CONTENTS
ix
4.7
References
229
5
Fading of Wireless Communications
231
5.1
Path Loss, Shadowing, and Fading
231
233
240
241
243
245
247
247
251
253
261
270
275
281
289
290
291
5.2
Time-Selective Fading
Fading Rate and Fade Duration
Spatial Diversity and Fading
5.3
Frequency-Selective Fading
Channel Impulse Response
5.4
Diversity for Fading Channels
Optimal Array
Maximal-Ratio Combining
Bit Error Probabilities for Coherent Binary Modulations
Equal-Gain Combining
Selection Diversity
5.5
Rake Receiver
5.6
Error-Control Codes
Diversity and Spread Spectrum
5.7
Problems
5.8
References
6
Code-Division Multiple Access
293
6.1
Spreading Sequences for DS/CDMA
Orthogonal Sequences
294
295
297
301
302
306
306
314
317
318
321
324
326
329
333
336
340
343
347
349
350
352
356
358
Sequences with Small Cross-Correlations
Symbol Error Probability
Complex-Valued Quaternary Sequences
6.2
Systems with Random Spreading Sequences
Direct-Sequence Systems with PSK
Quadriphase Direct-Sequence Systems
6.3
Wideband Direct-Sequence Systems
Multicarrier Direct-Sequence System
Single-Carrier Direct-Sequence System
Multicarrier DS/CDMA System
6.4
Cellular Networks and Power Control
Intercell Interference of Uplink
Outage Analysis
Local-Mean Power Control
Bit-Error-Probability Analysis
Impact of Doppler Spread on Power-Control Accuracy
Downlink Power Control and Outage
6.5
Multiuser Detectors
Optimum Detectors
Decorrelating detector
Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Detector
Interference Cancellers