Culture in Communication

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CULTURE IN COMMUNICATION

Aldo Di Luzio, Susanne Günthner and Franca Orletti (eds.)

Culture in Communication

Analyses of intercultural situations

Pragmatics & Beyond

New Series

Editor:

Andreas H. Jucker (Justus Liebig University, Giessen)

Associate Editors:

Jacob L. Mey (Odense University)

Herman Parret (Belgian National Science Foundation, Universities of

Louvain and Antwerp)

Jef Verschueren (Belgian National Science Foundation, Univ. of Antwerp)

Editorial Address:

Justus Liebig University Giessen, English Department

Otto-Behaghel-Strasse 10, D-35394 Giessen, Germany

e-mail: andreas.jucker@anglistik.uni-giessen.de

Editorial Board:

Shoshana Blum-Kulka (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)

Chris Butler (University College of Ripon and York); Jean Caron (Université de Poitiers)

Robyn Carston (University College London); Bruce Fraser (Boston University)

Thorstein Fretheim (University of Trondheim); John Heritage (University of California at Los Angeles)

Susan Herring (University of Texas at Arlington); Masako K. Hiraga (St. Paul’s (Rikkyo) University)

David Holdcroft (University of Leeds); Sachiko Ide (Japan Women’s University)

Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (University of Lyon 2)

Claudia de Lemos (University of Campinas, Brazil); Marina Sbisà (University of Trieste)

Emanuel Schegloff (University of California at Los Angeles)

Deborah Schiffrin (Georgetown Univ.); Paul O. Takahara (Kobe City Univ. of Foreign Studies)

Sandra Thompson (University of California at Santa Barbara)

Teun A. Van Dijk (University of Amsterdam); Richard J. Watts (University of Berne)

CULTURE IN

COMMUNICATION

ANALYSES OF

INTERCULTURAL SITUATIONS

JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY

AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA

ALDO DI LUZIO

SUSANNE GÜNTHNER

FRANCA ORLETTI

University of Rome III,

University of Konstanz

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of

American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of

Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Culture in communication : Analyses of Intercultural Situations / Aldo Di Luzio, Susanne

Günthner, Franca Orletti.

p. cm. -- (Pragmatics & beyond, ISSN 0922-842X ; new ser. 81)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Intercultural communication. I. Di Luzio, Aldo. II. Günthner, Susanne. III. Orletti,

Franca. IV. Series.

P94.6.C855 2000

302.2--dc21 00-057183

ISBN 90 272 5100 2 (Eur.) / 1 55619 990 2 (US) (alk. paper) CIP

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any

other means, without written permission from the publisher.

John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 36224 • 1020 ME Amsterdam • The Netherlands

John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA

Contents

Introduction vii

Aldo Di Luzio, Susanne Günthner and Franca Orletti

Section I: Theoretical Issues in Intercultural Communication 1

Communication, Contexts and Culture. A Communicative

Constructivist Approach to Intercultural Communication 3

Hubert Knoblauch

Contextualization and Ideology in Intercultural Communication 35

John J. Gumperz

Asymmetries of Knowledge in Intercultural Communication: The

Relevance of Cultural Repertoires of Communicative Genres 55

Susanne Günthner and Thomas Luckmann

Section II: Case Studies of Intercultural Encounters 87

Three Ways of Analysing Communication between East and West

Germans as Intercultural Communication 89

Peter Auer and Friederike Kern

Cooperation, Collaboration and Pleasure in Work: Issues for

Intercultural Communication at Work 117

Jenny Cook-Gumperz

The Making of a Witness. On the Beheading of Rabbits 141

Marco Jacquemet

Intercultural Negotiation 173

Jochen Rehbein

Section III: Native/non-native Interactions 209

Constructing Misunderstanding as a Cultural Event 211

Volker Hinnenkamp

CONTENTS

Inter- and Intra-cultural Aspects of Dialogue-Interpreting 245

Frank Ernst Müller

The Conversational Construction of Social Identity in Native/

Non-native Interaction 271

Franca Orletti

External Appropriations as a Strategy for Participating in Intercultural

Multi-Party Conversations 295

Gabriele Pallotti

Index of Authors 335

Index of Subjects 337

Introduction

Aldo Di Luzio, Susanne Günthner

and Franca Orletti

University of Konstanz, University of Rome III

1. Preliminary observations

This volume is dedicated to questions arising in linguistic, sociological and

anthropological analyses of intercultural encounters, a subject that is becom-

ing increasingly relevant in the light of recent interest in multicultural societ-

ies. The collection focuses on the methodological possibilities of explanatory

analyses of intercultural communication and explores the relationship be-

tween language and culture. It thus address the question of how participants in

intercultural settings (both in institutional and informal contexts) (re)construct

cultural differences and cultural identities. Empirical analyses go hand-in-

hand with the discussion of methodological and theoretical aspects of

interculturality and the relationship of language and culture.

The collected papers approach the relationship between language and

culture through the framework of Interpretative Sociolinguistics. Their meth-

odological approach is therefore influenced by the phenomenological and

hermeneutic tradition of the Sociology of Knowledge, Ethnography of Com-

munication and Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis.

The volume aims at presenting new theoretical and methodological as-

pects of Intercultural Communication, focusing on issues such as ideology and

hegemonial attitudes, communicative genres and culture-specific genre reper-

toires, the theory of contextualization and non-verbal (prosodic, gestual,

mimic) contextualization cues in particular.

Section I contains more theoretically inclined papers on the relevance of

ideology, communicative genres and contextualization conventions to the

viii ALDO DI LUZIO, SUSANNE GÜNTHNER AND FRANCA ORLETTI

analysis of Intercultural Communication. Papers in subsequent sections pro-

vide more detailed analyses, concentrating on methodological and empirical

issues of ideology, genre and contextualization conventions in intercultural

encounters. The papers collected in section II focus on interactions between

cultural subgroups and analyze rhetoric and prosodic differences in contextu-

alization conventions and repertoires of genres within these subgroups. Insti-

tutional and informal contexts are taken into account. The papers in section III

focus on aspects of cooperation in native/non-native interactions: questions of

asymmetry, misunderstanding and lay translations are studied in detail.

The papers highlight a number of interesting and important questions for

the Intercultural Communication research, for example under what conditions

can we talk of interaction as “intercultural communication” and how can it be

differentiated from everyday conversation, which is not “intercultural”? What

is the relationship between language, speech and culture in these intercultural

encounters? What is the role of culture?

The papers also seek to clarify the role of ideology in the sociocultural

knowledge of speakers and in the speech situations in which they interact, as

well as the role of their hegemonial or non-hegemonial attitudes toward co-

participants and their discourse.

The analyses examine the relevance of the variable realization of commu-

nicative genres as well as the contextualization of extralinguistic elements in

the negotiation of meaning. These are all questions that have not been gener-

ally addressed in previous research in intercultural communication.

The volume is interdisciplinary. In addressing aspects of Intercultural

Communication, scholars from Linguistics, Anthropology, Sociology and

Psychology adopt an interactive view of language and all share the conviction

that Intercultural Communication must be studied in actual dialogic contexts.

2. Organization

The volume is divided into three sections:

Section 1: The theoretically oriented articles collected in this section

discuss the role of context and contextualization, culture-specific repertoires

of communicative genres and linguistic ideologies as well as the need to

include ethnographic information in the analysis of intercultural encounters.

Section 2: The articles in this section focus on the role of rhetoric,

NTRODUCTION

prosodic and gestural devices in interactions between members of different

speech communities. They are case studies of interpretative analyses of cul-

ture-specific contextualization conventions and different repertoires and uses

of communicative genres in intercultural encounters (in institutional and

informal settings).

Section 3: This section includes papers analyzing native/non-native inter-

actions and focusing on both situative asymmetries and cooperation strategies.

All papers in the volume discuss general aspects of intercultural commu-

nication, such as cultural differences in contextualization conventions, lin-

guistic manifestation of culture and ideology, and the use of communicative

genres. They raise issues for in intercultural communication research that are

intended to stimulate discussion in the area of intercultural communication in

new and relevant ways.

3. On the individual contributions

The first article of Section 1, “Communication, Contexts and Culture. A

Communicative Constructivist Approach to Intercultural Communication”,

by Hubert K

NOBLAUCH, uses the basis of the “communicative turn” in cultural

studies (especially in the sociology of culture) to set out a theory of communi-

cative culture that may provide a foundation for research on intercultural

communication. This theory starts with the notion of communicative action as

developed by the sociology of knowledge, integrating the results of empirical

research traditions such as conversation analysis, ethnography of communica-

tion and interpretative sociolinguistics. Cultural contexts are constructed by

communicative action and are distinguished on three levels: immediate con-

texts are constructed by way of face-to-face communication in the “interaction

order”; mediate contexts, which are constructed by mediated communication

(Schütz), and reflexively related to these actions by particular forms of contex-

tualization; these in turn are described with respect to their analytical features

as well as to empirical investigations. Finally, the social context is set out in

terms of social hegemony, ideology and its relevance for the study of intercul-

tural communication.

John G

UMPERZ’ paper on “Contextualization and Ideology in Intercul-

tural Communication” deals with the influence of culture, language and

thought, and in particular with the question of how culture, through language