Guozhong Cao. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
416
Nanostructures and Nanomaterials
123. H.P. Lang, M.K. Baller, R. Berger, Ch. Gerber, J.K. Gimzewski, EM. Battiston,
P. Fornaro, J.P. Ramseyer, E. Meyer, and H.J. Guntherodt,
Anal. Chim. Acta
393, 59
(1
999).
124. M.K. Baller, H.P. Lang, J. Fritz, Ch. Gerber, J.K. Gimzewski,
U.
Drechsler,
H. Rothuizen, M. Despont, P. Vettiger, EM. Battiston, J.P. Ramseyer, P. Fornaro,
E. Meyer, and H.J. Guntherodt,
Ultrumicroscopy
82, 1 (2000).
125. R. Berger, H.P. Lang, Ch. Gerber, J.K. Gimzewski, J.H. Fabian, L. Scandella,
E.
Meyer, and H.J. Guntherodt,
Chem.
Phys.
Lett.
294, 393 (1998).
126. EM. Battiston,
J.P.
Ramseyer, H.P. Lang, M.K. Bailer, Ch. Gerber, J.K. Gimzewski,
E.
Meyer, and H.J. Guntherodt,
Sensors Actuators
B77, 122 (2001).
127. R. Berger, Ch. Gerber, J.K. Gimzewski,
E.
Meyer, and H.J. Guntherodt,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
69,40 (1 996).
128. R. Berger, Ch. Gerber, H.P. Lang, and J.K. Gimzewski,
Microelectmn.
Engr
35,373
(1 997).
129. M.I. Lutwyche, M. Despont,
U.
Drechsler,
U.
Durig, W. Harberle, H. Rothuizen,
R.
Stutz,
R. Widmer, G.K. Binnig, and
P.
Vettiger,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
77,329 (2000).
130. Y. Saito,
S.
Uemura, and K. Hamaguchi,
Jpn.
J.
Appl.
Phys.
37, L346 (1998).
13
1.
W.A. de Heer, A. Chltelain, and D. Ugarte,
Science
270, 1 179 (1 995).
132. A.G. Rinzler, J.H. Hafner, P. Nokolaev, L. Lou, S.G. Kim, D. Tomanek,
133. P.G. Collins and
A.
Zettl,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
69, 1969 (1996).
134. Q.H. Wang, A.A. Setlur, J.M. Lauerhaas, J.Y. Dai, E.W. Seeling, and R.P.H. Chang,
135. J.M. Bonard, J.P. Salvetat,
T.
Stochli,
W.A.
de Heer, L. Forro, and A. ChPtelain,
Appl.
136. J.A. Misewich, R. Martel, Ph. Avouris, J.C. Tsang,
S.
Heinze, and
J.
Tersoff,
Science
137. C. Lee,
J.
Phys.
D6, 1105 (1973).
138. W.B. Choi, D.S. Chung, J.K. Kang, H.Y. Kim, Y. W. Jin, I.T. Han, Y.H. Lee, J.E. Jung,
139. H. Murakami, M. Hirakawa, C. Tanaka, and H. Yamakawa,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
76, 1776
140. L.A. Chernozatonskii, Y.V Gulyaev, Z.J. Kasakovskaja, and N.I. Sinityn,
Chem.
141. P.G. Collins and A. Zettl,
Phys.
Rev.
B55,9391 (1997).
142. O.M. Kuttel,
0.
Groening, C. Emmenegger, and L. Schlapbach,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
73,
143.
Y.
Chen, D.T. Shaw, and L. Guo,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
76,2469 (2000).
144. Y. Saito, K. Hamaguchi, T. Nishino,
K.
Hata, K. Tohji,
A.
Kasuya, andY. Nishina,
145. Y. Saito, K. Hamaguchi, K. Hata, K. Uchida, Y. Tasaka, F. Ikazaki, M. Yumura,
146. M. Terrones,
Ann.
Rev. Matel: Res.
33,419 (2003).
147. M.A. Green,
Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl.
9, 123 (2001).
148. A. Shah,
P.
Torres, R. Tschamer,
N.
Wyrsch, and H. Keppner,
Science
285,692 (1999).
149. S.A. Ringel, J.A. Carlin, C.L. Andre, M.K. Hudait, M. Gonzalez, D.M. Wilt, E.B.
Clark, P. Jenkins, D. Scheiman,
A.
Allerman, E.A. Fitzgerald, and C.W. Leitz,
Prog.
Photovolt. Res. Appl.
10,417 (2002).
P.
Nordlander, D.T. Colbert, and R.E. Smalley,
Science
269, 1550 (1995).
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
72, 2912 (1998).
Phys.
Lett.
73, 91
8
(1 998).
300, 783 (2003).
N.S. Lee, G.S. Park, and J.M. Kim,
Appl.
Phys.
Lett.
75, 3 129
(1
999).
(2000).
Phys.
Lett.
233, 63 (1995).
21 13
(1
998).
Jpn.
J.
Appl.
Phys.
Part
2
36, L1340
(1
997).
A.
Kasuya, andY. Nishina,
Nature
389, 554 (1997).
Applications
of
Nanomaterials
417
150.
A.
Romeo, D.L. Batmer, H. Zogg, C. Vignali, andA.N. Tiwari,
Sol.
Energ. Muter:
151.
B. O'Regan and M. Griitzel,
Nature
353,737 (1991).
152.
U. Bach, D. Lupo, P. Comte, J.E. Moser,
E
Weissortel, J. Salbeck, H. Spreitzer, and
153.
A. Hagfeldt and M. Gratzel,
Acc.
Chem. Res.
33, 269 (2000).
154.
M.
Gratzel,
Pmg. Photovolt. Res.
Appl.
8,
171 (2000).
155.
M. Gratzel,
Nature
414, 338 (2001).
156.
M. Thelakkat, C. Schmitz, and H.W. Schmidt,
Adv. Muter:
14, 577 (2002).
157.
D. Zhang, T. Yoshida, and
H.
Minoura,
Chem. Lett.
874 (2002).
158.
G. Boschloo, H. Lindstrom, E. Magnusson, A. Holmberg, and A. Hagfeldt,
159.
F.
Pichot, J.R. Pitts, and
B.A.
Gregg,
Langmuir
16, 5626 (2000).
160.
Y.V Zubavichus, Y.L. Slovokhotov, M.K. Nazeeruddin, S.M. Zakeeruddin,
M. Gratzel, and
V
Shklover,
Chem. Muter.
14,3556 (2002).
161.
S.
Nakade, M. Matsuda,
S.
Kambe, Y. Saito, T. Kitamura, T. Sakata, Y. Wada,
H. Mori, and
S.
Yanagida,
X
Phys.Chem.
B106, 10004 (2002).
162.
K. Keis,
C.
Bauer, G. Boschloo, A. Hagfeldt, K. Westermark, H. Rensmo, and
H.
Siegbahn,
X
Photochem. Photobiology
A:
Chem.
148, 57 (2002).
163.
S.
Karuppuchamy, K. Nonomura,
T.
Yoshida, T. Sugiura, and H. Minoura,
Solid Stute
Ionics
151,
19 (2002).
164.
K. Tennakone, P.K.M. Bandaranayake, P.V.V. Jayaweera, A. Konno, and
G.R.R.A. Kumara,
Physica
E14, 190 (2002).
165.
S.
Chappel and A. Zaban,
Sol.
Energ. Muter:
Sol.
Cells
71,
141 (2002).
166.
S.
Chappel,
S.G.
Chen, and A. Zaban,
Langmuir
18,3336 (2002).
167.
S.G. Chen,
S.
Chappel,
Y.
Diamant, and
A.
Zaban,
Chem. Muter:
13,4629
(2001).
168.
T.S. Kang, S.H. Moon, and K.J. Kim,
J
Electrochem.
SOC.
149,
El55
(2002).
169.
E.
Palomares, J.N. Clifford, S.A. Haque, T. Lutz, and J.R. Durrant,
X
Am.
Chem.
SOC.
170.
P.K.M. Bandaranayake, P.V.V. Jayaweera, and K. Tennakone,
Sol.
Energ. Muter.
Sol.
17
1.
W.U. Huynh,
X.
Peng, and A.P. Alivisatos,
Adv.
Muter
11,923
(1
999).
172.
W. Huynh, J.J. Dittmer, and A.P. Alivisatos,
Science
295, 2425 (2002).
173.
D. Gebeyehu, C.J. Brabec, and N.S. Sariciftci,
Thin
Solid Films
403404,271 (2002).
174.
M. Ibanescu, Y. Fink,
S.
Fan, E.L. Thomas, and J.D. Joannopoulos,
Science
289,415
175.
J. Ouellette,
The Industry Physicist,
p.
14,
December 2001/January
2002.
176.
A. Mekis, J.C. Chen,
I.
Kurland,
S.
Fan,
P.R.
Villeneuve, and J.D. Joannopoulos,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
77,
3787 (1999).
177.
J.D. Joannopoulos, R.D. Meade, and J.N. Winn,
Photonic Crystals,
Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ,
1995.
178.
E.
Yablonovitch,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
58, 2059 (1987).
179.
S.
John,
Phys.
Rev. Lett.
58, 2486 (1 987).
180.
E.
Yablonovitch, T.J. Gmitter, and K.M. Leung,
Phys.
Rev. Lett.
67, 2295 (1991).
181.
A. Polman and
P.
Wiltzius,
MRSBull.
26, 608 (2001).
182.
S.Y.
Lin, J.G. Fleming, D.L. Hetherington, B.K. Smith, R. Biswas, K.M.
Ho,
M.M. Sigalas, W. Zubrzycki, S.R. Kurtz, and J. Bur,
Nature
394, 251
(1
998).
183.
S.
Noda, K. Tomoda, N. Yamamoto, and A. Chutinan,
Science
289,604
(2000).
Sol.
Cells
67,
3 11 (2001).
M. Gratzel,
Nature
395, 583 (1998).
J
Photochem. Photobiology
A:
Chem.
148,
11
(2002).
125,475 (2003).
Cells
76, 57 (2003).
(2000).
418
Nunostructures
and
Nanomaterials
184.
A. Birner, R.B. Wehrspohn,
U.
Gosele, and
K.
Busch,
Adv.
Muter.
13,377
(2001).
185.
M.C. Wanke,
0.
Lehmann, K. Muller, Q.Z. Wen, and M. Stuke,
Science
275, 1284
186.
M. Campbell, D.N. Sharp,
M.T.
Harrison, R.G. Denning, andA.J. Turberfield,
Nature
187.
J.E.G.J.
Wijnhoven and
W.
Vos,
Science
281,802 (1998).
188.
Y. Xia, B. Gates,
Y.
Yin, and Y.
Lu,
Adv.
Muter:
12,693 (2000).
189.
T.
Zijlstra,
E.
van der
Drift,
M.
J.
A.
de
Dood,
E.
Snoeks, and
A.
Polman,
J.
hc.
Sci.
190.
J.D. Joannopoulos, P.R. Villeneuve, and
S.
Fan,
Nature
386, 143 (1997).
191.
S.A.
Maier, M.L. Brongersma,
P.G.
Kik,
S.
Meltzer, A.A.G. Requicha, and
192.
M.
Quinten,
A.
Leitner,
J.R.
Krenn, and F.R. Aussenegg,
Opt.
Lett.
23, 133
1
(1998).
193.
M.L. Brongersma, J.W. Hartman, and H.A. Atwater,
Phys.
Rev.
B62,
R16356
(2000).
194.
J.R.
Krenn, A. Dereux,
J.C.
Weeber,
E.
Bourillot,
Y.
Lacroute, J.P. Goudonnet,
G. Schider, W. Gotschy, A. Leitner, F.R. Aussenegg, and C. Girard,
Phys.
Rev.
Lett.
82, 2590
(1
999).
(1
997).
404,
53
(2000).
Technol.
B17, 2734
(1
999).
H.A.
Atwater,
Adv.
Muter.
13, 1501 (2001).
85.468
I
87.62
I
88.906
1
91.224
I
92.906
I
95.94
55
I
56
I
57-71
I
72
I
73
I
74
*Lanthanide
57
58
59
60 61 62 63 64
65
66
series
~a
Ce
hNdPmSmEuGdTbDy~-&
1lRQl
140.12 140.91 14424
(16)
150.36 151.96 157.2s 158.93 162.50
18
67 68 69 70 71
~~mYbLu
16493
16726
16893 173.04 174.97
11
12
mMg
22.990 t4m5
3
4
5
6
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cx
19 20
21 22 23
24
39.098 40.078 44956
47.867 50.942 51.996
37 38
39
40
41
42
Rb
Sx
Y
Zx
Nb
Ma
#Actinide
seas
178.49
Ra
Rf
~
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102 103
Ac
Th
pa
U
Np
Pu
Ana
Cm
Bk
Cf
ES
FIN
Md
No
La
(227) 232.04
23104
23803
(237)
(244) (243)
(247) (247)
(251)
w2)
(257)
(258)
(259) (262)
Db
75 76
77 78 79
80
81
82 83
84
85 86
186.21 190.23
W2.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38
207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
Rc
0s
h
Pt
Au
I3g
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
107 108
109
110
111
112
114
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Uuu
Uub
uuq
(264) (277)
(268)
(281)
(272) (285) (289)
Appendix
2
The
International System
of
Units
Quantity
Name
Symbol
SI
base
units
Length
Mass
Time
Current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Force
Energy
Pressure
El.
charge
Power
Voltage
El. resistance
El.
conductance
Magn. flux
Magn. induction
Inductance
Capacitance
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Ampere
Kelvin
Candela
Newton
Joule
Pascal
Coulomb
Watt
Volt
Ohm
Siemens
Weber
Tesla
Henry
Farad
m
kg
S
A
K
Cd
N
J
Pa
C
W
V
n
S
Wb
T
H
F
m
kg
S
A
K
Cd
kg.m/s2
kg.m2/s2
kg.m/s2
A.s
kg.m2/s3
kg/m2/A.
s
kg.m2/A2.s3
A2.s31kg.m2
kg.m2/A.s2
kglA.s2
kg/A2.s2
A2.s4/kg.m2
420
Appendix
3
List
of
Fundamental
Physical Constants
Quantity
Symbol
Value
with
units
Avogadro’s number
NA
6.023
X
1
023
molecules/mole
Boltzmann’s constant
K
1.38
X
J/atom.K
Bohr magneton
FB
9.27
X
A.m2
Constant
of
gravitation
G
6.67
X
lo-”
m3/kg.s2
Electron charge
e
1.602
X
C
Electron mass
me
9.11
X
kg
Faraday’s constant
F
96,500 C/mol
Gas constant
Rg
8.31
J/mol.K
Permeability
of
a vacuum
PO
1.257
X
H/m
Permittivity
of
a vacuum
80
8.85
X
F/m
Planck’s constant
h
6.63
x
10-34
J.S
Velocity
of
light in
a
vacuum
co
3
x
108m/S
42
1
Appendix
4
The
14
Three-Dimensional
Lattice Types
simple bodycentered face-centered
TETRAGONAL
a=btc
a
=
p
=
y=
900
simple body-centered
simple bodycentered end-centered face-cantered
Q
RHOMBOHEDRAL
a=b=c
I&
=
p
=
y
#
90°C
1200
HEXAGONAL
a=bac
y
=
120"
a=
p
=
90"
simDle end-centered
422
Appendix
3
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Frequency Wavelength Photon Energy Photon Energy
(Ha
(m)
(ev)
(J)
1
THz
1
GHz
1
MHz
1
kHz
y-
RAYS
X-RAYS
ULTRAVIOLET
LIGHT
INFRARED
MICROWAVES
RADIOFREQUENCY
423
Appendix
6
The Greek Alphabet
Name
Lower case
Upper
case
Alpha
ci
A
Beta
P
B
Gamma
Y
r
Delta
s
A
Epsilon
E
E
Zeta
5
Z
Eta
rl
H
Theta
0
0
Iota
L
I
Kappa
K
K
Lambda
X
A
Mu
P
M
Nu
v
N
Xi
F;
Y
Omicron
0
0
Pi
1T
n
Rho
P
P
Sigma
U
z
Upsilon
U
Y
Phi
4)
CP
Chi
X
X
Psi
cp
*
Omega
w
n
-
w
Tau
r
T
424
111-V semiconductors 399
11-VI semiconductor 400
7x7
reconstruction on Si
(1
11)
surface
340
a-Fe203 nanoparticles 86, 88
absorption and emission spectroscopy
accommodation coefficient
1
14
active surfactant 207
adsorbing polymer
44
adsorption isotherm 343
adsorption limited process 114
aerogel 245
aerosol 98
aerosol-assisted CVD
or
AACVD 194
AES
185, 349
AFM 313,340,411
AFM based nanolithography 306
Ag nanoparticles 92, 66, 70, 72, 89, 90,
agglomeration
AgTe nanoparticles
100
aligned carbon nanotubes 235
alkanethiols
2
10
alkylsilanes 208
all-optical computer 409
alternating layer deposition 203
amphiphilic molecules
2
13
amphoteric surfactants 239
anchored polymer
44
345
95,100
1
I,
25,
3
1
anionic surfactants 239
anisotropic growth
1
12
anodic oxidation 245
anodized alumina membrane 143
anti-Stokes scattering 349
antibodies 396
aprotic solvent 43
arc discharge 23
1,
233
arc evaporation 185, 233
atomic force microscopy (AFM) 7,292,
atomic layer CVD (ALCVD) I99
atomic layer deposition (ALD) 199
atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) 199
atomic layer growth (ALG) 199
Au,, clusters 394
Au nanoparticles 4, 63, 67, 89, 90, 95,
Auger electron 349
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
185,
avalanche photodiodes 400
294
363,366,370,377,394,397,411
349
P-FeO(0H) nanoparticles
88
ballistic conduction 375
band gap engineering 399
barium titanate 355, 357
base growth 237
basic memory 393
BaTi0, 355, 357
BaTiO, nanowires 126
425
Index