbar puncture
spleen, 176
sputum culture and sensitivity, 134–135, 169–170
squamous cell carcinomas, 405, 406
SS-A and SS-B tests, 167
603
Index
stable angina, 7
statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors), 153
stem cells, 176
stomach acid reflux (GERD), 301–304
stomach lining inflammation (gastritis), 306–308
stomach ulcers, 319, 324
stool testing, 204
stress ulcers, 319
stroke, 225, 249–252
subarachnoid hemorrhage, 212–213
subdural hematoma, 212–213
substance use disorders, 545–550
substantia nigra, degeneration of. See Parkinson’s
disease
sucking chest wounds, 118
superior vena cava, 1, 3
surfactant, alveoli, 87
surgeons, 480
surgery. See perioperative care
surgical assistants, 480–481
surgical classifications, 476–477
surgical scrub, 481
surgical team, 480–481
sympathectomy, 48
synchronized cardioversion, 54, 61
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
secretion (SIADH), 346–348
Syndrome X, 363–365
synovial joints, 263
systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), 165–167
T
T-cells, 144–145
T3 (triiodothyronine), 333
measurement test, 368
overproduction of (hyperthroidism), 335–338
underproduction of (hypothroidism), 333–335
T4 (thyroxine), 333
measurement test, 368
overproduction of (hyperthroidism), 335–338
underproduction of (hypothroidism), 333–335
tamponade, cardiac, 21–23
TB (tuberculosis), 122–124, 128
teaching, preoperative, 479–480
temporal lobe (brain), 211
tumor in, 223
tendons, 263
tension pneumothorax, 118
testicular cancer, 390–392
thalamus, 211
third-degree burns, 401–402
third space (fluids), 420
thoracentesis, 135
thromboendarterectomy, 20
thrombolytic therapy, 13
thrombophlebitis, 51–53, 199
thrombus. See also coagulation
myocardial infarction (MI) from, 11
peripheral arterial disease (PAD) from, 18
pulmonary embolism from, 127
removal of (embolectomy), 20
stroke from, 225, 249–252
in vein (thrombophlebitis), 51, 199
thyroid gland, 333. See also endocrine system
enlargement from iodine insufficiency (simple
gout), 338–341
hormone overproduction, 335–338
hormone underproduction, 333–335
thyroid scintiscan (thyroid scan), 369
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 334, 335, 339
measurement test, 369
thyroxine (T4), 333
measurement test, 368
overproduction of (hyperthroidism), 335–338
underproduction of (hypothroidism), 333–335
TIA (transient ischemic attack), 249
tonic and tonic clonic seizures, 253
total protein test, 327
toxicology screening, urine, 553
transcutaneous pacing, 57
transfer of patient, 480, 484
transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt, 293
tricuspid insufficiency, 69–71
tricuspid valve, 1, 3
triiodothyronine (T3), 333
measurement test, 368
overproduction of (hyperthroidism), 335–338
underproduction of (hypothroidism), 333–335
trimesters, pregnancy, 519–520
trophoblastic disease, 517–519
troponin, 77
Trousseau’s sign, 338
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), 334, 335, 339
measurement test, 369
tuberculosis (TB), 122–124, 128
tumors. See also cancer
on adrenal medulla, 353–354
bladder, testing for (cystoscopy), 394
brain tumor, 222–224
Cushing’s syndrome, 349–351
ovarian masses, benign, 514–515
604
Index
tumors (continued)
skin, 400, 405–407
trophoblastic disease, 517–519
24-hour urine collection, 369, 395
U
UES (upper esophageal sphincter), 285
ulcerative colitis, 322–324
ulcers
gastric, 319, 324
pressure (skin), 409–411
ultrasound
abdominal, 325
of heart (echocardiograph), 73–74
of musculoskeletal system, 280
unstable angina, 7
upper esophageal sphincter (UES), 285
upper gastrointestinal bleeds, 304–306
ureter, x-ray of (KUB study), 394
urethra, 375
x-ray of (voiding cystogram), 396
urgency of surgical procedure, 477
uric acid, 268
urinalysis, 395–396
urinary catecholamines test, 369
urinary tract infection (UTI), 392–394
urine, 375
24-hour collection, 369, 395
culture, 394
flow studies, 396
toxicology screening, 553
uroflowmetry (urine flow studies), 396
uterus, 497
UTI (urinary tract infection), 392–394
V
V/Q (ventilation-perfusion) scan, 137–138
“V tach”. See ventricular fibrillation
valves, heart, 1, 3
leakage, 62–65, 69–71
vasopressin challenge test, 369
vasospastic angina, 7
venograms, 80–81
ventilation, 86–87. See also respiratory system
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan, 137–138
ventricles, 1, 3
ventricular fibrillation, 58–59
ventricular tachycardia, 59–61
vesicles, 400
viral infection. See infection
viral meningitis, 234–236
visceral pain, 536
visceral pleura, 87
vitamin B
12
, 183
vitamin D, 441
vitamin K, 177
voiding cystogram, 396–398
W
WBC. See white blood cells
Western Blot test, 169
wheals, 400
wheezing (rhonchi), 88
white blood cells (WBCs), 176
cell overproduction (polycythemia vera), 194–196
WBC count (test), 78, 79, 446
women’s health, 495–531
breast cancer, 497–499
cervical cancer, 500–501
diagnostic tests, 529–531
dysmenorrhea, 502–503
ectopic pregnancy, 503–505
endometrial cancer, 505–506
fibroids (leiomyomas), 507–508
infertility, 508–510
labor and delivery, 521–523
menopause, 510–512
ovarian cancer, 512–514
ovarian masses, benign, 514–515
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), 515–517
postpartum health, 525–526
preeclampsia and eclampsia, 527–529
pregnancy, 519–522
Rh incompatibility, 526–527
trophoblastic disease, 517–519
Wong pain scale, 537
wound closure, 482
wounds and healing, 411–413
X
x-rays
abdominal, 325
of bladder and urethra, 396
of blood flow (venograms), 80–81
of bones and foreign bodies, 277
of chest, 76–77, 133
of joints (arthrograms), 279
KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder) study, 394
skin’s exposure to, 406
of skull or spine, 255