Pugnaire F.I. Valladares F. Functional Plant Ecology

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Acquisition, Use,

and Loss of Nutrients

Frank Berendse, Hans de Kroon, and Wim G. Braakhekke

CONTENTS

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 259

Nutrient Uptake Kinetics: Basic Principles ........................................................................ 260

Nutrient Acquisition in Soils..............................................................................................263

Uptake of Organic Nitrogen Compounds.......................................................................... 266

Root Foraging in Heterogeneous Environments................................................................267

Allocation and Use of Absorbed Nutrients........................................................................ 271

Losses of Nutrients through Abscission and Herbivory .................................................... 273

Adaptation of Plants to Nutrient-Poor and Nutrient-Rich Environments ........................ 275

References .......................................................................................................................... 279

INTRODUCTION

In many natural environments, nutrient supply is one of the most important factors that

affect the productivity and the species composition of plant communities (Kruijne et al. 1967,

Elberse et al. 1983, Pastor et al. 1984, Tilman 1984). In many grassland, heathland, wetland

and forest communities increased fertilizer gifts and increased nitrogen inputs through

atmospheric deposition have caused not only dramatic changes in species composition, but

also important losses of plant species diversity (Aerts and Berendse 1988, Berendse et al.

1992). To understand the changes in plant communities that occur after an increase in

nutrient supply, it is essential to understand how plant species are adapted to environments

with different nutrient availabilities. The relation between nutrient supply and long-term

success of a plant individual in a natural ecosystem is determined by three important

components of plant functioning:

1. the acquisition of nutrients in soils that are always more or less heterogeneous;

2. the use of absorbed nutrients for carbon assimilation and other plant functions;

3. the loss of nutrients determining the length of the time period that nutrients can be

used.

In this chapter, we subsequently consider these three aspects and finally attempt to integrate

them to conclude how plant species cope with nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich environments.

We focus on plants growing in their natural habitat. Such plant individuals experience a

heterogeneous substrate, they have to compete for soil resources and light with other plants,

and they frequently lose large quantities of nutrients through abscission, disturbances, and

herbivory.

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