4 Universality
1 United Nations, ‘‘Secretary-General Calls for Efforts to Unleash African
‘Third Wave’ Based on Democracy, Human Rights and Sustainable
Development,’’ ECOSOCDEV, Geninfo, 11, 1 (2 June 1992).
2 See generally, William Theodore de Bary, Asian Values and Human Rights.
A Confucian Communitarian Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-
versity Press, 1998); Joanne Bauer and Daniel Bell, The East Asian Chal-
lenge for Human Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ithaca,
NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1989); Peter Van Ness, ed.,
Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge, 1999).
3 Jose
´
Diokno, Amnesty International 1978 Sean MacBride Human Rights
Lecture (AI Index: ICM 01/11/78), 8.
4 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/SR.14, 3–4.
5 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/SR.2, 2.
6 Ibid., 3.
7 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/AC.2/SR.9, 21.
8 Ibid.
9 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/SR.8, 3.
10 Some of the countries were Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Belorussian SSR, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslo-
vakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gua-
temala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, Turkey, Ukraine SSR, USSR, Union of South Africa, Uruguay,
Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. Only 14 were from Western countries: Aus-
tralia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the UK, and the United
States.
11 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/AC.2/SR.7, 7.
12 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/AC.2/SR.8, 11.
13 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/AC.3/SR.5, 3.
14 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/SR.4, 6.
15 Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/11.
16 On this, see Bertrand G. Ramcharan, ‘‘The Universality of Human
Rights,’’ Review of the International Commission of Jurists, nos. 58–59
(December 1997): 86–104. See also Dato Param Cumaraswamy, ‘‘The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights—Is it Universal?’’ Review of the
International Commission of Jurists, nos. 58–59 (December 1997): 118–123.
17 See the author’s comments on universality in Universality of Human Rights
in a Pluralistic World, proceedings of a colloquy organized by the Council
of Europe in cooperation with the International Institute of Human
Rights. Strasbourg, France,17–19 April 1989 (Council of Europe/N. P.
Engel Publisher, 1990), 24–27.
18 Paragraph 1, Vienna Declaration (1993).
19 Paragraph 25, UN Millennium Declaration, GA resolution 55/2 (18 Sep-
tember 2000).
20 Ibid., para. 6.
21 Report of the Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa,
Canada: International Development Research Centre, 2001).
168 Notes