Чайковский Ю.В. Эволюция. Москва, 2006. 464 с

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Ïàìÿòè Ñåðãåÿ Âèêòîðîâè÷à Ìåéåíà

è Âàëåíòèíà Âîíèôàòüåâè÷à Êîðîíû,

çàìå÷àòåëüíûõ òåîðåòèêîâ áîòàíèêè,

óøåäøèõ áåçâðåìåííî

Þ.Â. ×àéêîâñêèé

Ýâîëþöèÿ

Êíèãà äëÿ èçó÷àþùèõ è ïðåïîäàþùèõ ýâîëþöèþ

Ìîñêâà

Ýëåêòðîííîå èçäàíèå

2003, ñ èñïðàâëåíèÿìè â 2006

Ðîññèéñêàÿ Àêàäåìèÿ íàóê

Èíñòèòóò èñòîðèè åñòåñòâîçíèÿ è òåõíèêè

ISBN 5-94911-006-4

Êíèãà ðàññêàçûâàåò ïðî âîçíèêíîâåíèå, ðàçâèòèå è íûíåøíåå ñîñòîÿíèå

íàóêè î áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ýâîëþöèè. Â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ êíèã, çäåñü èñòîðèÿ íàóê

ïðèçâàíà ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî íàøè íîâûå òåîðèè îáû÷íî êîðåíÿòñÿ â ïðåæíåì çíàíèè,

â òðàäèöèÿõ è â ìèðîâîççðåíèè. Ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè äàþòñÿ ïàðàëëåëè ñ èäåÿìè

ýâîëþöèè â äðóãèõ íàóêàõ (êîñìîëîãèè, ãåîëîãèè, ýêîíîìèêå è äð.) è ðåëèãèè.

Ïîäðîáíåå äðóãèõ ðàçîáðàíû èäåè ðîññèéñêèõ ýâîëþöèîíèñòîâ.

Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ èäåÿ ñòàðøå åâðîïåéñêîé íàóêè, à â íàóêó Íîâîãî âðåìåíè

âîøëà çà 300 ëåò äî ×. Äàðâèíà. Ðàííèé ýâîëþöèîíèçì áûë íàäîëãî çàáûò, õîòÿ

âî ìíîãîì ñõîäåí ñ íîâåéøèì. ×òîáû èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðåæíèé îïûò è íå ïîâòîðÿòü

îøèáîê ïðîøëîãî, ó÷åíûå äîëæíû íå ïðîñòî çíàòü î ñâîèõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêàõ,

íî óìåòü ïîíèìàòü õîä èõ ìûñëè è ñóòü èõ ñïîðîâ.

Ñîâðåìåííûé ýâîëþöèîíèçì èçëîæåí êàê âçàèìîäåéñòâèå òðàäèöèîííûõ

çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ, áîòàíè÷åñêèõ è áàêòåðèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîäõîäîâ (òðàêòîâàâøèõ

ýâîëþöèþ êàê “ïðîèñõîæäåíèå âèäîâ” è ïðî÷èõ òàêñîíîâ) ñ íîâûìè ïîäõîäàìè,

ïðèâíåñåííûìè òåîðèåé áèîñôåðû è ýêîëîãèåé, êîòîðûå âèäÿò ýâîëþöèþ êàê

åäèíûé ïðîöåññ ñòàíîâëåíèÿ ýêîñèñòåì. Ðàññìîòðåíû ìåõàíèçìû ýâîëþöèè,

âûÿñíåííûå ìîëåêóëÿðíîé áèîëîãèåé. Îñîáûé àêöåíò ñäåëàí íà íåðåøåííûõ

ïðîáëåìàõ. Ïðèâåäåí ðÿä çàãàäî÷íûõ ïðèìåðîâ, íå ïîïàäàþùèõ â ó÷åáíèêè.

Íîâàÿ òåîðèÿ ïîëåçíà äëÿ ïðàêòèêè íå ïðåäñêàçàíèåì áóäóùåãî õîäà

ýâîëþöèè (ýòî ìàëî êîìó âàæíî), à êîíêðåòíûìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè — íàïðèìåð,

ïî îõðàíå ïðèðîäû. Ïîêàçàíî, êàê ýòà òåîðèÿ âëèÿåò íà ñèñòåìàòèêó,

ðàññìîòðåíà ýêî-ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà æèâîãî ìèðà.

Îò ÷èòàòåëÿ òðåáóåòñÿ çíàíèå áàçîâîãî øêîëüíîãî êóðñà áèîëîãèè. Êíèãà

ñíàáæåíà ñïèñêîì ðåêîìåíäóåìîé ëèòåðàòóðû (îáùèì è ïî ãëàâàì) è

óêàçàòåëÿìè. Îíà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ó÷èòåëåé áèîëîãèè, ñòóäåíòîâ áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé è ñòàðøåêëàññíèêîâ øêîë áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðîôèëÿ, íî áóäåò

èíòåðåñíà è âñåì ñïåöèàëèñòàì, êîìó ïî ðîäó èõ çàíÿòèé íàäî çíàòü íîâûå

ýâîëþöèîííûå èäåè — áèîëîãàì, ýêîëîãàì, èíæåíåðàì, ýêîíîìèñòàì è

îáùåñòâîâåäàì, à òàêæå òåì, êòî ïðèíèìàåò “öåíîëîãè÷åñêèå” ðåøåíèÿ ïðè

ïðîåêòèðîâàíèè áîëüøèõ ñèñòåì â ðàçëè÷íûõ îòðàñëÿõ äåÿòåëüíîñòè.

Ðèñ. 81

Þ.Â.×àéêîâñêèé. Ýâîëþöèÿ. Âûï. 22. “Öåíîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ”. – Ì.:

Öåíòð ñèñòåìíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé – ÈÈÅÒ ÐÀÍ 2003. 472 ñ.

ÍÀ ÏÅÐÅÄÍÅÉ ÎÁËÎÆÊÅ:

ñêåëåò ìåçîçîéñêîãî âîäíîãî ÿùåðà Tanystropheus (ñì. ñ. 231)

Îãëàâëåíèå

Ïðåäèñëîâèå ðåäàêòîðà ñåðèè.................................................................................8

Ïðåäèñëîâèå àâòîðà...................................................................................................11

×ÀÑÒÜ 1. ÐÀÇÂÈÒÈÅ ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÉ ÎÁ ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÈ

Ãëàâà 1. Òâîðåíèå èëè ðàçâèòèå?...........................................................................12

1-1. Äàðâèíèçì è ýâîëþöèÿ.............................................................................................12

1-2. ×òî òàêîå ýâîëþöèÿ...........................................................................................14

1-3. Íà÷àëî èäåé ýâîëþöèè – â ðåëèãèè...............................................................15

* Áèáëèÿ: ìèð è ÷åëîâåê ñîòâîðåíû äâàæäû..................................................16

1-4. Ðåëèãèÿ è íàóêà î ðîæäåíèè ìèðà.................................................................17

1-5. Ýâîëþöèÿ ó ïåðâûõ íàòóðàëèñòîâ................................................................19

1-6. Îò ñîôèñòîâ äî Àðèñòîòåëÿ.............................................................................22

* Ñóùåñòâåííîå è ïîáî÷íîå..............................................................................26

1-7. Íàñëåäñòâåííîñòü, èçìåí÷èâîñòü, îòáîð.....................................................26

1-8. Ðîæäåíèå èäåè ïðåäíà÷åðòàííîé ýâîëþöèè................................................29

1-9. Áîãîñëîâû, ìîðåïëàâàòåëè è ýâîëþöèÿ.......................................................30

1-10. Âîò îí, îñíîâàòåëü ýâîëþöèîíèçìà...........................................................33

1-11. ×åëîâåê – ìîäåëü ýâîëþöèè...........................................................................35

1-12. Äîðîæêè îò Õýéëà ê Äàðâèíó... ................................................................36

1-13. ... è ìèìî...........................................................................................................38

1-14. Ïîÿâëåíèå ýâîëþöèîííîé ôèëîñîôèè.......................................................40

1-15. Ìîðôîëîãèÿ è çàêîíû ýâîëþöèè................................................................42

* Ýâîëþöèÿ è êàòàñòðîôû..................................................................................46

1-16. Ýâîëþöèÿ è ôèçèîëîãèÿ................................................................................46

1-17. Ëàìàðê è èäåÿ ïðîãðåññà...............................................................................49

Ãëàâà 2. Ïîáåäà ýâîëþöèîííîé èäåè.............................................................................51

2-1. Íàó÷íàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ...........................................................................................51

2-2. Íåìöû âûõîäÿò íà ýâîëþöèîííóþ ñöåíó...................................................53

2-3. Ñâÿçü âñåãî ñî âñåì. Áèîñôåðà........................................................................54

2-4. Ýâîëþöèÿ ðîìàíòè÷åñêàÿ................................................................................57

2-5. Ðàçâèòèå çàðîäûøåé è ýâîëþöèÿ...................................................................60

2-6. Çíàìåíèòûé ñïîð..............................................................................................62

2-7. ×òî òàêîå æîôôðóèçì.....................................................................................63

* Ãîìîëîãèÿ...........................................................................................................66

** Êàðë Íýãåëè è ðàçâèòèå æîôôðóèçìà.........................................................67

2-8. Ìîëîäîé Äàðâèí...............................................................................................68

2-9. È îñòðûé ãàëëüñêèé ñìûñë, è ñóìðà÷íûé ãåðìàíñêèé ãåíèé...................71

2-10. Ïîêà Äàðâèí ïèñàë «Äëèííóþ ðóêîïèñü»..................................................73

2-11. Ïåðâûå óñïåõè è íåóäà÷è äàðâèíèçìà........................................................77

2-12. Äàðâèíèçì áåç îòáîðà...................................................................................80

2-13. Äàðâèí áåç Ìàëüòóñà.....................................................................................82

Ãëàâà 3. Íàñëåäèå Äàðâèíà ...........................................................................................84

3-1. Äâå èñòîðèè íàóêè...........................................................................................84

3-2. Ïîçäíèé Äàðâèí...............................................................................................85

3-3. Çà÷åì ïîëîâîé îòáîð? È åñòü ëè îí â ïðèðîäå?.........................................88

3-4. «Êîøìàð Äæåíêèíà»...........................................................................................91

3-5. Çàêîíû íàñëåäîâàíèÿ. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Óîëëåñó...........................................92

3-6. Ïðèíöèï ñìåíû ôóíêöèé. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Äîðíó.......................................94

3-7. Äèàëåêòèêà îòáîðà. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Äàðâèíó...............................................96

* Îòáîð: ÿâëåíèå ïðèðîäû èëè ñïîñîá âûðàæàòüñÿ?...................................99

3-8. Àêòèâíîå ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Ãåêêåëþ.................................101

3-9. Ïðåçóìïöèè íàñëåäîâàíèÿ. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Âåéñìàíó...............................105

* Þðèäè÷åñêèå ïðåçóìïöèè òîæå âåñüìà îïàñíû........................................107

3-10. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ðîäîâ èäåò íå òàê,

êàê ïðîèñõîæäåíèå âèäîâ. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Êîïó..............................................108

* Ïàðàëëåëüíûå ðÿäû..........................................................................................109

3-11. Áîðüáà êàê âçàèìîïîìîùü. Äàðâèíèçì ïî Êðîïîòêèíó......................110

3-12. Ðîæäåíèå ãåíåòèêè. Äàðâèíèçì ïî äå-Ôðèçó è Ìåíçáèðó...................112

3-13. Ðîññèéñêèé ýâîëþöèîíèçì: ìèð êàê öåëîå...............................................115

* Ñèìáèîãåíåç......................................................................................................117

3-14. Ìèð êàê öåëîå ó Ãàíñà Äðèøà. Ýíòåëåõèÿ.................................................118

3-15. Î ïîëüçå þáèëååâ..........................................................................................120

3-16. Øîðû äàðâèíèçìà.........................................................................................121

Ãëàâà 4. Âîêðóã ñîâåòñêîé áèîëîãèè............................................................................122

4-1. Èñõîäíûå ïîñûëêè...........................................................................................122

4-2. Ìîñêîâñêàÿ øêîëà ýâîëþöèîííîé ãåíåòèêè..............................................125

4-3. Ñèñòåìíîå ïîíèìàíèå îòáîðà......................................................................126

4-4. Ýâîëþöèÿ è ïîëèòèêà.....................................................................................128

4-5. Ó÷åíèêè ×åòâåðèêîâà: ìóòàöèè è îòáîð....................................................129

4-6. Ó÷åíèêè ×åòâåðèêîâà: òâîð÷åñêàÿ ðîëü îòáîðà........................................130

4-7. Ó÷åíèêè ×åòâåðèêîâà: ãåíåòèêà ðàçâèòèÿ è ýâîëþöèÿ.............................132

4-8. Ó÷åíèêè ×åòâåðèêîâà: ãåíåòèêà ôîðìàëüíàÿ è íå î÷åíü........................133

4-9. Ðÿäû è íîìîãåíåç............................................................................................135

4-10. Ðîæäåíèå íîìîãåíåçà....................................................................................137

4-11. Íîìîãåíåòèêè-äàðâèíèñòû..........................................................................142

* Íîìîãåíåç, äàðâèíèçì è äðóãèå ó÷åíèÿ.......................................................143

4-12. Òåîðèÿ ïî èìåíè «èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ áèîãåíåòèêà».......................................143

* Äåéñòâèòåëüíî – ñèíòåç ó÷åíèé.....................................................................146

4-13. Âèíò ýâîëþöèè (íîâûé æîôôðóèçì).........................................................148

4-14. Äàðâèíèçìû áûâàþò ðàçíûå.......................................................................151

4-15. Ýôôåêò ãðóïïû.................................................................................................155

* Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ íàóêà........................................................................................158

4-16. Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ïîëå.......................................................................................159

4-17. Ôåíîìåí Ëþáèùåâà........................................................................................161

×ÀÑÒÜ 2. ÌÅÕÀÍÈÇÌÛ ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÈ

Ãëàâà 5. Íîâûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îá ýâîëþöèè: îòáîð, îíòîãåíåç è èììóíèòåò..... 167

5-1. Åñòü ëè òåîðèÿ?....................................................................................................167

* Âûÿâëåíèå ïðåçóìïöèé. “Áðèòâà Îêêàìà”.......................................................171

** Äîâîäû â ñâîþ ïîëüçó íå âåäóò ê òåîðèè..................................................174

*** Ñ èñòîðèåé èëè áåç?.....................................................................................175

**** Ñ ÷åãî íîâóþ òåîðèþ ñëåäóåò íà÷àòü?....................................................175

5-2. Íåñëó÷àéíîñòü «ñëó÷àéíûõ ìóòàöèé». ×òî îòáèðàåòñÿ îòáîðîì?.......176

5-3. Èäåÿ Òâîðåíèÿ â íîâîì äàðâèíèçìå è èììóíèòåò..........................................178

5-4. Õèìè÷åñêèé ëàìàðêèçì..................................................................................180

* Âåíòðåáåð, ñòàðåö – ïèîíåð.............................................................................182

5-5. Ëàìàðêèçì è íîâàÿ ãåíåòèêà...........................................................................184

5-6. Ïðûãàþùèå ãåíû è ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå ÐÍÊ....................................................186

5-7. “Öåíòðàëüíàÿ äîãìà”, “ãëàâíàÿ ìîëåêóëà” è èììóíèòåò.........................188

5-8. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ. Ïîäõîä èììóíîëîãîâ...............................189

* Îòáîð “ïî Äàðâèíó” è ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îòáîð........................................192

5-9. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ. Ïîäõîäû äðóãèõ áèîëîãîâ...................193

* Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ ó áàêòåðèé....................................................196

5-10. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ. Ìîäåëè îòáîðà.........................................197

* Êâàíò ñåëåêöèè..................................................................................................199

5-11. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ýâîëþöèÿ. Äîìèíàíòà è ñòðåññ...............................200

* Ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñòðåññ (ýâñòðåññ)...............................................................202

** Ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèé ñòðåññ (äèñòðåññ)...............................................................203

5-12. Ïåðâè÷íûå ïîëîâûå êëåòêè è íîâûé ïàíãåíåç..........................................204

5-13. Íîâîå ïîíèìàíèå îòáîðà.............................................................................208

* Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé ïîèñê..........................................................................................209

** Îòáîð êàê ÿâëåíèå è êàê ñïîñîá ðàññóæäàòü. Îäîìàøíèâàíèå...... 211

5-14. Ýâîëþöèÿ è íîâàÿ òåðìîäèíàìèêà............................................................212

5-15. Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ïîëå è öåëîñòíîñòü çàðîäûøà...........................................215

* Ïîëå, ãîìåîáîêñ è ýâîëþöèÿ...........................................................................218

5-16. Ñàìîîðãàíèçàöèÿ è ñðàâíèòåëüíûé ìåòîä...............................................219

5-17. Ýòüåí Æîôôðóà è ìîëåêóëÿðíûé íîìîãåíåç..........................................222

5-18. Ñëó÷àéíîñòü â ýâîëþöèè îðãàíèçìîâ.......................................................224

* Ñëîæíàÿ íåðàâíîìåðíàÿ ñëó÷àéíîñòü........................................................224

** Íà ãðàíè ïîðÿäêà è õàîñà............................................................................226

Ãëàâà 6. Ñîîáùåñòâà, óðîâíè è ðàçíîîáðàçèå..............................................................227

6-1. Ýâîëþöèÿ îðãàíèçìîâ è ýâîëþöèÿ ïðèðîäû.................................................227

6-2. Òåíäåíöèè â ýâîëþöèè êðóïíûõ òàêñîíîâ.................................................229

* Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü...............................................................................231

6-3. Íàóêà î ðàçíîîáðàçèè – äèàòðîïèêà.........................................................233

* Áëî÷íîñòü ñòðîåíèÿ è ïàðàëëåëüíûå ðÿäû.................................................234

** Òàêñîíû è ìåðîíû........................................................................................236

*** Ãðàììàòèêà áèîëîãèè................................................................................239

6-4. Íàñëåäóåòñÿ íå ñâîéñòâî, à ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñâîéñòâ...................................243

* Òðàíçèòèâíûé ïîëèìîðôèçì ïðîòèâ “ïîëîâîãî îòáîðà”.....................244

6-5. Ïðîñòûå ïðèìåðû ïðèìåíåíèÿ äèàòðîïèêè..............................................244

* Çà÷åì íóæíà òåïëîêðîâíîñòü?.......................................................................245

** Çà÷åì íóæåí èììóíèòåò?..............................................................................246

6-6. Èììóíèòåò è ýêîëîãèÿ êëåòîê......................................................................247

6-7. Óðîâíè ðàçâèòèÿ è ôðàêòàëû æèâîãî.........................................................252

6-8. Ñêâîçíàÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòü ýâîëþöèè...........................................................256

6-9. Ãîðèçîíòàëüíûé ïåðåíîñ..............................................................................258

6-10. Âåê ãåíåòèêè...................................................................................................261

6-11. Ðåôðåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà è ñòðóêòóðàëèçì....................................................264

* Ãèïåðáîëû Âèëëèñà.........................................................................................268

6-12. Ýâîëþöèÿ ýêîñèñòåì.....................................................................................269

6-13. Ýâîëþöèÿ êàê ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ.............................................272

* Íèøà è òàêñîí....................................................................................................273

6-14. Ýâîëþöèÿ ñâåðõó è ñíèçó..............................................................................275

6-15. Ãåÿ è ýâîëþöèÿ îðãàíèçìîâ........................................................................276

* Ðÿäû îêðàñîê è ìèìèêðèÿ.................................................................................279

6-16. Åäèíàÿ ñõåìà ýâîëþöèè..................................................................................280

* Íîâûå ñâîéñòâà è íîâûå ñóùíîñòè..................................................................285

6-17. Èçáàâèìñÿ îò íåîïðàâäàííûõ òåðìèíîâ......................................................286

×ÀÑÒÜ 3. ÊÀÊ ÝÂÎËÞÖÈß ØËÀ

Ãëàâà 7. Çàãàäêà íà÷àëà æèçíè.......................................................................................288

7-1. Ñ ÷åãî íà÷èíàòü îòñ÷åò ýâîëþöèè æèçíè?...................................................288

7-2. Ìîëîäàÿ Çåìëÿ..................................................................................................291

7-3. Îòáîð äî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ðàçâå òàê áûâàåò?..................................................294

7-4. Ñíà÷àëà áèîöåíîç, çàòåì îðãàíèçìû............................................................297

7-5. Áèîñôåðà êàê îðãàíèçì...................................................................................301

7-6. Íîâàÿ òåðìîäèíàìèêà: ïëàíåòà äåëàåò íà ñåáå æèçíü...............................304

7-7. Æèçíü ðîäèëàñü â ñêîðîâàðêå?......................................................................305

7-8. Ðèáîçèì, èëè ïîÿâëåíèå íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè.................................................309

7-9. Ñàìîñáîðêà, õèðàëüíîñòü è ñðîäñòâî.........................................................312

7-10. Ýíåðãèÿ æèçíè è åå ëó÷è..............................................................................315

7-11. Ðîæäåíèå ïîëÿ æèçíè....................................................................................318

7-12. Èòîã. Ïðîáëåìà ÷åòûðåõ R...........................................................................322

Ãëàâà 8. Ãëàâíûå ÷åðòû ýâîëþöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà....................................................323

8-1. Ðàçëè÷íûå ïîíèìàíèÿ ïðîöåññà ýâîëþöèè.................................................324

8-2. Ýâîëþöèÿ è ñèñòåìàòèêà öàðñòâ...................................................................326

8-3. Ïåðâûå áàêòåðèè.............................................................................................327

8-4. Ýâîëþöèÿ êëåòêè: ïðèíöèï êîìïåíñàöèè...................................................329

8-5. Ýâîëþöèÿ êëåòêè: ó êëåòêè ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ÿäðî..............................................333

* Äèàòðîïèêà ìèòîçîâ è ýâîëþöèÿ................................................................335

8-6. ×àñû ýâîëþöèè: âðåìÿ òå÷åò âïåðåä è íàçàä.............................................337

* Áëî÷íîñòü ýâîëþöèè ïðîòèâ ñèìáèîãåíåçà...............................................339

8-7. Ïðèíöèï áëî÷íîñòè â ðàííåé ýâîëþöèè.....................................................342

8-8. Ïîÿâëåíèå ìåéîçà è ìíîãîêëåòî÷íîñòè.....................................................344

8-9. ×åðíîâèêè Ãîñïîäà Áîãà.............................................................................346

8-10. Êîìïåíñàöèÿ êàê òåíäåíöèÿ.......................................................................349

8-11. Òåíäåíöèè, ïðîãðåññ è ðåãðåññ.....................................................................350

* Ïðèìåð ñâÿçè ýìáðèîëîãèè è ïàëåîíòîëîãèè..............................................353

8-12. Èììóíèòåò êàê èòîã è äâèãàòåëü ýâîëþöèè................................................354

8-13. Ýâîëþöèÿ áèîñôåðû......................................................................................358

8-14. Ñîëíå÷íàÿ àêòèâíîñòü è ýâîëþöèÿ.............................................................361

Ãëàâà 9. Îò ÷åðâÿ äî ÷åëîâåêà......................................................................................362

9-1. Ðîñò ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è ñêîðîñòåé...................................................................362

9-2. Àñïåêòû ïðîöåññà ýâîëþöèè........................................................................364

9-3. Ãëàâíûå èçîáðåòåíèÿ ýâîëþöèè è èõ îïèñàíèå........................................366

9-4. Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ôàóí è ôëîð â ïðîñòðàíñòâå...........................................367

9-5. Èëè ïðîãðåññ ôîðì, èëè ïðîãðåññ ôóíêöèé...............................................373

9-6. Îò÷åãî âûìåðëè äèíîçàâðû?........................................................................374

9-7. Ê äèàòðîïèêå âûìèðàíèé...............................................................................378

* Ñòàòèñòèêà âûìèðàíèé è ôðàêòàëû...........................................................381

9-8. Ýâîëþöèÿ è ñäâèã ìàòåðèêîâ........................................................................383

9-9. Ðåàëüíîå äîêàçàòåëüñòâî ôàêòà ýâîëþöèè......................................................385

9-10. Ýòè æèâó÷èå êðîêîäèëû.................................................................................386

9-11. Áëî÷íîñòü è ïëàíû ñòðîåíèÿ.........................................................................388

9-12. Áëî÷íîñòü è ðîäñòâî ãðóïï.........................................................................389

* Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå öâåòêîâûõ è ãàìîãåòåðîòîïèÿ...........................................391

9-13. Áëî÷íîñòü è ýâîëþöèÿ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ.........................................................393

9-14. Áëî÷íîñòü è ëàçàðåâû òàêñîíû..................................................................396

9-15. Î ïðîèñõîæäåíèè ÷åëîâåêà.........................................................................399

* Èñêîïàåìûå ìîçãè...........................................................................................403

** Äèòÿ æàðû è ìîðîçà.....................................................................................405

9-16. Êîíåö ýâîëþöèè?............................................................................................406

×ÀÑÒÜ 4. ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈß ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÒÅÎÐÈÈ

Ãëàâà 10. Ýâîëþöèÿ è ñèñòåìàòèêà...............................................................................407

10-1. Ñèñòåìà, òàêñîíû è íàçâàíèÿ........................................................................407

* Òåçèñ Êîðîíû.....................................................................................................410

10-2. Ôèëîãåíåòèêà, êëàäèçì è ñèñòåìàòèêà.........................................................411

* Êëàäèçì...............................................................................................................416

** Êàêóþ æå ñèñòåìó ñ÷èòàòü ýâîëþöèîííîé?...............................................417

10-3. Àëüòåðíàòèâû êëàäèçìó è ôèëîãåíåòèêå âîîáùå....................................420

10-4. Ìàêðîñèñòåìû â ðàìêàõ ôèëîãåíåòèêè.....................................................424

* Ðîäñòâî è ñóùíîñòü.........................................................................................427

10-5. Äèàòðîïèêà è ñèñòåìàòèêà..........................................................................428

10-6. Ñèñòåìà ãîëîñåìåííûõ ðàñòåíèé Ìåéåíà...................................................429

10-7. ßäðî è ïåðèôåðèÿ..........................................................................................431

10-8. Ëîãèêà ìàêðîñèñòåìû.....................................................................................433

10-9. Ìàêðîñèñòåìà ýâîëþöèîííàÿ è íåôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ............................436

* Öàðñòâà è ìåæöàðñòâà....................................................................................438

** Ìàêðîñèñòåìà êàê ïàðê.................................................................................440

*** Óðîâíè îðãàíèçàöèè...................................................................................440

10-10. Öàðñòâî ÷åëîâåêà.........................................................................................443

Ãëàâà 11. Ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè. Çàêëþ÷åíèå................................................445

11-1. Ïîèñêè îñòàòêîâ âíåçåìíîé æèçíè.............................................................446

11-2. Çàãàäî÷íûé êàðáîí è óìåðåííûå êðåàöèîíèñòû.......................................447

11-3. Äèàòðîïè÷åñêèé ïðîãíîç...............................................................................449

11-4. Òåíäåíöèè ýâîëþöèè è ñïàñåíèå ïðèðîäû.................................................450

11-5. Êàê æèòü â íîâîé áèîñôåðå?.......................................................................451

11-6. Çàêëþ÷åíèå......................................................................................................453

Ðåêîìåíäóåìàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà..................................................................................456

Ñîêðàùåíèÿ.............................................................................................................459

Èìåííîé óêàçàòåëü.................................................................................................460

Óêàçàòåëü îñíîâíûõ òåðìèíîâ............................................................................469

ÁÈÎÝÂÎËÞÖÈß ÊÀÊ ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÈ ÒÅÕÍÎÃÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÌÈÐÀ

Ñóùåñòâóþùàÿ, òî÷íåå – ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ ê êîíöó ÕÕ âåêà ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ è

ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà èíäóñòðèàëüíîãî êàïèòàëèçìà (ó íàñ – èòîãè èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè

ñòðàíû), âñòóïèâ â ïîñòèíäóñòðèàëüíîå èíôîðìàöèîííîå áûòèå, íàõîäèòñÿ â êðèçèñå òàêîì,

÷òî ãîâîðÿò î äåìîíòàæå, ñëîìå êàïèòàëèçìà, ãèáåëè çàïàäíîãî ñðåäíåãî êëàññà (÷òî

äåëàåò îáùåñòâî Í-íåóñòîé÷èâûì). Íà ñìåíó òåðìèíó ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ èä¸ò ãëîêàëèçì

(glokalism), ïî Ì.Ýïøòåéíó – ñî÷åòàíèå â ðàçâèòèè ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà ïðîöåññîâ ãëîáàëèçàöèè

è ëîêàëèçàöèè. Óòâåðæäàþò (â òåðìèíàõ Ç.Áàóìàíà: globales è locales), ÷òî åñòü ãëîáàëû,

æèâóùèå â ãëîáàëüíîì ìèðå, ãäå â ïðîöåññå ïðîèçâîäñòâà è îáìåíà ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ãîñïîäñòâî

èíôîðìàöèîííûõ ôàêòîðîâ íàä âåùåñòâåííûìè è ñóùåñòâóåò ñâîáîäà îò âñåõ ëîêàëüíûõ

è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé. À ëîêàëû (èõ 80-90 % æèòåëåé Çåìëè) ïðîçÿáàþò â

ëîêóñàõ, ïåðåìåùàþòñÿ âûíóæäåííî èç îäíîãî â äðóãîé, îáîñîáëÿÿñü ïî ïðîæèòî÷íîìó

ìèíèìóìó (íèùåòå) èëè ïî ýòíè÷åñêîìó, ðåëèãèîçíîìó, êóëüòóðíîìó óðîâíÿì.

×òî ýòî êàê íå ñëåäñòâèå ýâîëþöèè îáùåñòâåííî-ïðîèçâîäñòâííûõ îòíîøåíèé

(ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ äàëåêî íå ïî Ìàðêñó), ýêñïàíñèè çàïàäíîé êóëüòóðû è ïðîòåñòàíòñêîé

ýòèêè; è íå òåíü ëè Ìàëüòóñà íà ãîðèçîíòå òåõíîýâîëþöèîííîãî òóïèêà òåõíîãåííîé

öèâèëèçàöèè?

Â ðàìêàõ ãëîáàëüíîé ýâîëþöèè âñåãî è âñÿ êíèãà Þ.Â.×àéêîâñêîãî, òàê ÿ å¸ îïðåäåëÿþ,

ðàññêàçûâàþùàÿ “ïðî âîçíèêíîâåíèå, ðàçâèòèå è íûíåøíåå ñîñòîÿíèå íàóêè î áèîëîãè÷åñêîé

ýâîëþöèè”, êàê êàðòèíà ýâîëþöèîííîãî ìèðîïîíèìàíèÿ, êàê îñíîâà ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ïî

àíàëîãèè, áóäåò, áåç ñîìíåíèÿ, èíòåðåñíà òåì, êòî ñåðü¸çíî ïûòàåòñÿ îñìûñëèòü

ýâîîëþöèîííûå ïðîöåññû â ëþáîé èç ðåàëüíîñòåé: ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîé, áèîëîãè÷åñêîé,

òåõíåòè÷åñêîé (îò technetics - òåõíåòèêà), èíôîðìàöèîííîé, ñîöèàëüíîé. Êíèãà öåííà

èñòîðè÷åñêèì ïîäõîäîì ê ýâîëþöèîííîé èäåå, öåëîñòíûì – ê ýêîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå

æèâîãî ìèðà.

Çíàíèå ñïåöèôèêè ïîäõîäîâ ê óñòàíîâëåíèþ ôàêòîâ è îáúÿñíåíèé áèîýâîëþöèè,

êàðòèíà ãèïîòåç è ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ìèðîâîççðåíèé, ðàçëè÷èÿ â èíòåðïðåòàöèè çàêîíîâ è

çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé áèîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè (èõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ ðàçëè÷àòü) èìåþò îñîáîå,

èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ õîäà è âåêòîðà ðàçâèòèÿ òåõíîãåííîãî

ìèðà. Ñîáñòâåííî äëÿ îáúåêòèâèçàöèè èçó÷åíèÿ òåõíîýâîëþöèè è áûëà â 1996 ã. íà÷àòî

èçäíèå ñåðèè “Öåíîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ”, êîíöåïòóàëüíî îïèðàþùàÿñÿ íà

ìîíîãðàôèþ C.B.Williàms, 1964. Â ñåðèè îò ðàññìîòðåíèÿ (ïîäîáíîãî èçó÷åíèþ ïîâåäåíèÿ

è ñâîéñòâ îòäåëüíîãî îðãàíèçìà-ñèñòåìû, òî÷íåå – âèäà) åäèíè÷íûõ îòäåëüíûõ èçäåëèé

(òåõíèêè), òåõíîëîãèé, ìàòåðèàëîâ, ïðîäóêöèè, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ âîçäåéñòâèé (âñ¸ ýòî,

îõâàòûâàþùåå âñå ìàòåðèàëüíûå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ òåõíîãåíåçà, îïðåäåëåíî îäíèì òåðìèíîì

– òåõíåòèêà) ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ðàññìîòðåíèåì ñîîáùåñòâ ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ

òåõíåòèêè – òåõíîöåíîçîâ (ââåäåíèå íîâîãî òåðìèíà èñêëþ÷àåò ïóòàíèöó, âîçíèêàþùóþ

êîãäà ïîíÿòèå “òåõíèêà” êàê ñåé÷àñ “òåõíîëîãèÿ” òîëêîâàëîñü ìàêñèìàëüíî øèðîêî).

Òîãäà ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òåõíåòèêå êàê íàóêå î òåõíè÷åñêîé ðåàëüíîñòè, îñíîâíûì

îáúåêòîì èññëåäîâàíèÿ êîòîðîé ÿâëÿþòñÿ òåõíîöåíîçû è äåôèíèöèè (ñóùíîñòè), èõ

îáðàçóþùèå, è îïèðàòüñÿ íà àíàëîãèè áèî- è òåõíîýâîëþöèè, îïåðèðóÿ âñåìè ïîíÿòèÿìè

îò ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ äî ïîïóëÿöèîííîãî, è èñïîëüçóåìûõ â áèîëîãèè; îò îñîáè äî

áèîöåíîçà – â ýêîëîãèè. Ïîäõîä îêàçàëñÿ äëÿ òåõíîãåíåçà ïðîäóêòèâíûì, íà÷èíàÿ ñ

ïðèÿòèÿ ñàìîãî òåðìèíà “ýâîëþöèÿ”, ïðåäëîæåííîãî Ô.Äîáæàíñêèì è Å.Áåçèãåðîì (â

èçëîæåíèè Ê.Ì.Çàâàäñêîãî). Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ñâûøå ñîðîêà ïîëîæåíèé, ïðàâèë, çàêîíîâ

è çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé, ïîñòóëàòîâ áèîýâîëþöèè îáúÿñíÿþò òåõíåòè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû

(åñòåñòâåííî, ïðè óòî÷íåíèè òåðìèíîëîãèè èëè ââåäåíèè íîâîé, íàïðèìåð, “àññîðòèöà”).

Òî÷íåå, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü îá îáùíîñòè ìåõàíèçìîâ ýâîëþöèè â íåæèâîì è æèâîì, â

òåõíåòè÷åñêîì è èíôîðìàöèîííîì, íàêîíåö, â ñîöèàëüíîì.

Ïîñêîëüêó óñòîé÷èâîñòü òåõíîöåíîçîâ ïî ðàçíîîáðàçèþ ýëåìåíòîâ-îñîáåé è

óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñîîòíîøåíèÿ êðóïíîå-ìåëêîå áûëî çàìå÷åíî è îïèñàíî ìíîþ â 1971-

1973 ãã., à îáúÿñíåíà – ñôîðìóëèðîâàíà â âèäå çàêîíîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå

èíôîðìàöèîííîãî, â 1976-1981 ãã., òî ïîëîæèòü â îñíîâó äàðâèíîâñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ

áûëî íåèçáåæíûì, è åäèíñòâåííî ëîãè÷íî áûëî ñòðîèòü èíôîðìàöèîííûé îòáîð íà

îñíîâå åñòåñòâåííîãî; òàáëè÷íî, ïî Áåðãó, ïðåäñòàâèòü òèõîãåíåç è íîìîãåíåç äëÿ

ñðàâíåíèÿ ñ òåõíîãåíåçîì.

Ìîëîäîìó ïîêîëåíèþ ÷èòàòåëåé íàïîìíèì, ÷òî äàðâèíèçì áûë “åäèíñòâåííî

âåðíûì ó÷åíèåì”, òàê êàê èìåííî îò áûë ïîäíÿò íà ùèò ìàòåðèàëèçìîì ìàðêñèçìà-

ëåíèíèçìà. Âçãëÿäû, ïîäîáíûå èçëàãàåìûì Þ.Â.×àéêîâñêèì, çàìàë÷èâàëèñü, ïðîñòî

íå ïóáëèêîâàëèñü, à òî è êàðàëèñü. Ïîýòîìó, êîíå÷íî, êíèãà áóäåò èíòåðåñíà òåì, êîìó å¸

àäðåñóåò àâòîð. Íî îíà ïîëåçíà è íåîáõîäèìà òåõíàðèÿì è ôèëîñîôàì òåõíèêè, êîòîðûå

ïîäõîäÿò ê èññëåäîâàíèþ òåõíè÷åñêîé ðåàëüíîñòè êàê ê îïðåäåëÿþùåìó ôåíîìåíó, êàê ê

ñóùíîñòè ñåãîäíÿøíåé öèâèëèçàöèè; êîòîðûå ïûòàþòñÿ ïðîíèêíóòü â òàéíû ðîæäåíèÿ,

ñòàíîâëåíèÿ, ðàçâèòèÿ è îæèäàåìîé ãèáåëè òåõíîãåííîãî ìèðà. Åñòü ëè îáùèå çàêîíû

ýâîëþöèè, êîòîðûå ìîæíî ïðîñëåäèòü íà ïðèìåðå áèîýâîëþöèè?

Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ “Ãëîáàëèñòèêà”, Ì., 2003, 1328 ñ. (èçäàííàÿ è íà àíãëèéñêîì) â ñòàòüå

“Ýâîëþöèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ” ãîâîðèò: “Èñòèííûå ôàêòîðû ýâîëþöèè âñêðûë ×.Äàðâèí, òåì

ñàìûì ñîçäàâ íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííóþ ýâîëþöèîííóþ òåîðèþ…, äàðâèíèçì íàèáîëåå ïîëíî è

ëîãè÷åñêè íåïðîòèâîðå÷èâî îïèñûâàåò ìåõàíèçì ýâîëþöèè. Ïîýòîìó ñ ðàçâèòèåì áèîëîãèè

ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ ïðàâèëüíîñòü äàðâèíîâñêîé òåîðèè”. Â ìîèõ ñòàòüÿõ Ýíöèêëîïåäèè (ïðåæäå

âñåãî ýòî êàñàåòñÿ ñòàòåé : Èíôîðìàöèîííûé îòáîð. Òåõíåòèêà; Òåõíè÷åñêàÿ ðåàëüíîñòü;

Òåõíè÷åñêèé âèä” Òåõíîãåíåç; Òåõíîöåíîç) îùóùàåòñÿ óâåðåííîñòü â ïðàâèëüíîñòè

äàðâèíîâñêèõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé. Òàê, èíôîðìàöèîííûé îòáîð îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò åñòåñòâåííîãî

ïðèíöèïèàëüíî òîëüêî îäíèì: íåçàêðåïë¸ííàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ äîêóìåíòèðóåòñÿ è ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ

â ïðîãðàììó.

Ñôîðìóëèðóåì íåêîòîðûé íîâûé ïîäõîä ê ýâîëþöèîííîé òåîðèè, ïðåäñòàâèâ äâå

ìàòðèöû, êîòîðûå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñ òåõíåòè÷åñêèõ ïîçèöèé, äåòàëèçîâàíû. Ïðåäëàãàåì

áîëüøå óäåëÿòü âíèìàíèå îòñëåæèâàíèþ âîçäåéñòâèÿ (èçó÷åíèþ ïàð, êàæäàÿ èç êîòîðûõ

ïðåäñòàâëÿåò êðóïíóþ íàó÷íóþ ïðîáëåìó). Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ âòîðîé ìàòðèöû: Á1 –

âîçäåéñòâèå áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî íà òåõíèêó (îòêàç íàñîñîâ ïîäà÷è âîäû èç-çà ëèøàéíèêîâ è

ìõîâ); Á2 – ðàçâåäåíèå ðûáû â ïðóäàõ-îõëàäèòåëÿõ; Á3 – ïîòåðÿ èçîëÿöèîííûõ è äðóãèõ

ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëàìè â êîñìè÷åñêèõ àïïàðàòàõ èç-çà íåïðåäâèäåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ

ìóòàíòàìè-ìèêðîîðãàíèçìàìè, êîòîðûå íà çåìëå íå áûëè èçâåñòíû.

Íî âåðí¸ìñÿ ê ðàáîòå ×àéêîâñêîãî. Åñëè äàðâèíîâñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ íå àäåêâàòíû

ýâîëþöèè, ñîâåðøàþùåéñÿ â æèâîé ïðèðîäå, è åñëè áîëåå çíà÷èìû èíûå ìåõàíèçìû ýâîëþöèè,

òî ìåíÿåòñÿ ëè è êàê ñóùíîñòíîå ñîäåðæàíèå è âëîæåííîñòü îòáîðîâ – ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî,

åñòåñòâåííî, èíôîðìàöèîííîãî, äîêóìåíòàëüíîãî, èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîãî, êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ

çàäà¸ò ýâîëþöèþ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ðåàëüíîñòè. Íà ýòè âîïðîñû äàñò îòâåòû êðèòè÷åñêîå

îñìûñëåíèå ôàêòóðû êíèãè.

Ìîæåò áûòü, òàêèì ïóò¸ì ìû íàéä¸ì íå÷òî åäèíîå â ýâîëþöèè, ñîãëàñèâøèñü ñ

ñîåäèíåíèåì Èîãàííîì Ãåðäåðîì Áþôôîíà ñ Ìîïåðòþè (ñ.54): “… åäèíûé ïëàí

ïðî÷åð÷åí íå òîëüêî ÷åðåç âñ¸ æèâîå, íî è ÷åðåç íåæèâîå”.

Ðàçâå íå î÷åâèäíî ðàçëè÷èå â ñïåöèôèêå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ðàçíûõ ôîðì îòáîðà ïðè

âçàèìîäåéñòâèè òåõíè÷åñêîé ðåàëüíîñòè ñ ðåàëüíîñòüþ ôèçè÷åñêîé è áèîëîãè÷åñêîé,

òåõíè÷åñêîé ñ òåõíè÷åñêîé æå, ñ èíôîðìàöèîííîé, ñîöèàëüíîé. Ñðàâíèòå âûåìêó ñêàëüíîé

ïîðîäû, å¸ òðàíñïîðòèðîâêó, äðîáëåíèå, ãäå ôèçè÷åñêîå ïàññèâíî, à èíà÷å è áûòü íå ìîæåò,

îñóùåñòâëÿÿ, êàê ïðåäïèñûâàåò òåõíèêà, äâèæåíèå (â ôèëîñîôñêîì ñìûñëå) â ðàìêàõ çàêîíîâ

êàðòèíû ìèðà Íüþòîíà–Ìàêñâåëëà–Ìåíäåëååâà, ñ àêòèâíûì âèòàëüíûì ïîâåäåíèåì

áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî, ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèåì åãî ñîáñòâåííî òåõíè÷åñêîìó (òåõíèêå ðàçíîãî ðîäà è

ìàòåðèàëàì, íàïðèìåð, ïåñòèöèäàì) íåóõîæåííîé îáî÷èíîé äîðîã, áðîøåííîñòüþ ïîëÿ,

êàê ïðè “ñïëîøíîé êîëëåêòèâèçàöèè”, òàê è âî âðåìÿ ïåðåñòðîéêè çàðàñòàþùåãî íå ðàäóþùèìè

íàñ òðàâàìè, à ñîðíÿêàìè, ãäå êðàïèâà – äàëåêî íå õóäøåå èç íèõ. Ýíòåëåõèÿ æèâîãî –

íàëèöî, è ýòî áèîëîãè÷åñêîå (åãî óõîæåííîñòü è íåóõîæåííîñòü), ñòàâøåå òåõíè÷åñêîé

ðåàëüíîñòüþ, ñòðåìèòñÿ ñáðîñèòü, çàáûòü òåõíè÷åñêîå, ÷òîáû íà÷àòü æèòü ïî ×.Äàðâèíó,

Ë.Áåðãó, È.Øìàëüãàóçåíó, òàê ñêàçàòü, ñïîêîéíî è áåç òåõíè÷åñêîãî íàñèëîâàíèÿ.

Âûÿâëåíèå ñëåäîâ è îïðåäåëåíèå ñòåïåíè òåõíîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ëþáîé

îáúåêò áèîñôåðû è â ïðåäåëàõ âåðõíåé ìàíòèè è äðóãèõ ñôåð çàâèñÿò ëèøü îò

èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûõ âîçìîæíîñòåé. Äëÿ ãèïîòåòè÷åñêîãî èíîïëàíåòÿíèíà áåññïîðíî

òåõíîãåííîå ðàçâèòèå íàøåé ïëàíåòû. Âûñàäèâøèñü â ãëóõîé òàéãå è ïðîâåäÿ

èçìåðåíèÿ, îí çàêëþ÷èò, ÷òî ïëàíåòà çàñåëåíà íåðàçóìíûìè: äîìíû – ÷àäÿò,

õîëîäèëüíèêè – ôðåîíÿò, áîìáû – âçðûâàþòñÿ.

Ñäåëàåì î÷åâèäíûé äëÿ ìåíÿ âûâîä, ëèøü â ìàëîé ñòåïåíè îáúÿñíÿåìûé âòîðûì

íà÷àëîì òåðìîäèíàìèêè. Âðîäå áû êàê áóäòî áèîëîãè÷åñêîå æèâîå ïîáåæäàåò ì¸ðòâîå

ôèçè÷åñêîå, èçìåíÿÿ åãî â íàïðàâëåíèè, áëàãîïðèÿòíîì äëÿ ñåáÿ; òåõíè÷åñêîå –

áèîëîãè÷åñêîå. Íî ýòî â öåëîì, ãëîáàëèçóÿ âåêòîð ýâîëþöèè â îäíó ñòîðîíó – â ñòîðîíó

(ïðèìåíèì òåðìèí ñ îñòîðîæíîñòüþ) ïðîãðåññèâíîé ýâîëþöèè. Íî â êàæäîé òî÷êå (äëÿ

êîíêðåòíîé áèîëîãè÷åñêîé è òåõíè÷åñêîé îñîáè) äâèæåíèå îáðàòíîå. Âèòàëüíàÿ ñèëà

æèâîãî, õîòÿ áû íà óðîâíå ïðîñòåéøèõ, ïîáåæäàåò, îáðàùàÿ âñïÿòü âåêòîð

òåõíîýâîëþöèè. Ìîæåò, ÑÏÈÄ âèðóñíûé ãåíîòèï, êîðîâüå áåøåíñòâî – ïåðâûå çâîíêè

ñàðàí÷å ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé?

È çäåñü, â çàêëþ÷åíèå, õîòåëîñü áû ïðèâåñòè äâå öèòàòû èç êíèãè ×àéêîâñêîãî: îäíà

íàïîìèíàåò äåâèç áèîëîãà è íàòóðôèëîñîôà À.À.Ëþáèùåâà: åñëè íå õî÷åøü áûòü îñìåÿííûì

ïîòîìêàìè, íèêîãäà íå ñìåéñÿ íàä ïðåäêàìè” (ñ.61); äðóãóþ ôîðìèðóåò ñàì àâòîð è “íàó÷íîå

ñîîáùåñòâî ïåðåõîäèò ê íîâîìó âèäåíèþ ÿâëåíèé íå òîãäà, êîãäà ïóáëèêóåòñÿ ðåøàþùèé

ôàêò, à òîãäà, êîãäà îíî ãîòîâî ïðèíÿòü îáúÿñíÿþùóþ åãî òåîðèþ” (ñ.53).

Á.Êóäðèí,

Áàõòèíî, îêòÿáðü 2003.









1. Техника 2. Технология 3. Материалы 4. Продукция 5. Экология

  ! "  # $

%&  %! %" % %# %$

'  '! '" ' '# '$

() (! (" ( (# ($

 ! "  # $