Elsevier, 1997. 612 p.
The Handbook series Magnetic Materials is a continuation of the Handbook series Ferromagnetic Materials. The original aim of Peter Wohlfarth when he started the latter series was to combine new developments in magnetism with the achievements of earlier compilations of monographs, producing a worthy successor to Bozorth's classical and monumental book Ferromagnetism. This is the main reason that Ferromagnetic Materials was initially chosen as title for the Handbook series, although the latter aimed at giving a more complete cross-section of magnetism than Bozorth's book.
Magnetism has seen an enormous expansion into a variety of different areas of research in the last few years, comprising the magnetism of several classes of novel materials that share with truly ferromagnetic materials only the presence of magnetic moments. For this reason the Editor and Publisher of this Handbook series have carefully reconsidered the title of the Handbook series and changed it into Magnetic Materials. It is with much pleasure that I can introduce to you now Volume 10 of this Handbook series.
High-To superconductors are prominent examples of such classes of novel materials. After the discovery of the first high-Tc superconductor Laz_xBaxCuO4 by Bednorz and MUller in 1986 tremendous efforts were put world-wide in raising Tc even further. This global effort was soon rewarded in the form of new superconducting materials having a more than three times higher transition temperature. Of the numerous compounds synthesised and investigated the cuprates take the most prominent position. Although originally intended as novel superconducting compounds, these materials have opened a new field of magnetism that permits detailed studies of the propagation of magnetic order as a function of separation and crystallographic orientation, as well as studies of the interplay of strain and magnetic properties. A detailed account of achievements in this field is presented in the first chapter of this Volume.
Of considerable technical importance is the group of so-called soft magnetic materials. A detailed description of several important classes of soft magnetic material has been presented already in chapter 6 of Volume 1 and chapter 2 of Volume 2 and chapter 3 of Volume
8. Supplementary results, dealing with nanocrystalline alloys are highlighted in the third chapter of the present Volume. These nanocrystalline alloys form a fairly novel class of soft magnetic materials. Their properties are a unique combination of the low losses, high permeability and near-zero magnetostriction reached in permalloys and Co based amorphous alloys, but with a saturation magnetisation up to 1.3 Tesla. This is substantially higher than the values that the conventional materials have to offer. The nanocrystalline alloys owe their outstanding properties to their fine-grained microstructure reached by controlled crystallisation of amorphous precursor alloys. The nanocrystalline alloys are illustrative examples of novel materials where the novelty is not so much the discovery of a novel alloy or compound but rather the application of novel processing routes.
The magnetic properties of various types of rare earth intermetallics were reviewed already in Volume 1 of the Handbook series, supplemented later by chapters on teary rare earth-based compounds in Volume
6. However, over the years there has been a proliferation of scientific results. These results, obtained with novel techniques, and made for a large part on single crystals, have led to a more complete understanding of the basic magnetic interactions in these materials. This requires a major updating of the experimental results presented in Volume
1. Furthermore, the experimental and theoretical material that has accumulated since is so extensive that it is hardly possible to condense it in a single chapter. In one of the previous volumes, Vol. 7, supplementary information was presented already for intermetallics in which rare earths are combined with 3d transition metals. In the present volume the updating process has been continued by means of a chapter dealing with the magnetic properties of intermetallic compounds in which rare earth elements are combined with nonmagnetic elements.
The 20th century has witnessed quite an extraordinary development in hard magnetic materials. Developments have been strong in the last few decades of this century, after the advent of rare earth permanent magnets (REPM) in particular. There are two important prototypes of REPM. Magnets based on Sm and Co are unsurpassed with regard to their high coercivities and their low temperature coefficients of coercity and magnetization, even at temperatures far above room temperature. Magnets based on Nd, Fe and B are unequalled with regard to the maximum energy product and their comparatively low price. B0th types of materials have been described already extensively in Volume 4 of the Handbook series. In the present chapter a review will be given of the progress made in the past years. This progress is quite a substantial one in the case of the Nd-Fe-B type magnets. In the present chapter the emphasis will be on novel developments in the manufacturing routes and the physical principles on which these new developments are based. Permanent magnet materials based on interstitially modified alloys will be touched upon only briefly because these materials have been extensively reviewed already in Volume 9 of the Handbook. Although much inferior in magnetie p? -operties compared to REPM, the ferrites are considerably less expensive and this is possibly the prime reason why the annual production of ferrite magnets still has a tendency to increase. Alnico alloys are a further class of permanent magnet materials still widely applied but in much smaller amounts than the ferrites and REPM. Permanent magnet materials that have found only limited applications comprise Fe-Cr-Co alloys, Pt-Co alloys, Pt-Fe alloys and Mn-A1 alloys. All these materials will be reviewed in the present chapter.
Volume 10 of the Handbook on the Properties of Magnetic Materials, as the preceding volumes, has a dual purpose. As a textbook it is intended to be of assistance to those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetism without the need to read the vast amount of literature published. As a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism research. To this dual purpose, Volume 10 of the Handbook is composed of topical review articles written by leading authorities. In each of these articles an extensive description is given in graphical as well as in tabular form, much emphasis being placed on the discussion of the experimental material in the framework of physics, chemistry and material science.
The task to provide the readership with novel trends and achievements in magnetism would have been extremely difficult without the professionalism of the North Holland Physics Division of Elsevier Science B.V. , and I wish to thank Jonathan Clark and Wire Spaans for their great help and expertise.
Preface to Volume 10.
Contents.
Contents of Volumes 1-9.
List of Contributors.
Normal-State Magnetic Properties of Single-Layer Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors and Related Materials.
Magnetism of Compounds of rare Earths with Non-magnetic Metals.
Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys.
Magnetism and Processing of Permanent Magnet Materials.
Author Index.
Subject Index.
Materials Index.
The Handbook series Magnetic Materials is a continuation of the Handbook series Ferromagnetic Materials. The original aim of Peter Wohlfarth when he started the latter series was to combine new developments in magnetism with the achievements of earlier compilations of monographs, producing a worthy successor to Bozorth's classical and monumental book Ferromagnetism. This is the main reason that Ferromagnetic Materials was initially chosen as title for the Handbook series, although the latter aimed at giving a more complete cross-section of magnetism than Bozorth's book.
Magnetism has seen an enormous expansion into a variety of different areas of research in the last few years, comprising the magnetism of several classes of novel materials that share with truly ferromagnetic materials only the presence of magnetic moments. For this reason the Editor and Publisher of this Handbook series have carefully reconsidered the title of the Handbook series and changed it into Magnetic Materials. It is with much pleasure that I can introduce to you now Volume 10 of this Handbook series.
High-To superconductors are prominent examples of such classes of novel materials. After the discovery of the first high-Tc superconductor Laz_xBaxCuO4 by Bednorz and MUller in 1986 tremendous efforts were put world-wide in raising Tc even further. This global effort was soon rewarded in the form of new superconducting materials having a more than three times higher transition temperature. Of the numerous compounds synthesised and investigated the cuprates take the most prominent position. Although originally intended as novel superconducting compounds, these materials have opened a new field of magnetism that permits detailed studies of the propagation of magnetic order as a function of separation and crystallographic orientation, as well as studies of the interplay of strain and magnetic properties. A detailed account of achievements in this field is presented in the first chapter of this Volume.
Of considerable technical importance is the group of so-called soft magnetic materials. A detailed description of several important classes of soft magnetic material has been presented already in chapter 6 of Volume 1 and chapter 2 of Volume 2 and chapter 3 of Volume
8. Supplementary results, dealing with nanocrystalline alloys are highlighted in the third chapter of the present Volume. These nanocrystalline alloys form a fairly novel class of soft magnetic materials. Their properties are a unique combination of the low losses, high permeability and near-zero magnetostriction reached in permalloys and Co based amorphous alloys, but with a saturation magnetisation up to 1.3 Tesla. This is substantially higher than the values that the conventional materials have to offer. The nanocrystalline alloys owe their outstanding properties to their fine-grained microstructure reached by controlled crystallisation of amorphous precursor alloys. The nanocrystalline alloys are illustrative examples of novel materials where the novelty is not so much the discovery of a novel alloy or compound but rather the application of novel processing routes.
The magnetic properties of various types of rare earth intermetallics were reviewed already in Volume 1 of the Handbook series, supplemented later by chapters on teary rare earth-based compounds in Volume
6. However, over the years there has been a proliferation of scientific results. These results, obtained with novel techniques, and made for a large part on single crystals, have led to a more complete understanding of the basic magnetic interactions in these materials. This requires a major updating of the experimental results presented in Volume
1. Furthermore, the experimental and theoretical material that has accumulated since is so extensive that it is hardly possible to condense it in a single chapter. In one of the previous volumes, Vol. 7, supplementary information was presented already for intermetallics in which rare earths are combined with 3d transition metals. In the present volume the updating process has been continued by means of a chapter dealing with the magnetic properties of intermetallic compounds in which rare earth elements are combined with nonmagnetic elements.
The 20th century has witnessed quite an extraordinary development in hard magnetic materials. Developments have been strong in the last few decades of this century, after the advent of rare earth permanent magnets (REPM) in particular. There are two important prototypes of REPM. Magnets based on Sm and Co are unsurpassed with regard to their high coercivities and their low temperature coefficients of coercity and magnetization, even at temperatures far above room temperature. Magnets based on Nd, Fe and B are unequalled with regard to the maximum energy product and their comparatively low price. B0th types of materials have been described already extensively in Volume 4 of the Handbook series. In the present chapter a review will be given of the progress made in the past years. This progress is quite a substantial one in the case of the Nd-Fe-B type magnets. In the present chapter the emphasis will be on novel developments in the manufacturing routes and the physical principles on which these new developments are based. Permanent magnet materials based on interstitially modified alloys will be touched upon only briefly because these materials have been extensively reviewed already in Volume 9 of the Handbook. Although much inferior in magnetie p? -operties compared to REPM, the ferrites are considerably less expensive and this is possibly the prime reason why the annual production of ferrite magnets still has a tendency to increase. Alnico alloys are a further class of permanent magnet materials still widely applied but in much smaller amounts than the ferrites and REPM. Permanent magnet materials that have found only limited applications comprise Fe-Cr-Co alloys, Pt-Co alloys, Pt-Fe alloys and Mn-A1 alloys. All these materials will be reviewed in the present chapter.
Volume 10 of the Handbook on the Properties of Magnetic Materials, as the preceding volumes, has a dual purpose. As a textbook it is intended to be of assistance to those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetism without the need to read the vast amount of literature published. As a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism research. To this dual purpose, Volume 10 of the Handbook is composed of topical review articles written by leading authorities. In each of these articles an extensive description is given in graphical as well as in tabular form, much emphasis being placed on the discussion of the experimental material in the framework of physics, chemistry and material science.
The task to provide the readership with novel trends and achievements in magnetism would have been extremely difficult without the professionalism of the North Holland Physics Division of Elsevier Science B.V. , and I wish to thank Jonathan Clark and Wire Spaans for their great help and expertise.
Preface to Volume 10.
Contents.
Contents of Volumes 1-9.
List of Contributors.
Normal-State Magnetic Properties of Single-Layer Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors and Related Materials.
Magnetism of Compounds of rare Earths with Non-magnetic Metals.
Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloys.
Magnetism and Processing of Permanent Magnet Materials.
Author Index.
Subject Index.
Materials Index.