Anderson J.M. Daily Life during the French Revolution

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Daily Life during the

French Revolution

James M. Anderson

Greenwood Press

DAILY LIFE DURING

THE FRENCH

REVOLUTION

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DAILY LIFE DURING

THE

FRENCH

REVOLUTION

JAMES M. ANDERSON

The Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series

GREENWOOD PRESS

Westport, Connecticut • London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Anderson, James Maxwell, 1933–

Daily life during the French Revolution / James M. Anderson.

p. cm. — (The Greenwood Press daily life through history series, ISSN:

1080–4749)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0–313–33683–0 (alk. paper)

1. France—History—Revolution, 1789–1799. 2. France—Social conditions—

18th century. I. Title.

DC148.A656 2007

944.04—dc22 2006034084

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.

reproduced, by any process or technique, without the

express written consent of the publisher.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006034084

ISBN-10: 0–313–33683–0

ISBN-13: 978–0–313–33683–6

ISSN: 1080–4749

First published in 2007

Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881

An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

www.greenwood.com

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the

Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National

Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The publisher has done its best to make sure the instructions and/or recipes in

this book are correct. However, users should apply judgment and experience

when preparing recipes, especially parents and teachers working with young

people. The publisher accepts no responsibility for the outcome of any recipe

included in this volume.

For Viv

welcome to the world

Contents

Preface ix

Chronology xi

Maps xvii

1. The Setting 1

2. Economy 25

3. Travel 41

4. Life at Versailles 51

5. Clothes and Fashion 67

6. Arts and Entertainment 83

7. Family, Food, and Education 103

8. Health, Medicine, and Charity 125

9. Religion 143

10. Women 155

11. Urban Life 173

12. Rural Life 189

13. Military Life 207

14. Law and Order 225

15. Aftermath 239

Appendix 1: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 243

Appendix 2: The Republican Calendar 246

Glossary 249

Bibliography 257

Index 265

viii Contents

Preface

For everyone in France, from the king to the lowliest peasant, July 1789

was either exhilarating or ominous. A rare person indeed would have

been apathetic or unrufﬂ ed by the social turmoil enveloping the country,

for the July events and those that followed laid the foundations of a new

society, a new state.

The decisive actions that led to the overthrow of the old order were

staged mostly in Paris, although the provinces, where most of the popula-

tion resided, played no small part in an escalating crisis.

The day-to-day life of the people of that time and place forms the major

component of this book. Each chapter adds to a portrait of France before,

during, and after the revolution.

The book begins with a geographical overview, followed by a descrip-

tion of the country’s diverse political, social, and cultural inﬂ uences and

of the major historical events that led to the revolution. Subsequent chap-

ters deal with the economy; courtly, aristocratic, urban, and rural life; and

details about people of all classes—their anxieties, pleasures, living con-

ditions, health care, ethics, charity, and personal experiences; what they

wore and ate; what they did to entertain themselves; and the inﬂ uence of

the church, crime, and revolutionary propaganda.

The author owes a debt of gratitude to Sherry Anderson, whose perse-

verance, encouragement and plain hard work made this book possible.

Others who contributed in no small measure were Dr. Siwan Anderson, Dr.