Arya S.P.S. Introduction to Micrometeorology
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Index
A
Absorption spectrum, 30
Absorptivity, 23-24,
29-30
Adiabatic,
51-56
lapse rate,
51-56
process, 51
Advection,
16,49-50,67,
126-127, 177,
223-261
cold air, 49-50, 231-234
heat, 16, 126, 177
moisture, 16
momentum, 67,
126,224-230
warm air, 49-50, 234-237
Aerodynamic approach, 171
Aerodynamic properties,
142-152,204-
207, 210
resistance, 264-265
rough surface,
146-148,204-207,210
smooth surface,
146-148,204-207,210
transition
between
rough and smooth,
147-148,207,210
Aerosol, 26
Agricultural meteorology, 7, 263-285
albedo, 269
energy flux, 280-283
humidity, 275-276
radiation, 266-271
temperature, 273-277
turbulence, 277-283
wind, 271-276
Airflow
around buildings, 245-252
around hills, 252-259
over
an urban area, 237-245
Air mass modification, 235-237
cloud, 235-237
fog, 235-237
humidity, 235-237
temperature, 231-246
Air pollution meteorology,
6-7
Albedo, 24-25, 27-28, 269
bare surface, 25
cloud, 28
change,
27-28
snow and ice, 25
water
surface, 25
vegetation, 25, 269
Altitude
of
the sun, 28, 198
Anemometer, 162, 170
cup, 162
hot-wire, 170
propellor, 170
sonic, 162, 170
Antarctica, 62, 80
Anthropogenic heat, 241
Applications,
4-7,
19,35,46,63-64,84,
106,121,139,154-155,179,
195,
220-221, 259-260, 282-284
energy budget, 19, 195
evaporation, 195
humidity, 63-64, 195
295
296 Index
marine atmospheric boundary layer,
220-221
micrometeorology,
4-7
nonhomogeneous boundary layer,
259-
260
radiation budget, 35
soil temperature, 46
surface fluxes, 179
temperature, 63-64
turbulence, 121, 139
vegetation, 282-284
wind distribution, 84, 154-155
Atmospheric boundary layer, see boundary
layer
Atmospheric pressure, 50-53, 68-73,
92-
94
gradient, 68-73,
92-94
reference, 51
Atmospheric scales, 1
large scale, 1
macroscale , I
mesoscale, 1
microscale,
1-3
small scale, 1-3
Average, 115-117, 125-128
ensemble, 116-117, 126
spatial, 116-117, 126
temporal, 116-117, 126
B
Baroclinic
atmosphere, 69-71
effect, 69-71, 73
planetary boundary layer, 69-71, 73
Barotropic
atmosphere, 71-73
planetary boundary layer, 71-73
Beer-Bouguer
law, 269
Blackbody, 21-24, 29
equivalent temperature, 22-24, 29
radiation laws,
21-24
Bluff body, 246
Boundary layer,
1-3,67-86,95-103,
112-
113, 141-156, 197-245
atmospheric,
1-3,67-86,99,
141-156,
197-222
depth, 2, 67, 99-103, 148,228-230
flat-plate, 100-103, 112-113
internal, 224-237
laminar, 95-103
oceanic, 95-97
planetary,
1-3,
67-86, 99, 147-148, 153-
154
urban, 151,241-245
Boundary layer hypothesis, 99-100
Boussinesq assumptions, 105, 123
Bowen ratio, 10-11, 16-18, 187, 191-194,
198,243
measurement, 191
method, 191-194
Brunt-
Vaisala frequency, 256-257
Buckingham's pi theorem, 134-135, 158
Building
air flow around, 245-252
aspect ratio, 248
wake, 245-252
Bulk transfer
method,
152-153,171,191-192
relations, 152-153, 167-169, 191-192,
203-214, 233, 264-265
Buoyancy, 54-56, 157-169, 186-188
acceleration, 55
effect, 157-169, 186-188
force, 55
length, 158-160, 186-188
parameter, 55, 157-160, 186-188
production, 113
c
Canopy
architecture, 266-268
flow, 271-276
resistance, 264-265
vegetation, 16-17
Carbon dioxide
absorption of radiation, 29
concentration, 276
exchange, 263
greenhouse effect, 29
Cascade process, 115, 120-121
Charnock's formula, 204-210
Cloud, effect on radiation, 26-30
absorption, 26
albedo, 28
emission, 30
Condensation, 1O-11
latent heat, 10-11
nuclei, 5
Conductivity,
40-48,
185
hydraulic, 185
thermal, 40-48
water, 185
Conduction,
9,
40-48,
103
heat,
9, 40-48, 103
Conservation
energy, 10,
13-14,41-43,103,123-128,
176,231
mass, 91-92, 123-128, 185
momentum,
91-93,
123-128, 175
Constant
flux layer, see surface layer
Continuity equation,
91-92,
123, 126-127
Convective
boundary
layer, 58-61, 76-77,
177-178
height, 58-61,
76-77
humidity,
58-61,
76-77
temperature, 58-61,
76-77
turbulence, 177-178
winds,
76-77
Convection, 50, 103-105, 135-137, 158-
166, 177-178
forced, 50, 103-104, 158-166, 177-178
free, 50, 104-105, 135-137, 166, 177
mixed, 50
Convergence, 6,
13-15,33-35
flux, 13-15, 33-35
frictional, 6
radiative flux,
33-35
Coriolis
acceleration,
71-73,
92
effect, 68-73
force, 71-73
parameter,
68-70
Couette flow, 88,
93-94
Critical condition
Reynolds number, 110-114
Richardson number, 75,
78-79,111-114
Cross-isobar angle,
72-73,
98, 230
D
Darcy's
law, 185
Density stratification,
54-57
Dewfall, 10
Diffusivity, eddy, 115, 129-130, 152-153,
167-169, 184,
188,280-284
Dimensional analysis, 133-139, 144, 157-
161
Diurnal variation, 15-18, 38-39, 61-63,
81-83
Index 297
heat flux,
15-18,83
humidity, 62-63
latent
heat
flux, 15-18
PBL height, 2, 82-83
radiation,
15-18,31-33
temperature, 38-39, 61-63
wind speed, 81--83
wind direction, 81-83
Divergence,
13-1.5,33-35,176-177
flux, 13-15, 176-177
radiative flux, 33-35, 176
Drag
coefficient, 103
..
152-153,
167-169,271-
273, 281
force, 6, 162, 169
form, 271-273
frictional, 6
plate, 162, 169
Dry adiabatic lapse rate, 51
E
Earth's
rotation, 67-71,
96-99
Coriolis effect, 72-73,
96-99
Coriolis parameter, 68-71,
96-99
rotational speed, 68
Eddy, 119-121
Eddy
correlation, 118-119, 162, 170-171,
189-191
Eddy
diffusivity, 129-133, 143-144, 160-
165, 272. 280-284
heat, 129-130,
160-165,281-282
momentum, 129-133, 143-144, 160-165,
272, 280--284
water
vapor, 129-130
Ekman
layer, laminar,
95-99
atmospheric,
97-99
oceanic,
95-97
Electromagnetic waves, 21-23
spectrum, 21-23
speed, 21
Emissivity, 23-25,
29-30
Energy balance/budget, 5, 9-20, 197-199,
241
bare ground, 15-16
crops, 16-17
desert, 15-16
forest, 16-17
ideal surface,
9-10
lake, 12-13