Ekundayo E.O. Environmental monitoring

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Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters

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dosimeter within a month was estimated tobe about 12μSv. On the other hand, the

averaged self-doses accumulated in the Luxel badge also increases lienarly with increasing

the time except for the bigining of measurement as shown in Fig.14. The value at the

bigining of measurement is different from othe two values. This deviation may be caused by

the exposure to the natural radiation during the transportation of dosimeters to Nagase

Landauer in Tokyo by air. Except for the data point at the bigining of measurement, the

averaged self dose of the Luxel Badge is estimated to be about 9μSv.

Fig. 14. Self-dose of the luxel badge dosimeter. Each data point is averaged over doses of

three Luxel badge units.

Fig. 15. Typical γ-ray spectrum obtained from the DIS dosimeter.

0306090

average of five luxel badges

Dose reading [Sv]

Time [days]

0 500 1000 1500 2000

100

Yield [counts/hr/kev]

Energy [keV]

Thorium series

Uranium series

K-40

0 500 1000 1500 2000

100

Yield [counts/hr/kev]

Energy [keV]

Thorium series

Uranium series

K-40

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The origin of the self-dose was identified using high pure Ge semiconductor detector in the

Ogoya underground laboratory. Typical gamma-ray spectrum obtained from the DIS

dosimeter is shown in Fig.15.

dosimeter parts

238

(dpm)

210

(dpm)

232

(dpm)

DIS

Whole DIS

Label

Spring

Al frame

IC long

IC fat

Battery

1.40

0.88

0.10

1.30

0.83

0.10

2.00

1.50

0.85

22.0

0.38

0.75

Luxel

crystal

Ag filter

Sn filter

2.00

0.07

1.70

1.50

0.04

5.53

Table 2. Identificated radioactive nuclides contained in each personal dosimeters.

Fig. 16. Measured environmental radiation dose using the GD-450 glass dosimeter in seven

points such as Tsurugi-machi (◆), Tatsunokuchi (●), outside of Mt.Shishiku (■), inside of

house in Mt.Shishiku, (▲), outside of Ogoya Mines (◇), Inside of Ogoya Mines (○) and

rooftop of Ishikawa Prefecture Institute of Public health and Environmental Science (□). in

Ishikawa prefecture. The measurements of environmental radiation dose were carried out

from March in 2008 to August 2009.

The sveral peaks under 1000 keV correspond to nuclides of

232

Th and

238

U series. The

peak with the energy of 1460 eV has been also detected. Measured parts and identified

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

345678910111212345678

MEASUREMENTS [mGy]

TIME [month]

Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters

133

radioactive nuclies are listed in Table 2. The

232

Th and

238

U have been contained in

almost all dosimeters. So, it is difined that the self-dose of each dosimeter for a month is

about 10-15μSv. Data was, therefore, compensated for each dosimeter which based on the

sel-dose rate of about 12μSv/month.

The environmental backgroung radiation dose at 7 points for one month were monitored

using the glass dosimeter (GD-450) as well as the Luxel badge and the DIS dosimeters. The

monitoring results of typical environmental background radiation dose in gray (Gy) as the

absorbed dose using the GD-450 from March in 2008 to August 2009 are shown in Fig.16 for

7 points in Ishikawa prefecture.

Although natural background radiation doses with the GD-450 dosimeter at each point in

Ishikawa prefecture were significantly different, the standard deviations were very small.

Although the values were a little bit different between the GD-450 glass dosimeter and the

Luxel badge (OSL dosimeter), the tendencies of the environmental dose at each point were

very similar as shown in Fig.17. The higher dose at point B (Tatsunokuchi) than at other

points is due to the use of radioisotopes at the Lowere Level Radiation laboratory in

Kanazawa University. Morever, the values of the GD-450 dosimeter and the DIS dosimeter

were very close and there was no significant difference between them as shown Fig.18. We

have made the comparison of different types of RPL glass dosimeters such as Type: GD-450

for personal dosimeter and Type:SC-1 for enviromental monitoring, which were supplied

from Chiyoda Technol Corp, as shown in Fig.19. It was found that there is no significant

difference at each points.

Fig. 17. Dose response at each point in Ishikawa prefecture (A: Tsurugi-machi, B:

Tatsunokuchi, C: Inside of house of Mt. Shishiku, D: Outside of Mt. shishiku, E: Inside of

Ogoya Mines, F: Outside of Ogoya Mines, G: Public health and Environmental Science)

using GD-450 (blue bars) or Luxel badge (orange bars) dosimeters.

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

ABCDE FG

ｍSv

GD-450

Luxel

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Fig. 18. Dose response at each point in Ishikawa prefecture (A: Tsurugi-machi, B:

Tatsunokuchi, C: Inside of house of Mt. Shishiku, D: Outside of Mt. shishiku, E: Inside of

Ogoya Mines, F: Outside of Ogoya Mines, G: Public health and Environmental Science)

using GD-450 (blue bars) or DIS (purple bars) dosimeters. There is no data at G for DIS.

Fig. 19. Dose response at each point in Ishikawa prefecture (A: Tsurugi-machi, B:

Tatsunokuchi, C: Inside of house of Mt. Shishiku, D: Outside of Mt. shishiku, E: Inside of

Ogoya Mines, F: Outside of Ogoya Mines, G: Public health and Environmental Science)

using GD-450 (blue bars) or SC-1 (green line) dosimeters. The unit of the GD-45 and SC-1

are represented by mSv and mGy, respectively.

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

ABC DEFG

mSv

GD-450

DIS

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

ABCDEFG

ｍSv

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

ｍGy

GD-450

SC-1

Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters

135

From the results as described above, Monitoring environmental natural background

radiation dose with a personal GD-450 seems to be feasible and consequently, one can say

that the GD-450 dosimeter can be suitable for monitoring environmental natural

background radiaiton dose.

5. Summary

Environmental natural background radiation dose values at 7 points in Ishikawa prefecture

determined using the personal glass dosimeter, type GD-450 were compared with these

determined some other personal dosimeters such as DIS dosimeter utilizing a MOSFET with

an ioniization chamber and OSL dosimeter, Luxel budge, utilizing OSL phenomenon in

:C phosphor. The actual dose values were different from each other, however, the

tendency of each dose at each point were very similar. It can be said that the personal glass

dosimeter will be very useful for not only monitoring personal dose but also monitoring

natural background radiation dose.

6. Acknowledgements

The author wish to thank Dr.Yamamoto, Directer of the Research Center of Chiyoda Technol

Corp. for his fruitful discussion and Dr.Kobayashi of Nagase Landauer Co. Ltd, Dr.

Kakimoto of Ishikawa Prefecture Institute of Public health and Environment Science for

their excellent assistance.

The work on the environmental natural background radiation monitoring using solid state

passive dosimeters was partially supported by the foundation for Open-Research Center

Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology of Japan

and Chiyoda Technol Corp.

7. References

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Ionizing Radiation, Vol.30, pp.33-43.

Koyama, S., Miyamoto, Y., Fujiwara, A., Kobayashi, H., Ajisawa, K., Komori, H., Takei, Y.,

Nanto, H., Kurobori, T., Kakimoto, H., Sakakura, M., Shimotsuma, Y., Miura, K.,

Hirao, K. And Yamamoto, T., (2010), Environmental Radiation Monitoring

Utilizing Solid State Dosimeters, Sensors and Materials, Vol.22, No.7, 377-385.

Miyamoto, Y., Takei, Y., Nanto, H., Kurobori, T., Konnai, A., Yanagida, T., Yoshikawa, A.,

Shimotsuma, T., Sakakura, M., Miura, K., Hirao, K., Nagashima, Y. and Yamamoto,

T., (2011), Radiophotoluminescence from Silver-Doped phosphate Glass, Radiation

Measurements, in press.

Murata, Y., Yamamoto, M. and Komura, K., (2002), Determination of low-level

Mn in soils

by ultra low-background gamma-ray spectrometry after radiochemical separation,

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Hsu, S.M., Yeh, S.H., Lin,M.S. and Chen, W.L., (2006), Comparison on characteristics of

radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeters and thermoluminescent dosimeters,

Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 119, 327-331.

Nanto.H, (1998), Photostimulated Luminescence in Insulators and Semiconductors,

Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids, Vol.146, pp.311-321.

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Nanto, H., (1999), Physics of photosimulable phosphor materials, Ionizing Radiaiton, Vol.

25, No.2, pp.9-24. (in Japanese)

Nanto, H., Takei, Y., Nishimura, A., Nankano, Y., Shouji, T., Yanagida, T., Kasai, S., (2006),

Novel X-ray Imaging Sensor Using Cs:Br:Eu Phosphor for Computed Radiography,

Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6142, pp.6142w-1-6142w9.

Nanto, H., (2011), Basic princple of accumulation-type personal dosimeter for ionizing

radiation and its application, Ionizing Radiation, Vol.37, No.2, pp.3-9.

Ranogajec-Komor, M., Knezevic, Z., Miljanic, S. And Velic, B., (2008), Characteristics of

radiophotoluminescent dosimeters for environmental monitoring, Radiation

measurements, Vol.43, 392-396.

Saez-Vergara, J.C., (1999), Practical Aspects on The Implementation of LiF:Mg, Cu, P in

Routine Environmental Monitoring Program, Radiation Protection Dosimetry,

Vol.1-4, pp.237-244.

Sarai, A., Kurata, N., Kamijo, K., Kubota, N., Takei, Y., Nanto, H., Kobayashi, I., Komori, H.,

and Komura, K., (2004), Detection of self-dose from an OSL dosimeter and a DIS

dosimeter for environmental radiation monitoring, J. Nuclear Science and

Technology, Suppl. 4, pp.474-477.

Wernli, C., (1998), Direct ion strage dosimeters for individual monitoring, Radiation

Protection Dosimetry, Vol.77, pp.253-259.

PILS: Low-Cost Water-Level Monitoring

Samuel Russ, Bret Webb, Jon Holifield and Justin Walker

University of South Alabama

United States of America

1. Introduction

The estuarine environment is important both to global ecology and to human economy.

Estuaries are the place where freshwater meets saltwater, and so they typically contain a

bounty of marine species, and are essential to the life cycle of many marine organisms. For

similar reasons, they often contain sea ports and carry commerce of great value.

In order to study estuaries in more detail, we have developed two sets of low-cost sensors

using off-the-shelf technology combined with innovative new low-cost circuits. The first,

nicknamed “Jag Ski”, is a highly mobile water craft for navigating estuarine and littoral

areas and providing real-time data. The second, named “PILS”, is a network of stationary

sensors for making long-term water-level measurements. This paper describes the

construction of both, along with actual measurements.

2. Survey of literature

Sensing the environment can be carried out through remote measurements (e.g. satellites

(Villa & Gianietto, 2006)) and through in situ measurements (e.g. wireless sensor networks

(O’Flyrm et al., 2007; Thosteson et al., 2009)). Both have been demonstrated successfully as

means of measuring characteristics of water.

An example of one real-time water-sensor architecture is the Land/Ocean Biogeochemical

Observatory (LOBO) system developed by Satlantic and the Monterrey Bay Aquarium

Research Institute (MBARI) (Comeau et al., 2007; Jannasch et al., 2008) and has been

installed in the field (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, 2009). Others include the

Ocean Observation Initiative (OOI) (Frolov et al., 2008; National Research Council, 2003;

U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004), NOAA tide gauges for storm surge (Luther et al.,

2007), and sonar-based water-level measurements (Silva et al., 2008). Specific to

environmental monitoring in the coastal ocean, mobile field assets typically include

profiling floats (Roemmich et al., 2004), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) (Rudnick

et al., 2004), and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) (Freitag et al., 1998; Frye et al.,

2001).

This work is in line with these earlier systems. We have adapted the mobile sensor platform

to a highly maneuverable manned platform to navigate shallow-water areas proficiently.

The sensor network is designed for relatively low cost and for unattended measurements. It

also contains novel sensors for pressure and salinity.

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This work is motivated by the fact that computer models of estuaries need refinement. For

example, there is disagreement whether wind forcing or river discharge dominates the

dynamics of Mobile Bay (Schroeder & Wiseman, 1986; Kim et al., 2008). Data obtained using

the sensors will be used to parameterize a linear approximation of a static momentum

balance of the estuary (Van Dorn, 1953) to improve simulation and forecasting accuracy.

3. Real-time monitoring: Jag Ski

The University of South Alabama Jag Ski is a three-person Kawasaki Ultra LX personal

watercraft (PWC) equipped with state of the art instrumentation developed by YSI,

Incorporated, SonTek, VarTech Systems, and others (Fig. 1). In addition to the PWC, a

Kawasaki Mule 3010 four-wheel drive utility vehicle can be used for launching and retrieval

when a proper boat launch is not available. The Jag Ski contains an onboard small-form PC

running the Windows XP operating system, a foldable waterproof keyboard, a fully

submersible touch screen LCD display, and four dry-cell 18 amp hour, 12 volt marine

batteries to supply enough dedicated power for twelve to fourteen hours of data collection.

The PC, power supply, and other assorted equipment are housed in waterproof cases with

internal foam padding. All external cabling and bulkhead connectors are fully submersible.

Experience has demonstrated that items labeled water resistant and waterproof offer little

protection in the corrosive, marine environment.

Fig. 1. The South Alabama Jag Ski and 4x4 towing vehicle.

The use of PWCs for collecting hydrography is not a new idea. There are numerous

examples of PWC systems around the country (and world). Some of the earlier successful

applications are discussed in (Dugan et al., 1999; Dugan et al., 2001; MacMahan, 2001; Puleo

et al., 2003). The PWC has also successfully been used for larval fish sampling in shallow

waters (Strydom, 2007). More recently, however, Hampson et al. (2011) have demonstrated

the skill of using a kayak as a surveying platform for still shallower survey applications.

What perhaps makes the Jag Ski so unique in the context of PWC hydrographic data

collection systems is its suite of instrumentation. Prior to the Jag Ski, the use of the PWC has

been mostly limited to bathymetric surveys in nearshore waters. While it certainly has its

limitations, the ability of the PWC to traverse the surfzone in hydrographic surveying

cannot be rivaled by most traditional vessels. The addition of a PWC to one’s hydrographic

surveying deployment provides a very good overlap between land-based surveys and those

conducted in deeper waters using traditional watercraft. The Jag Ski, however, was

PILS: Low-Cost Water-Level Monitoring

139

developed to meet broader goals and objectives in the area of coastal, water resources, and

environmental engineering.

The Jag Ski contains a SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyor M9 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

(ADCP) with an integrated Real Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System

(RTK DGPS) for georeferenced measurements (Fig. 2). The M9 ADCP has a profiling range

of 6 cm to 40 m, and is capable of measuring velocity magnitudes up to 20 m/s. The

resolution of the velocity measurements is as low as 0.001 m/s, and vertical bin sizes can be

as small as 2 cm, or as large as 4 m. The horizontal resolution of the samples is a function of

the reported sample rate (generally 1 Hz) and vessel speed (preferably equal to or less than

the water velocity). A nominal speed of 1 – 2 m/s is maintained when using the M9 ADCP

on the Jag Ski, so a typical horizontal resolution is, accordingly, 1 – 2 m.

Fig. 2. SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP and RTK DGPS base station.

The M9 ADCP contains a dedicated 500 KHz vertical beam for depth measurements and

bottom tracking, four slanted 1 MHz beams for sampling in deeper water, and four

slanted 3 MHz beams for sampling in shallower waters (Fig. 3). This dual-frequency

functionality is unique in the ADCP market, and along with its integrated GPS system for

vessel-corrected measurements to account for the moving reference frame, makes it

attractive for applications in Mobile Bay (Fig. 4). The bay is a broad, mostly shallow

(< 4 m), drowned river mouth estuary that is incised by a navigation channel dredged to a

maintenance depth of about 15 m. The depth of the channel in the main entrance to

Mobile Bay can reach 20 m or more, and is flanked to the west by a broad, shallow area

with depths less than 3 m. The dual frequency M9 ADCP performs well when

transitioning between the two extremes.

Aside from the technical capabilities of the RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP, the instrument comes

with a well-developed, integrated software package for setup and data collection. The

RiverSurveyor Live (RSL) software is loaded on the onboard PC, and is fully interactive

using the touch screen LCD display. Some very helpful features of the software include

dynamic icons that quickly report the status of various systems, like GPS and bottom

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tracking, the ability to see a real-time estimate of discharge, and the integrated GIS shapefile

functionality for easy navigation and spatial awareness.

Fig. 3. SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP head.

Fig. 4. Terra/MODIS imagery of Mobile Bay taken November 8, 2002. Image courtesy:

NASA Visible Earth.

The initial research focus for the Jag Ski was fulfilled with the integration of the

RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP. That one piece of equipment provides the capability to perform

detailed beach profile surveys, detect and image scour holes near bridge foundations, and

measure the spatial variability and magnitude of coastal and nearshore currents, as well as

riverine flows. And as preparations were being made in April 2010 for upcoming field

experiments in coastal Alabama during the months May – August, the explosion and

subsequent sinking of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform later that month unveiled a

new, and unexpected, application for the Jag Ski: environmental monitoring.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) issued a number of awards for research, instrument

acquisition, and instrument development related to the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill through their

RAPID program in the months following the initial explosion and sinking of the platform.

The Jag Ski received one such award, issued through the NSF Major Research

Instrumentation program. The purpose of the award was to purchase an instrument that

could be used to measure near-surface water quality parameters, as well as crude oil and

refined fuels, in Alabama’s coastal waters. The result is a rather unique piece of equipment