Wolcott, Ken; Bi, Zhuoxin. Concepts and Equations for Petroleum Engineers

Юкос, 2003. 47 страниц
Методическое пособие по нефтегазовому делу для инженеров. Собраны и систематизированы по подразделам все формулы и графики, с которыми приходится сталкиваться разработчику. Даны все необходимые пояснения и единицы измерения
Reservoir Engineering
1. DARCY’S LAW
Expressio
? Darcy’s law in field metric units
? Darcy’s law in radial steady-state flow
? Darcy’s law in radial flow pseudosteady-state flow
2. OOIP/RESERVES
? OOIP- Original Oil in Place
? Reserves
3. SKIN FACTOR
? Definition
? The additional pressure drop due to skin effect, ?ps
? Example
4. DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION, FLOW REGIMES
? Diffusivity equation in radial form
? Semi steady state (or pseudo steady-state)
? Steady state
5. WELL TEST ANALYSIS
? Pressure Drawdown or Injectivity
? Buildup or Falloff
6. WATER INJECTION COMPENSATION
7. IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT (WATERFLOODING)
? Linear water fractional flow equation, fw
? Average water saturation
8. MATERIAL BALANCE METHODS
? General equation
? FE method (solution gas drive)
? GASCAP Method
? Havlena – Odeh Method
? Campbell Method
? Pressure match methods (any reservoir)
Production Engineering
1. BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE (BHP) IN ESP PUMP WELLS
? Vertical well case
? Deviated wells (subtract a constant correction)
? Units conversion
2. OIL FLOW RATE BASED ON TOTAL LIQUID AND WATER CUT
? Volumetric flowrate
? Mass flowrate
? Example
? Units conversion
3. PRODUCTIVITY INDEX PI
? Definition
? PI for steady state flow to a vertical well
? PI for pseudosteady – state flow to a vertical well
? PI calculation given qL, pwf and pR
4. INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR)
? Vogel model in dimensionless form
? General IPR based on Vogel’s model
? General IPR based on Fetkovich’s model
? Example problem (IPR)
5. FLOW EFFICIENCY
? Definition
? FE for steady-state flow
? FE for pseudosteady-state flow
6. CALCULATIONS FOR ENHANCEMENT CANDIDATE SELECTION
? Enhancement
? Calculation of potential oil rate increment
7. CALCULATIONS FOR FRACTURING WELL CANDIDATE SELECTION
? Calculation of potential oil rate increment
8. ESP PUMP DESIGN
9. FRACTURE EFFICIENCY
? Definition
10. FRACTURE DESIGN EQUATIONS
? Rock mechanics parameters
? Fluid volume pumped (Vi)
? Fracture volume (Vf)
? Volume lost into the reservoir (VLp)
? Fracture half length or penetration (L)
? Dimensionless fracture conductivity (FCD)
11. MD, TVD AND TVDSS
12. SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE DROP IN CASING OR TUBING
? Pressure drop in casing or tubing
? Pressure drop in annular
13. FLOW THROUGH CHOKES
? Gilbert equation (water/oil, producing gas)
? Example
? Poettmann and Beck’s charts
14. MULTIPHASE PRESSURE DROP IN CASING OR TUBING
? General pressure drop expression
? Orkiszewski’s correlation
? Bubble flow
? Slug flow
? Continuous oil phase
? Continuous water phase
15. OIL PVT PROPERTIES
? Oil specific gravity and API gravity
? Bubble pressure or saturation pressure
? Dead oil viscosity
? Oil viscosity above bubble point pressure
? Oil formation volume factor (Standing)
16. GAS PROPERTIES
? Real gas equation of state (EOS)
? Gas FVF
? Gas viscosity
17. DECLINE CURVE EQUATIONS
? General mathematical expression
? Exponential or constant decline
? Hyperbolic decline
? Harmonic decline
Formation Evaluation
1. SHALE VOLUME BY GR AND SP
? Definition: shale content, Vsh
? GR – natural gammy ray log
? SP – spontaneous potential
2. POROSITY FROM POROSITY LOGS
? Porosity of clean reservoirs (Vsh=0)
? Porosity of shaly reservoirs, shale content correction
3. ARCHIE’S EQUATIONS
? Formation factor
? Formation resistivity index, I
? Example
? Correction for shale content (Vsh)
? Example