Foyster E., Whatley C.A. A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600-1800

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A History of EvErydAy LifE in

SCoTland, 1600 To 1800

Edinburgh

EditEd by ELizAbEtH foystEr

& cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy

A History of EvErydAy LifE in

SCoTland, 1600 To 1800

EditEd by EditEd by ELizAbEtH foystEr

& cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy

This book explores the ordinary daily routines, behaviours, experiences and beliefs

of the Scottish people during a period of immense political, social and economic

change. It underlines the importance of the church in post-Reformation Scottish

society, but also highlights aspects of everyday life that remained the same, or

similar, notwithstanding the efforts of the kirk, employers and the state to alter

behaviours and attitudes.

Drawing upon and interrogating a range of primary sources, the authors create

a richly coloured, nely-nuanced picture of the lives of ordinary Scots from birth

through marriage to death. Analytical in approach, the book’s coverage of topics is

wide, ranging from the ways people made a living, through their non-work activities

including reading, playing and relationships, to the ways they experienced illness and

approached death.

This volume:

• Provides a rich social history of the period 1600–1800

• Gets behind the politics of Union and Jacobitism, and the experience of agricultural

and industrial ‘revolution’

• Presents the scholarly expertise of its contributing authors in a accessible way

• Includes a guide to further reading indicating sources for further study

Elizabeth Foyster is Senior College Lecturer and Fellow in History at Clare College, University

of Cambridge.

Christopher A. Whatley is Professor of Scottish History, Vice-Principal and Head of the

College of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Dundee.

ISBN 978 0 7486 1965 8

Cover image: Detail from ‘Snuff box - Scotch washing’ © Culture and Sport

Glasgow (Museums).

Cover design: www.richardbudddesign.co.uk

Edinburgh University Press

22 George Square

Edinburgh EH8 9LF

www.euppublishing.com

SCoTland,

1600 To 1800

EditEd by ELizAbEtH foystEr

& cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy

A History

of EvErydAy

LifE in

A History of EvErydAy LifE in scotLAnd

sEriEs Editors: cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy & ELizAbEtH foystEr

This series demonstrates how everyday routines and behaviours can open a window

into the social, economic and cultural lives of ordinary Scots. Each volume examines

common topics such as landscape, homes, objects, rituals, beliefs, work and leisure

patterns, conict and communication. Across the series there are some striking

continuities and remarkable changes in aspects of Scottish everyday life, while the

everyday is shown to be shaped by national and regional surroundings, and varied

between urban and rural, highland and lowland settings. Based on the collective

research of a large team of established and younger scholars, this series presents an

entirely new way of looking at Scotland’s past.

A History of Everyday Life in

Scotland, 1600 to 1800

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A History of Everyday Life in Scotland

SERIES EDITORS: CHRISTOPHER A. WHATLEY AND ELIZABETH FOYSTER

Volume 1: A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland

Edited by Edward A. Cowan and Lizanne Henderson

Volume 2: A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600 to 1800

Edited by Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley

Volume 3: A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900

Edited by Trevor Grifﬁ ths and Graeme Morton

Volume 4: A History of Everyday Life in Twentieth-Century Scotland

Edited by Lynn Abrams and Callum G. Brown

FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd iiFOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd ii 29/1/10 11:13:4129/1/10 11:13:41

A History of Everyday Life

in Scotland, 1600 to 1800

Edited by Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley

Edinburgh University Press

FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd iiiFOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd iii 29/1/10 11:13:4129/1/10 11:13:41

Edinburgh University Press Ltd

22 George Square, Edinburgh

www.euppublishing.com

Typeset in 10/12pt Goudy Old Style by

Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and

printed and bound in Great Britain by

CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 0 7486 1964 1 (hardback)

ISBN 978 0 7486 1965 8 (paperback)

The right of the contributors to be identiﬁ ed as authors

of this work has been asserted in accordance with the

Published with the support of the Edinburgh University

Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund.

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Contents

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

Acknowledgements ix

Series Editors’ Foreword xi

Christopher A. Whatley and Elizabeth Foyster

Introduction: Recovering the Everyday in Early Modern Scotland 1

Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley

1. Everyday Structures, Rhythms and Spaces of the Scottish

Countryside 27

Robert A. Dodgshon

2. Improvement and Modernisation in Everyday Enlightenment

Scotland 51

Charles McKean

3. Death, Birth and Marriage in Early Modern Scotland 83

Deborah A. Symonds

4. Illness, Disease and Pain 108

Helen M. Dingwall

5. Necessities: Food and Clothing in the Long Eighteenth Century 137

Stana Nenadic

6. Communicating 164

Bob Harris

7. Order and Disorder 191

Christopher A. Whatley

8. Sensory Experiences: Smells, Sounds and Touch 217

Elizabeth Foyster

9. Beliefs, Religions, Fears and Neuroses 234

Joyce Miller

10. Movement, Transport and Travel 252

Alastair Durie

11. Work, Time and Pastimes 273

Christopher A. Whatley

Annotated Bibliography 304

Notes on the Contributors 316

Index 319

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Tables

1.1 Balance between single and multiple tenancies 30

1.2 Who lived in touns? 31

1.3 Calendar of work: Monymusk, 1749, and Marchmont, 1758–9 39

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Figures

1.1 The toun community 29

1.2 The landscape around Fordell Castle, Fife 29

2.1 View of Dunvegan, Skye from the east, drawn for

Captain Francis Grose’s Antiquities of Scotland, Vol. II

(London, 1797) 53

2.2 Vernacular houses near the shore at Lamlash Bay, Arran,

drawn by J.C. (London, 1791) 56

2.3 The interior of a cottage on Islay, drawn in 1772, probably by

Moses Grifﬁ ths 58

2.4 Goldieland Tower, Borders, drawn by T. Clennell in 1814 60

2.5 The upper part of the Main Street, Whithorn 61

2.6 Dunblane from the south, painted by Captain Francis Grose

in the 1780s 61

2.7 Liberton’s Wynd (now under George IV Bridge), Edinburgh,

drawn in 1821 by Walter Geikie 66

2.8 Edinburgh by John Elphinstone 67

2.9 Glassford Street, Glasgow, drawn by John Knox in 1828 68

2.10 Burgh of Barony, Dumfriesshire 69

2.11 Old Fochabers (NAS RHP 2358) by Thomas Milne 73

2.12 Helmsdale, Sutherland 74

2.13 View of Inveraray in 1791, drawn by J.C. 75

2.14 Inveraray High Street 75

2.15 Bon Accord Square, Aberdeen 76

2.16 Perth in the early nineteenth century 76

3.1 ‘William Wilson’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original

Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 85

3.2 ‘The Evening Walk’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original

Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 96

3.3 ‘Sabbath School’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original

Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 97

3.4 ‘Isobel Taylor’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original

Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 99

3.5 ‘Saut Wife’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original

Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 102

4.1 Seventeenth-century recipe ‘to stopp purging in a woman

that lyin in’ 117

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viii List of Figures

4.2 Edinburgh Royal Inﬁ rmary 119

4.3 A set of blood-letting knives used by Hugh McFarquhar 121

4.4 Charming and healing stones used in Scotland, from various

locations 129

4.5 The Clouty Well, Munlochy, dedicated to St Boniface 130

5.1 John MacLeod and his wife, 1811 141

5.2 Arisaid worn by a gentlewoman, early eighteenth century 143

5.3 Shetland ﬁ shermen in traditional clothing 145

5.4 Gravestone of John Milne, master baker, and his ﬁ ve children,

Arbroath churchyard, 1778 149

6.1 Self-portrait of artist and his mother and sister by

Alexander Carse 169

6.2 Ballad and Penny History Stall, by Walter Geikie 174

7.1 The Mauchline Holy Fair, by Alexander Carse 196

7.2 The Village Ba’ Game, by Alexander Carse 209

8.1 Detail of the tomb of William Baxter, Old Parish Church,

Duffus, Moray, 1762 219

8.2 Tobacco box engraved with symbols of the malt-making trade,

c. 1737 225

9.1 Image of the Devil, 1591 237

10.1 Leckie Bridge, 1673 258

11.1 Town piper and drummer, Haddington, late eighteenth

century 288

11.2 Weaver’s headstone, Kilspindie Parish Church graveyard,

Perthshire 295

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Acknowledgements

Preparing a book like this depends on the contributions of many people.

The book, like the series of which it is part, has been a long time in gesta-

tion. It began with a tentative enquiry from John Davey, then of Edinburgh

University Press, as to whether we would be interested in developing a

series of books on everyday life in Scotland. Our response was positive,

and we then entered into a dialogue with John and his advisers at Edinburgh

University Press about content, themes and the time-frames to be covered

by each of the four books in the series. The next step was to identify editors

for each of the four volumes, who were not only experts in the social history

of the periods identiﬁ ed, but who also had experience of, and some enthusi-

asm for, collaborative academic ventures. Happily, we were able to recruit:

Professor Ted Cowan and Dr Lizanne Henderson (both University of

Glasgow), Professor Graeme Morton (University of Guelph) and Dr Trevor

Grifﬁ ths (University of Edinburgh) and Professor Lynn Abrams (University

of Glasgow) and Professor Callum Brown (University of Dundee). In their

turn, the editors have recruited teams of contributors – the authors of the

individual chapters.

In order to get the project moving, we held a one-day conference in

Dundee in 2004, at which methodological and other challenges surrounding

the history of everyday life were discussed. For their invaluable contribu-

tions on this occasion we wish to thank Professor Anthony Cohen (Queen

Margaret University) and Dr Stephen Wilson (University of East Anglia).

For organising the conference, thanks are due to Sara Reid, formerly of the

Department of History, University of Dundee. To provide an opportunity

for the volume editors and their contributors to present their initial research

ﬁ ndings to a critical but receptive audience, a two-day, multi-paper meeting

was held in Dundee in September 2006. This was generously supported by

the British Academy which awarded us with a Conference Grant to cover the

costs of the event. Lynsey McIrvine, of the University of Dundee, made the

necessary arrangements in her customary, highly efﬁ cient fashion. Lynne

Elder, in the University of Dundee’s College of Arts and Social Sciences

ofﬁ ce, assisted the editors by receiving, tidying up and storing the chapter

ﬁ les from the contributors as they arrived. The ﬁ nal version of the manu-

script was prepared, for handover to the publishers, by Aileen Ross. To all

these individuals and to everyone else who has played any part in the prepa-

ration of the series, we extend our sincere thanks.

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