dar was 13 days behind the Gregorian, which had
been used in Europe since 1582. The Bolsheviks
adopted New Style (N.S.) dates. Thus, the October
25th Revolution was celebrated on November 7th.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to thank James Goldgeier, director of the
Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Stud-
ies of The George Washington University for insti-
tutional support and personal encouragement. The
staff of the Institute, especially Vedrana Hadzialic
and Jennifer Sieck, have efficiently and cheerfully
helped advance this project in many ways.
Leah Markowitz ably served as research assis-
tant in the early phases of the project.
Jill Lectka, Director of Publishing Operations
and Joe Clements, Senior Editor for Macmillan Ref-
erence USA, and their staff, have simply been su-
perb in providing the managerial, editorial, and
promotional support for the creation of the Ency-
clopedia of Russian History. They have been tactful
but persistent in encouraging the editors and con-
tributors to meet deadlines and make any neces-
sary editorial changes. Brian Kinsey initiated the
project in 2001 and Shawn Corridor joined the ed-
itorial team in the spring of 2003 to supervise fi-
nal author corrections and entry preparation. We
have been fortunate to have such outstanding pro-
fessionals working with us.
J
AMES
R. M
ILLAR
E
DITOR IN
C
HIEF
PREFACE
xi
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY