Gibilisco S. Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics
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Power Distribution in Series Circuits 74
Power Distribution in Parallel Circuits 74
Kirchhoff’s First Law 75
Kirchhoff’s Second Law 77
Voltage Divider Networks 78
Quiz 80
6 Resistors 85
Purpose of the Resistor 85
Fixed Resistors 88
The Potentiometer 90
The Decibel 93
Resistor Specifications 94
Quiz 98
7 Cells and Batteries 102
Electrochemical Energy 102
Grocery Store Cells and Batteries 105
Miniature Cells and Batteries 106
Lead-Acid Batteries 107
Nickel-Based Cells and Batteries 108
Photovoltaic Cells and Batteries 109
Fuel Cells 110
Quiz 111
8 Magnetism 115
The Geomagnetic Field 115
Causes and Effects 116
Magnetic Field Strength 120
Electromagnets 120
Magnetic Properties of Materials 122
Practical Magnetism 123
Quiz 128
Test: Part 1 132
Part 2 Alternating Current
9 Alternating-Current Basics 143
Definition of Alternating Current 143
Period and Frequency 143
The Sine Wave 144
Square Waves 145
Sawtooth Waves 146
Complex and Irregular Waveforms 147
Contents ix
Frequency Spectrum 148
Fractions of a Cycle 150
Expressions of Amplitude 151
The Generator 154
Why Alternating and Not Direct? 155
Quiz 156
10 Inductance 160
The Property of Inductance 160
Practical Inductors 161
The Unit of Inductance 162
Inductors in Series 162
Inductors in Parallel 163
Interaction among Inductors 164
Air-Core Coils 166
Ferromagnetic Cores 166
Inductors at RF 169
Unwanted Inductances 171
Quiz 171
11 Capacitance 175
The Property of Capacitance 175
Practical Capacitors 176
The Unit of Capacitance 177
Capacitors in Series 177
Capacitors in Parallel 178
Fixed Capacitors 179
Variable Capacitors 182
Capacitor Specifications 184
Interelectrode Capacitance 184
Quiz 185
12 Phase 188
Instantaneous Values 188
Instantaneous Rate of Change 189
Circles and Vectors 190
Expressions of Phase Difference 192
Vector Diagrams of Phase Difference 195
Quiz 196
13 Inductive Reactance 200
Coils and Direct Current 200
Coils and Alternating Current 201
Reactance and Frequency 202
Points in the RL Plane 203
Vectors in the RL Plane 205
x Contents
Current Lags Voltage 205
How Much Lag? 208
Quiz 210
14 Capacitive Reactance 214
Capacitors and Direct Current 214
Capacitors and Alternating Current 215
Capacitive Reactance and Frequency 216
Points in the RC Plane 218
Vectors in the RC Plane 219
Current Leads Voltage 220
How Much Lead? 222
Quiz 225
15 Impedance and Admittance 229
Imaginary Numbers 229
Complex Numbers 229
The RX Plane 233
Characteristic Impedance 236
Conductance 238
Susceptance 238
Admittance 240
The GB plane 240
Quiz 242
16 RLC and GLC Circuit Analysis 245
Complex Impedances in Series 245
Series RLC Circuits 248
Complex Admittances in Parallel 250
Parallel GLC Circuits 253
Putting It All Together 256
Reducing Complicated RLC Circuits 257
Ohm’s Law for AC Circuits 259
Quiz 261
17 Power and Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits 265
Forms of Power 265
True Power, VA Power, and Reactive Power 268
Power Transmission 273
Resonance 276
Resonant Devices 280
Quiz 282
18 Transformers and Impedance Matching 286
Principle of the Transformer 286
Geometries 289
Contents xi
Power Transformers 292
Isolation and Impedance Matching 294
Radio-Frequency Transformers 297
Quiz 299
Test: Part 2 303
Part 3 Basic Electronics
19 Introduction to Semiconductors 315
The Semiconductor Revolution 315
Semiconductor Materials 316
Doping and Charge Carriers 317
The P-N Junction 318
Quiz 321
20 How Diodes Are Used 325
Rectification 325
Detection 326
Frequency Multiplication 326
Signal Mixing 327
Switching 328
Voltage Regulation 328
Amplitude Limiting 329
Frequency Control 330
Oscillation and Amplification 330
Energy Emission 331
Photosensitive Diodes 332
Quiz 333
21 Power Supplies 337
Power Transformers 337
Rectifier Diodes 338
Half-Wave Circuit 338
Full-Wave Center-Tap Circuit 340
Full-Wave Bridge Circuit 340
Voltage-Doubler Circuit 341
Filtering 342
Voltage Regulation 344
Protection of Equipment 345
Quiz 348
22 The Bipolar Transistor 352
NPN versus PNP 352
Biasing 353
xii Contents
Biasing for Amplification 355
Gain versus Frequency 357
Common Emitter Circuit 358
Common Base Circuit 359
Common Collector Circuit 359
Quiz 361
23 The Field Effect Transistor 365
Principle of the JFET 365
Amplification 369
The MOSFET 370
Common Source Circuit 373
Common Gate Circuit 374
Common Drain Circuit 375
Quiz 376
24 Amplifiers and Oscillators 379
The Decibel 379
Basic Bipolar Transistor Amplifier 381
Basic JFET Amplifier 382
Amplifier Classes 383
Efficiency in Power Amplifiers 386
Drive and Overdrive 388
Audio Amplification 389
Radio-Frequency Amplification 391
How Oscillators Work 393
Common Oscillator Circuits 394
Oscillator Stability 399
Audio Oscillators 400
Quiz 402
25 Wireless Transmitters and Receivers 407
Oscillation and Amplification 407
Modulation 407
Pulse Modulation 414
Analog-to-Digital Conversion 415
Image Transmission 416
The Electromagnetic Field 419
Wave Propagation 421
Transmission Media 423
Two Basic Receiver Designs 424
Predetector Stages 427
Detectors 429
Audio Stages 433
Television Reception 433
Contents xiii
Specialized Wireless Modes 434
Quiz 437
26 Digital Basics 441
Numbering Systems 441
Logic 443
Digital Circuits 444
Binary Digital Communications 448
The RGB Color Model 453
Quiz 454
Test: Part 3 458
Part 4 Specialized Devices and Systems
27 Antennas 471
Radiation Resistance 471
Half-Wave Antennas 473
Quarter-Wave Verticals 474
Loops 476
Ground Systems 477
Gain and Directivity 478
Phased Arrays 480
Parasitic Arrays 482
Antennas for Ultrahigh and Microwave Frequencies 483
Safety 486
Quiz 486
28 Integrated Circuits 491
Advantages of IC Technology 491
Limitations of IC Technology 492
Linear ICs 492
Digital ICs 496
Component Density 498
IC Memory 499
Quiz 499
29 Electron Tubes 504
Tube Forms 504
Electrodes in a Tube 505
Circuit Configurations 508
Cathode-Ray Tubes 509
Camera Tubes 511
Tubes for Use above 300 MHz 513
Quiz 514
xiv Contents
30 Transducers, Sensors, Location, and Navigation 517
Wave Transducers 517
Displacement Transducers 519
Detection and Measurement 523
Location Systems 527
Navigational Methods 531
Quiz 534
31 Acoustics, Audio, and High Fidelity 538
Acoustics 538
Loudness and Phase 540
Technical Considerations 541
Components 541
Specialized Systems 546
Recorded Media 547
Electromagnetic Interference 549
Quiz 550
32 Personal and Hobby Wireless 554
Cellular Communications 554
Satellites and Networks 556
Amateur and Shortwave Radio 559
Security and Privacy 561
Quiz 566
33 A Computer and Internet Primer 569
The Central Processing Unit 569
Units of Digital Data 570
The Hard Drive 571
External Storage 573
Memory 574
The Display 575
The Printer 577
The Scanner 578
The Modem 580
The Internet 581
Quiz 584
34 Monitoring, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence 587
Keeping Watch 587
Robot Generations and Laws 591
Robot Arms 592
Robot Hearing and Vision 597
Robot Navigation 600
Contents xv
Telepresence 603
The Mind of the Machine 605
Quiz 606
Test: Part 4 610
Final Exam 621
Appendix A Answers to Quiz, Test, and Exam Questions 645
Appendix B Schematic Symbols 653
Suggested Additional Reading 671
Index 673
xvi Contents
This book is for people who want to learn the fundamentals of electricity, electronics, and related
fields without taking a formal course. The book can also serve as a classroom text. This edition con-
tains new material on transducers, sensors, antennas, monitoring, security, and navigation. Material
from previous editions has been updated where appropriate.
As you take this course, you’ll encounter hundreds of quiz, test, and exam questions that can
help you measure your progress. They are written like the questions found in standardized tests used
by educational institutions.
There is a short multiple-choice quiz at the end of every chapter. The quizzes are “open-book.”
You may refer to the chapter texts when taking them. When you have finished a chapter, take the
quiz, write down your answers, and then give your list of answers to a friend. Have the friend tell
you your score, but not which questions you got wrong. Because you’re allowed to look at the text
when taking the quizzes, some of the questions are rather difficult.
At the end of each section, there is a multiple-choice test. These tests are easier than chapter-
ending quizzes. Don’t look back at the text when taking the tests. A satisfactory score is at least
three-quarters of the answers correct.
You will find a final exam at the end of this course. As with the section-ending tests, the ques-
tions are not as difficult as those in the chapter-ending quizzes. Don’t refer back to the text while
taking the final exam. A satisfactory score is at least three-quarters of the answers correct.
The answers to all of the multiple-choice quiz, test, and exam questions are listed in an appen-
dix at the back of this book.
You don’t need a mathematical or scientific background for this course. Middle-school algebra,
geometry, and physics will suffice. There’s no calculus here! I recommend that you complete one
chapter a week. That way, in a few months, you’ll finish the course. You can then use this book, with
its comprehensive index, as a permanent reference.
Suggestions for future editions are welcome.
Stan Gibilisco
xvii
Preface
Copyright © 2006, 2002, 1997, 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
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