12
2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ Ⱦȼɋ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɬɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪ-
ɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ (ȽɌɍ), ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɬɟɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɩɥɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
ɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ȼ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ Ⱦȼɋ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɨɛɴɟ-
ɦɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ. ȼ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚɯ ɝɚɡɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ƚɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ƚɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɚɥɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ
ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ
ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ: ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ, ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ (ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ), ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ:
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɞɭɜɨɤ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ƚɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ p = const ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ (ȕ), ɚ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɨ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ – ɟɳɟ ɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɫɠɚ-
ɬɢɟɦ
ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɨ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɟ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 2.1). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɚɡɚ
ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ t
1
, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡ-
ɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɪɚɜɧɚ t
3
, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ