14. Piccigallo, The Japanese on Trial , 29-31; Rö1ing and Rüter (eds.), The Tokyo Judgment ,
vol. 2, 517-1148. [BACK]
15. 338 U.S. Reports 197, June 29, 1949; FRUS, 1948 , vol. 6, 937. [BACK]
16. This account including the Tojo poem is from Sebald, With MacArthur , 172-176. [BACK]
17. MacArthur, Reminiscences , 318-319. MacArthur was ordered by Royall, with the agreement
of Truman, to permit photographers at the executions (War tel. 80163, Nov. 25, 1948, Draper
file, NRAS, RG 335, Box 18). MacArthur objected and proposed that the issue be taken to the
FEC (SCAP tel. 65707, Nov. 26, 1948, Draper file, NRAS, RG 335, Box 18). Royall backed
down and authorized MacArthur to handle the matter (personal unnumbered tel. from Royall to
MacArthur, Nov. 26, 1948, Draper file, NRAS, RG 335, Box 18). This was one of only two
occasions during the occupation where the supreme commander opposed direct orders by his
superiors in Washington. The other was War tel. 91108 of Nov. 25, 1947, Draper file, NRAS,
RG 335, Box 18, regarding deconcentration. [BACK]
18. Sanmonji, "Tokyo gunji saiban," vol. 5, 302-308; Washington Post , Apr. 21, 1979 , 3.
[BACK]
19. FRUS, 1948 , vol. 6, 936-937. SCAP wanted to try seventeen of them as Class B and C war
criminals, but Washington said this would require the approval of the FEC. After studying the
IMTFE judgment, SCAP lawyers decided against trial of all but two, both former admirals, who
were then tried for Class B and C war crimes. Some observers have claimed that failure to try
important suspects like Kishi and Kodama reflected a reversal in U.S. war crimes policy. A more
realistic view is that Washington and SCAP felt that one Class A trial was enough. [BACK]
20. Mainichi (ed.), Ichiokunin no showashi , vol. 2, 192-193, 202. [BACK]
21. Yoshida request, Dec. 8, 1948, MMA, RG 5, Box 63; Inoki, Hyodem Yoshida , vol. 3, 384-
386. This action won Yoshida considerable goodwill from former Japanese military men.
Yoshida also submitted a deposition in Shigemit-su's defense in the Class A trial. [BACK]
22. Mainchi (ed.), Ichiokunin no showashi , vol. 2, 192; Reischauer, The United States and Japan
, 242-243. [BACK]
23. CINCFE tel. C 53663, June 27, 1947, MMA, RG 9, Box 155; Brack-man, The Other
Nuremberg , 196-197. [BACK]
24. CINCFE tel. C 52423, May 6, 1947, MMA, RG 9, Box 155; SWNCC 351/3, Mar. 11, 1948,
NRAW, Military Records, Taylor biological warfare file; OSD historian Goldberg memo to
Oldaker, Apr. 14, 1977, NRAW, Military Records, Taylor biological warfare file. [BACK]
25. Japan Times , Aug. 29, 1982, 12; CINCFE tel. C 52423, May 6, 1947, MMA, RG 9, WC
147; Piccigallo, The Japanese on Trial , 150-154; Japan Times , Sept. 5, 1982, 10. See F
18863/1661/23, FO 371/76254, Gascoigne tel. 1358, Dec. 15, 1949. [BACK]
26. DOSB , Feb. 13, 1950, 244; DA tel. W 99564, Feb. 15, 1950, MMA, RG 9, WC 307; SCAP
tel. C 55407, Mar. 15, 1950, MMA, RG 9, WC 312. [BACK]
27. Brackman, The Other Nuremberg , 200; U.S. House, The Treatment , 3-5, 9, 16-18, 33, 63.
The Japanese involved allegedly told American interrogators that no experiments were