Arora R. (ed.) Medicinal Plant Biotechnology

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Medicinal Plant Biotechnology

The Gayatri Mantra

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Aum Bhur Bhuvah Swah, Tat Savitur Varenyam

Bhargo Devasya Dhimahi, Dhiyo Yo Nah Prachodayat



Aum: Symbol of the Para Brahman; The primeval sound

Bhur: Physical plane

Bhuvah: Astral plane

Swah: Celestial plane, spiritual world

Tat: Transcedent Parmatman

Savitur: The Sun, Creator, Preserver

Varenyam: Fit to be worshipped; most adorable, enchanting

Bhargo: Remover of sins and ignorance; Glory Effulgence

Devasya: Resplendent; shining

Dheemahi: We meditate upon

Dhiyo: The Intellect; Understanding

Yo: May this light

Nah: Our

Prachodyat: Enlighten; Guide; Impel, Inspire



“We meditate on the Divine Mother’s glory, Who is the Protector, the basis

of all life, Who is self-existent, Who is free from all pains and Whose very

contact frees the soul from all troubles, Who pervades the Universe and

sustains all, the Creator and Energizer of the whole Universe, the Giver of

happiness, Who is the embodiment of Knowledge and Light, Who is Pure

and the Purifier of all, let us embrace the Divine Mother, so that She may

enlighten our intellects.”



This book is dedicated with love to Her children

Tanmay and Geetansh

Medicinal Plant Biotechnology

Editor

Rajesh Arora, PhD

Scientist

Defence Research and Development Service

Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences

(Defence Research and Development Organization)

Delhi, India

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reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Medicinal plant biotechnology / editor: Rajesh Arora.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84593-678-5 (alk. paper)

1. Medicinal plants--Biotechnology. I. Arora, Rajesh. II. C.A.B. International. III. Title.

TP248.27.P55M436 2011

615'.32--dc22

2010016962

ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 678 5

Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts

Production editor: Fiona Chippendale

Printed and bound in the UK from copy supplied by the authors by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham

CABI South Asia Edition: 978 1 84593 855 0

Contents

Contributors

Preface xi

Foreword

xiii

Acknowledgements xiv

About the Editor

SECTION I

Plant Biotechnology and Medicine

1. Emerging Trends in Medicinal Plant Biotechnology

Rajesh Arora, Archana Mathur and Ajay K. Mathur 1

2. Medicinal Compounds Produced in Plant Cell Factories

Suvi T. Häkkinen and Anneli Ritala 13

SECTION II

Natural Resource Management

(Biodiversity Conservation and Genetic Diversity Screening)

3. Biotechnological Characterization of Different Populations of

an Endangered Medicinal Herb– Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.

Hemant Lata and Suman Chandra 36

4. Traditional and Biotechnological Strategies for Conservation of

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle– A Case Study

Amit C. Kharkwal, Dharam Singh, Om Prakash, Deepshikha Pande

Katare, Ajit Varma, Amita Bhattacharaya and Paramvir Singh Ahuja 48

5. Microsatellite Markers: Potential and Opportunities in Medicinal

Plants

Atul Grover, Ankit Jain and P.C. Sharma

SECTION III

Micropropagation

(Quality Assurance and Quality Control)

viii

vi Contents

6. In vitro Propagation of Medicinal Plants for Conservation and

Quality Assurance

Chris Wawrosch 93

7. Propagation of Elite Cannabis sativa L. for the Production

of %

-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) using Biotechnological Tools

Suman Chandra, Hemant Lata, Ikhlas A. Khan and Mahmoud A. ElSohly 98

SECTION IV

In Vitro Secondary Metabolite Production

8. In Vitro Saponin Production in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures

Archana Mathur and Ajay K. Mathur 115

9. Podophyllotoxin and Related Lignans: Biotechnological Production

by In Vitro Plant Cell Cultures

Iliana Ionkova

138

SECTION V

Harnessing the Potential of Hairy Root Cultures and Plant

–Microbe

Interactions

10. Hairy Root Culture: Copying Nature in New Bioprocesses

M. Georgiev, Jutta Ludwig-Müller and Thomas Bley

156

11. Genetic Transformation of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. for

Augmenting Secondary Metabolite Production

Rajesh Arora, Archana Mathur, Ajay K. Mathur and C.M. Govil 176

12. Podophyllum Endophytic Fungi

John R. Porter

197

13. Biotechnology of Himalayan Vinca major and V. minor

Rajesh Arora, Ajay K. Mathur, Archana Mathur and C.M. Govil

207

SECTION VI

Metabolomics and Metabolic Engineering

14. Analytical Platforms and Databases Ranging from Plant

Transcriptomics to Metabolomics

Tetsuya Sakurai, Kenji Akiyama and Kazuki Saito 222

Contents vii

SECTION VII

Bioinformatics: Interfacing Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

15. Docking-based Virtual Screening of Anticancer Drugs

Feroz Khan, Abha Meena and Ashok Sharma

244

SECTION VIII

Molecular Characterization of Medicinal Plants

16. Population Structure and Molecular Characterization of

Podophyllum hexandrum of the Northwestern Himalayas

Pradeep K. Naik, Shri Ram and Harvinder Singh 267

SECTION IX

Molecular Farming

17. Plant Virus Vector Systems for the Production and Delivery

of Biopharmaceuticals

Rofina Yasmin Othman and Noor Hasima Nagoor

277

18. Novel Medicinal Plants for the Production and Delivery of Vaccines

Simone Reichwein and H. Warzecha

287

SECTION X

Leads from Chemistry, Nanotechnology and Pharmacology for Future

Biotechnological Interventions

19. Noscapinoids: a New Class of Anticancer Drugs Demand

Biotechnological Intervention

Harish C. Joshi, Asmita Salil, Usha Bughani and Pradeep K. Naik

303

20. Recent Developments in Biotechnology and Chemistry of Podophyllum

Abha Chaudhary, Bikram Singh and Paramvir Singh Ahuja

321

21. Plant-expressed Recombinant Griffithsin: a Protein with Potent Broad

Spectrum Inhibitory Effects against Enveloped Viruses

J. Calvin Kouokam and Kenneth E. Palmer

334

22. Camptothecins: SAR, QSAR and Biotechnology

Rajeshwar P. Verma

346

Index

358

Contributors

Paramvir Singh Ahuja, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR),

Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India

Kenji Akiyama, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Japan

Rajesh Arora, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar

Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110009, India

Amita Bhattacharya, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur,

Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India

Thomas Bley, Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Dresden

University of Technology, Bergstrasse 120, D-01069 Dresden, Germany

Usha Bughani, Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Design and Research, Department of Cell

Biology, 455 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University School of

Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA-30322-3030, USA

Suman Chandra, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy,

The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA

Abha Chaudhary, Natural Plant Products Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource

Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur-176061, India

Mahmoud A. ElSohly, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of

Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA and Department of

Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.

Milen I. Georgiev, Department of Microbial Biosynthesis and Biotechnologies–

Laboratory in Plovdiv, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26

Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

C.M. Govil, Department of Botany, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut-250005,

India

Atul Grover, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha

University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110403, India

Suvi Häkkinen, Plant Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box

1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland

Iliana Ionkova, Biotechnology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of

Pharmacognosy, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria

Ankit Jain, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha

University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110403, India

Harish C. Joshi, Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Design and Research, Department of Cell

Biology, 455 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University School of

Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA-30322-3030, USA

Deepshikha Pande Katare, Amity Institute of Pharmacy (AIP), Amity University Uttar

Pradesh (AUUP), Sector 44, Noida-201303, India

Ikhlas A. Khan, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The

University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA and Department of Pharmacognosy, School

of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA

Feroz Khan, Metabolic and Structural Biology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal

and Aromatic Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow

226015, India

viii

Contributors ix

Amit C. Kharkwal, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Amity University

Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Block 'E-3', IVth Floor, Sector 125, Noida-201303, India

J. Calvin Kouokam, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville,

Owensboro Cancer Research Program, 1020 Breckenridge Street, Suite 201,

Owensboro, Kentucky 42303, USA

Hemant Lata, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The

University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA

Ajay K. Mathur, Division of Plant Tissue Culture, Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Kukrail

Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, India

Archana Mathur, Division of Plant Tissue Culture, Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, PO CIMAP, Kukrail

Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, India

Abha Meena, Metabolic and Structural Biology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal

and Aromatic Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow

226015, India

Jutta Ludwig-Müller, Institute of Botany, Dresden University of Technology, Zellescher

Weg 20b, D-01062, Dresden, Germany

Noor Hasima Nagoor, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Pradeep K. Naik, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Jaypee University of

Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan-173215, Himachal Pradesh, India

Rofina Yasmin Othman, Head, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture

(CEBAR) ISB, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

Kenneth E. Palmer, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville,

Owensboro Cancer Research Program, 1020 Breckenridge Street, Suite 201,

Owensboro, Kentucky 42303, USA

John R. Porter, Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in

Philadelphia, 600 S. 43rd Street, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA

Om Prakash, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology,

PO Box No. 06, Palampur-176019, Himachal Pradesh, India

Simone Reichwein, Technical University Darmstadt, Institute for Botany,

Schnittspahnstrae 3-5, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

Anneli Ritala, Plant Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box

1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland

Kazuki Saito, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Japan

Tetsuya Sakurai, Unit Leader, Integrated Genome Informatics Research Unit,

Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Japan

Asmita Salil, Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Design and Research, Department of Cell

Biology, 455 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University School of

Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA-30322-3030, USA

Ashok Sharma, Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), PO CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic

Spot Road, Lucknow 226015, India

P.C. Sharma, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha

University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110403, India