Белокреницкий В.Я., Москаленко В.Н. История Пакистана. XX век
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237-245, 248-250, 257, 263, 267,
272-274, 275, 278, 285, 297, 298,
319, 333, 337-342, 344, 347, 357,
359, 365, 371, 376, 379, 380, 382,
389, 397-404, 407, 408, 412, 421,
440, 441, 457-465, 471, 475, 478,
484, 485, 500, 504, 507, 513, 519
Северная Индия, 10, 12, 29, 83
Центральная Индия, 12
Южная Индия, 61
Индокитай, 239
Индонезия, 119, 467-469
Индостан, п-ов, 14, 16, 26, 61, 474
Индур, 27
Иордания, 136, 140, 468
Ирак, 108, 136, 140, 268, 273, 359-
361, 367, 439, 470
Иран, 5, 108, 144, 238, 242, 243, 268,
269, 275, 281, 289-291, 338, 340,
358, 359, 367, 371, 372, 379, 380,
460, 463, 466, 468-470, 482, 517
Иранское нагорье, 5
Ирландия, 20
Исламабад, 147, 229, 234, 268, 269,
272-275, 281, 291, 306, 311, 312,
329, 333, 338-340, 342-347, 350,
354, 356, 357, 359-361, 365, 366,
368, 370-372, 376-382, 384, 387,
397-401, 403-405, 408, 416, 428,
452-458, 460-462, 464, 466-468,
471,472, 478,513,515
Италия, 185
Ишкуман, 90
Кабул, 17-19, 92, 110, 269, 311, 343-
346, 356, 368, 370, 372, 373, 376,
377, 379, 384, 405
Кабул, река, 17, 202
Кавери, река, 29
Каджурахо, 10
Кадиан, 33
Калат, 15, 18, 27, 92, 108, 136, 140,
203
Калибатган, 7
Калькутта, 19, 24, 25, 29, 36, 39, 69,
80, 95, 128,480, 488
Канада, 185, 231
Канаудж, 10
Кандагар, 13, 14, 377
Каракорумское шоссе, 342
Карачи, 16, 19, 20, 49, 52, 82-85, 91,
92, 97-99, 101, 108, 109, 114,
115, 122, 128, 130, 136, 140, 143,
153, 175, 184, 185, 198, 202, 242,
248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 272,
273, 278, 279, 290, 293, 300, 301,
329, 335, 339, 352-354, 356, 365,
375, 383-386, 393, 394, 406, 453,
460,488, 500, 501,503,512,517
Каргил, 90, 397, 400, 404, 405
Карнафули, река, 127
Катар, 329
Катхиавар (Лотхап), п-ов, 7, 10, 16,
79
Кашмир, 13, 17, 18, 21, 54, 79-81,
86, 87-91,93, 117, 118, 121, 122,
138, 143, 222, 231, 237, 240, 243,
319, 358, 359, 367, 368, 371, 375,
376, 379, 380, 382, 391, 397, 400,
401, 403-405, 428, 430, 431, 461,
463-465
Кветта, 18, 77, 92, 377
Кения, 399
Китай, 117, 119-121, 188, 231, 232,
240, 242, 272, 275, 320, 341, 342,
347, 359, 369, 381, 382, 398, 401,
403, 445, 457-461, 463, 478
Коломбо, 129
Коранги, 400
Корея, 98
Кот-Диджи, 7
Кочин, 27
Красное море, 24
Кувейт, 279, 291, 339, 360, 361
Куч-Бехар, 27
Ладакх, 90, 401
Лакхнау, 33, 36, 37, 50, 87
Ландхи, 383
Ларкана, 293
Латинская Америка, 231, 442, 467
Лахор, 10-15, 18, 20, 34, 40, 56, 81,
83, 84, 89, 90, 103, 109, 245, 261,
274, 280, 290, 293, 300, 354, 362,
385, 394, 395, 400, 405, 442, 491,
505, 507
560
Лаялпур, 165, 275
Л ex, 401
Ливан, 136, 140, 468, 470
Ливия, 243, 246, 253, 273, 290, 291
Ловари, туннель, 273
Лондон, 35. 36, 43, 44, 53, 58, 59,
66-68, 70, 74, 75, 104, 144, 241,
357, 366, 472, 488,515
Лхаса, 25
Магадха, 7, 8
Мадрас, 26, 29, 37, 46, 57, 63
Майсур, 27
Макран, 8, 9
Малабарское побережье, 39
Малайзия, 246, 429, 467, 469
Малайя, 147
Малаканд, 384
Малаккский пролив, 24
Мале, 397
Мальдивы (Мальдивская
республика), 397
Манавадар, 78
Манипур, 27
Мансур, 27
Марокко, 245, 359
Матхура, 10
Махмудабад, 31
Медина, 38, 93
Мекка, 38, 93
Месопотамия, 38
Мехргарх, 7
Москва, 22, 23, 99, 110, 122, 242,
339, 356-358, 370, 371, 403, 459,
461
Мохенджо-Даро, 7
Мултан, 9, 10-12, 14, 17, 184, 273,
442,514
Мумбаи (Бомбей), 462
Нагар, 90
Новая Зеландия, 185
Нью-Дели, 58, 96, 118
Объединенные Арабские Эмираты
(ОАЭ), 243, 246, 273, 281, 291,
359, 362, 382
Оджхри, 350
Оман, 329
Орисса, 45
Ормузский пролив, 445
Палестина, 38
Панджаб (Пенджаб), 5, 7-12, 14-20,
26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 44,
46-50, 52, 54, 57-59, 61, 63, 64,
67, 71-73, 75-77, 79-81, 83-85,
88, 90, 92, 97, 101, 102, 109, 11,
124, 127, 135, 136, 198, 199, 235,
236, 243, 245, 263, 264, 279, 280,
282-284, 293, 326, 328, 348, 351,
354, 362, 363, 373, 375, 384-386,
390, 391, 393, 394, 405, 416, 417,
433,441,489,514
Панипат, 12
Париж, 273
Патауди, 31
Патиала, 27, 74
Патфидер, канал, 261
Патханкот, 81
Перл-Харбор, 58
Персидский залив, 25, 313, 320, 338,
361
Персия, 8, 12-14, 17
Пешавар, 8, 17, 22, 136, 165, 203,
229, 269, 273, 284, 323, 344, 358,
368, 377,405, 481
Польша, 21, 187, 231
Пуниал, 90
Пунч, 88, 89
Пурушапутра, 8
Пуштунистан, 76, 92, 135, 369
Пхеньян, 382
Рабат, 245
Равалпинди, 88, 100, 254, 281, 314,
442, 457
Рави, река, 5, 81
Раджастхан, 5, 8, 27
Раджпутана, 27
Рампур, 31
Рангун, 59
Россия, Российская Федерация (РФ),
22, 23, 25, 31, 370, 371, 379, 380,
396, 403, 444, 458-461
Рохилкханд, 27, 30
561
Румыния, 187, 231,253,339
Сатледж, река, 5, 16, 81
Сак ал а, 8
Саудовская Аравия, 110, 242, 243,
245, 273, 281, 288-2990, 313,
320, 329, 344, 359-361, 372, 380,
382, 408, 468
Северная Корея (КНДР), 359, 382,
429, 466
Северо-Западная пограничная про-
винция (СЗПП), 26, 27, 38, 39,
42, 44, 52, 54, 56, 47, 57, 61, 64,
65, 68, 76, 92, 97, 102, 109, 110,
114, 124, 135, 139, 235, 236, 261,
263, 264, 267-269, 273, 279, 282,
323, 326, 351, 352, 368, 373, 375,
377, 390, 393, 394, 416, 417, 434,
440, 489, 503
Сиачин, ледник, 358, 376
Силхет, 76
Симла, 62, 66, 243, 244
Сингапур, 58, 59
Синд, 5, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20, 38, 44,
46-48, 52, 54, 57, 61, 63, 64, 75,
76, 83, 84, 102, 104, 105, 108,
109, 114, 124, 127, 135, 139, 143,
199, 202, 210, 235, 236, 243, 260-
264, 270, 278, 279, 282-285, 287-
289, 322, 326, 328, 351-354, 356,
360, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369, 375,
383, 384, 390, 393, 395, 416, 417,
433, 441, 489, 504, 508, 512, 514
Синдская низменность, 5
Сиялкот, 8
Скарду, 90
Соединенные провинции (Агры и
Ауда), 26, 27, 33, 37, 38, 41, 49,
63,87, 93,98, 107, 114, 115, 117
Сомали, 380
Сомнатх, 10
Средний Восток, 300, 313, 338, 342,
346, 426
Сринагар, 88-90, 117, 375, 401
СССР, Советский Союз, 55, 98, 120-
122, 142, 171, 187, 188, 222, 229-
231, 237, 239, 242, 253, 289, 329,
333, 338, 339, 345-347, 357, 359,
369, 370, 460, 492, 509
Суи, 127
Суккур, 353
Суэц, 133, 242
Суэцкий канал, 24, 31, 122
США, 21, 55. 99, 104, 107, 108, 118,
121, 122, 126, 130, 133, 136, 138,
165, 181, 184-187, 228, 229, 237,
239, 241, 256, 272, 274, 275, 281,
288-290, 300, 306, 310, 311, 313,
320, 329, 333, 337, 338, 342, 345,
346, 347, 351, 352, 357, 359, 361,
366-369, 376, 378, 380, 381, 383,
386, 396, 398, 399, 403-405, 407,
408, 429, 440, 441, 443, 452, 457,
459, 461, 469, 470, 478, 506, 512
Таджикистан, 370, 379, 460
Таксила, 8, 272, 342
Танзания, 399
Тарбела, плотина, 276
Татарстан, 460
Татта, 11, 15, 16
Ташкент, 222, 244
Тегеран, 132, 290, 340, 361, 379, 466,
469
Теленгана, 117
Тибет, 25
Титхвал, 500
Тололинг, 402
Траванкур. 27, 74
Трипура, 27
Тунис, 188
Туркмения (Туркменистан), 378, 463
Турция, 38, 39, 108, 242, 275, 359,
371,468
Тхал, пустыня, 116
Тхар, пустыня, 16
Узбекистан, 378, 379
Уч-Шариф, 10
Фейсалабад, 165, 275
Ферозпур, 80
Филиппины, 108, 517
Франция, 21, 25, 55, 57, 122, 147,
185, 270, 273, 361,457
562
ФРГ, 181, 184, 185, 300, 457
Хаджи Пир, перевал, 500
Хайдерабад (Декан), 16, 27, 31, 53,
74,78, 86, 87, 100, 114
Хайдерабад (Синд), 128, 203, 270,
290, 335, 353
Хайрпур, 17,27, 108, 135
Хангу, 394
Хараппа, 7,474
Химачал-Прадеш, 243
Хиндуш (Синдх), 8
Хорезм, 10
Хунза, 90
Цейлон, 119
Цусима, о-ва, 25
Чагаи, 398
Чашма, 273, 458
Чехословакия,21, 187, 231
Чечня, 391
Чилас, 90
Чин йот, 514
Читтагонг, 128, 202
Шах-Фейсап-Колони, 383
Шри Ланка, 406,517
Эр-Рияд, 288
Югославия, 231,403
Южная Корея (Республика Корея),
386
Япония, 25, 58, 60, 181, 184, 185,
231, 300, 320, 386, 396, 398, 408,
457
Ясин, 90
SUMMARY
The present volume entitled "History of Pakistan. The 20
th
Century" is one in the series of monographs on the contemporary
history of the countries of the East (Asia and Northern Africa) brought
out by the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
The authors of the volume are known Russian experts on Pakistan
Prof.Dr. V.Ya. Belokrenitsky and Prof. Dr. V.N. Moskalenko.
Though Pakistan from its very birth in 1947 attracted profound
interest of historians, sociologists and political scientists throughout
the world, as well as attention of students and general public, few
books are dedicated to its history from the beginning of the 20
th
century, when one can trace the roots of the movement which finally
led to the creation of Pakistan, till the beginning of the 21
st
century.
Written in Russian, the book will find readers not only in the Russian
Federation but also in the newly independent states of Central Asia
and South Caucasus.
It can be stated without gross exaggeration that the study of
Pakistan is one of the most developed fields in Russian orientology.
The school was founded in the 1950s by Professors A.M. D'yakov,
Yu.V. Gankovsky and L.R. Gordon-Polonskaya. The two latter
scholars authored a book "History of Pakistan" which was published
in 1961 in Russian and in 1968 in English and became an often quoted
reference book for the works on Pakistan in its early years.
The present book which has almost similar title is far larger in
scope, differs from it ideologically and tries to meet the expectations
of students and general public in line with the targets set before the
authors of all other books in the abovementioned series.
In the Introduction the authors characterise the place occupied by
Pakistan in the world economy and international politics and provide a
concise history of the territory comprising today's Pakistan from
ancient times to the end of the 19
th
century. A brief sketch of the
international and Russian historiography of Pakistan is also included.
Chapter 1 is dedicated to historical preconditions for the
formation of Pakistan and the political struggle which finally
succeeded in not only gaining independence from Great Britain but
creating a state in southern Asia where Muslims were in the majority.
The authors underline the contribution of Sir Sayeed Ahmad Khan and
564
Allama Muhammad Iqbal as one of the founding fathers of Pakistan
and the crucial role played by Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Chapter 2 contains a story of first 11 years in the history of
Pakistan. The authors emphasise that since the inception Pakistan
suffered from a number of shortcomings. As a state, it began from a
scratch. Furthermore, it was divided into two territories, West and East,
separated by India. Since Autumn 1947, Pakistan was engaged in a war
with India over the fate of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Pakistan consisted of those parts of colonial India which were least
developed industrially and infrastructurally. And finally, the division of
India led to human sufferings and economic decline. However, in spite
of gloomy predictions, Pakistan had managed to overcome the initial
difficulties and made significant progress in the early 1950s. In 1956, in
accordance with the first Constitution it became the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan. But the democratic process thereafter met with numerous
hurdles and collapsed in the end of 1958 giving way to the first military
regime headed by Mohammad Ayub Khan.
Chapter 3 is devoted to the next 13 years in the history of the
country comprising two provinces, West and East Pakistan. The
authors analyse in detail socio-economic reforms carried out by the
military government. The regime's transformation from purely
military to military-political one manifested in the promulgation of the
second Constitution in 1962. According with the provisions of the
Constitution Ayub Khan contested for the post of President in January
1965 and won. The authors underline the initial success of the strategy
of developing private sector with state and foreign assistance. They
analyse various aspects of Pakistani foreign policy and stress the
significance of the second war with India in 1965. The aggravation of
political situation which issued since then gradually led to an acute
political crisis, and the new military government of General A.M.
Yahya Khan was established in March 1969. The new regime made
attempts to liberalise political system and held the first ever general
election to the Central and Provincial Legislatures in the end of 1970.
The election results demonstrated the alienation of East Pakistan,
populated mainly by Muslim Bengalis, from the rest of the country,
and in a year Pakistan desintegrated into the present day Pakistan and
the Republic of Bangladesh.
Chapter 4 deals with the period of personalistic power of Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto, a charismatic leader from the southern province of Sindh.
565
His coming to power was made possible by the military who decided
to step back and give politicians a chance to rule. Pakistan, being born
anew, got its third (now functioning) Constitution in 1973. An
undisputable leader of the most popular Pakistan People's Party
Z.A. Bhutto had certain left leanings and in accordance with them
tried to reform the society on a socialistic pattern. His government
nationalised large industrial enterprises, banking and insurance
companies and appealed to the sentiments of workers and poor
peasants. But the reforms did not work. The nationalised and state
sectors stagnated, while the disguised unemployment and poverty
were on the rise. The authors maintain that despite of this Z. A. Bhutto
and his party retained popularity among shrinking majority and could
have won by a moderate margin in the general election in March
1977. Somehow, the government had grossly rigged the election
results and provided a chance for the opposition to gain strength. The
political impasse ended in a new military coup in July 1977.
Chapter 5 scrutinizes 11 years of the national administration
headed by General M. Zia-ul-Haq. The authors posit that the policy of
Islamisation was the cricial and lasting feature of the period. Although
the General was not a religious bigot he had skillfully used the
prevailing mood of the time, in Pakistan and abroad, and inposed upon
the country a new mode of doing things in almost every sphere of life.
As the authors point out, the policy of Islamisation helped Zia-ul-Haq
in legalizing the coup d'etat and establishing full control by the army.
The General took advantage of the war in Afghanistan which started
in late 1970s and got the international support he badly needed. In
1985, he transformed the regime into semi-military but could not
prevent its decay. The end of direct Soviet involvement in
Afghanistan had undermined Zia-ul-Haq's international position as he
tried to salvage his policy of Islamic revivalism and Pakistan's
geopolitical expansion. His sudden death in an aircrash in August
1988 is considered by many to be the revenge for sending his arch-
rival Z.A. Bhutto to the gallows in 1979.
In Chapter 6 the authors trace the history of the democratic rule in
Pakistan which began in Autumn 1988 with the general election and
formation of the PPP government with Z.A. Bhutto's daughter
Benazir as prime-minister. They analyse the mechanism of power-
sharing which evolved after the election with the ruling political
parties, civil bureaucracy and the armed forces as the main
566
participants in the execution of authority. The complex system could
not survive without periodic crises. In 1990 the Bhutto government
was dismissed and the new general election paved way for the
government of Nawaz Sharif, leader of the Pakistan Muslim League.
Another prolonged crisis in 1993 was followed by the third
consecutive election and return of Benazir Bhutto to power. The
second Bhutto government lasted for three years and was again
dissolved in November 1996. Next general election results were in
favor of the Nawaz Sharif party. Obtaining a two-third majority in the
parliament Sharif repealed the 8 th Amendment to the Constitution
which gave president the right to dismiss government and went on to
erode the power of both civil bureaucracy and the army. The military
suffered another setback in the mini-war with India waged in Kashmir
in May-July 1999. The growing covert animosity between Nawaz
Sharif and the army generals ended up in the fourth military coup in
October 1999. By that time, Pakistan conducted a series of under-
ground nuclear tests following the example of India and thus became
together with her major traditional enemy a de-facto nuclear power.
Chapter 7 narrates the story of the new military regime chaired by
General Pervez Musharraf. First part of it deals with the direct rule of
the military which lasted for three years till the general election in
October 2002. The period saw a desperate struggle for survival against
many odds, like natural calamities (severe drought) and geopolitical
upheavals. The turning point was the decision of Musharaff s regime
to cut its ties with the Taliban government in Afghanistan after 11
September 2001 and take part in its overthrowing. The U-turn in this
respect did not prevent a new confrontation with India in May-June
2002. Two neighbours came close to a full-fledged conflict but wisely
avoided it. Since then, the Pakistani-Indian relations have started to
improve. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to the period
extending the time limists of the 20
th
century. In the beginning of the
current century Pakistan has achieved pronounced economic successes
and made some progress in the political and social spheres.
In the Conclusion the authors review briefly the achievements of
the state in the field of economy pointing out that Pakistan's GNP has
risen 14 times since the initial years and express hopes in good
prospects for the future of the country while not closing their eyes on
the problems confronting Pakistan, foremost among them being the
Islamic militancy.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ 5
ГЛАВА I. ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ
И ПРОЦЕСС ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ПАКИСТАНА 24
Истоки мусульманского сепаратизма 28
Начальный этап борьбы за Пакистан 49
Заключительная фаза борьбы 62
ГЛАВА II. СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВА. ПЕРВЫЕ
ОПЫТЫ ПАРЛАМЕНТАРИЗМА (1947-1958 гг.) 83
Драма «бракоразводного процесса» 83
Шаги по политическому строительству 96
Образование Западного и Восточного Пакистана. Принятие
Конституции 108
Нарастание внутриполитического кризиса 130
ГЛАВА III. ГЕНЕРАЛЫ У ВЛАСТИ (1958-1971 гг.) 139
Военный режим М. Айюб Хана 139
Восстановление гражданского правления 210
Пакистан в период авторитарного правления
М. Айюб Хана 219
Военный режим A.M. Яхья Хана 234
ГЛАВА IV. ГРАЖДАНСКАЯ АДМИНИСТРАЦИЯ
З.
А. БХУТТО (1971-1977 гг.) 238
Поиски выхода из кризиса. Социально-экономические
реформы 238
Преобразования в политической сфере. Новая
конституция 263
Успехи и неудачи внешнеполитического курса 271
Экономические трудности и обострение
внутриполитических проблем 276
ГЛАВА V. ВОЕННО-БЮРОКРАТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЖИМ
ГЕНЕРАЛА М. ЗИЯ-УЛЬ-ХАКА (1977-1988 гг.) 294
Военная диктатура (1977-1985 гг.) 294
Отмена военного режима 323
Внешняя политика режима М. Зия-уль-Хака 336
ГЛАВА VI. ПЕРИОД ПАРЛАМЕНТСКОЙ ДЕМОКРАТИИ
(1988-1999 гг.) 350
Первое правительство Б. Бхутто 350
Правление кабинета Н. Шарифа 360
Б. Бхутто снова у власти 372
Еще одна попытка Н. Шарифа 388
ГЛАВА VII. ПРАВЛЕНИЕ ГЕНЕРАЛА П. МУШАРРАФА 409
Чрезвычайное положение (1999-2002 гг.) 409
Период конституционно-парламентского правления 435
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 474
Примечания 479
Хронология 523
Библиография 540
Указатель имен собственных 552
Указатель географических названий 558
Summary 564