INDEX 279
scanning electron microscopy evaluation, 205F, 206F
scavengers, 148
scrap steel anodes, 165
seals and control surfaces-erosion corrosion, 97
seamless pipe, 257
seawater, 146
systems, 234
second-phase hardening, 53
selective attack, 91
selective leaching, 91
selective phase attack, 91, 234
sensitized microstructure, 89F
sensitized welds, 89F
sessile bacteria, 30
shear lips, 106F
shell and tube heat exchanger, 238, 238F
shrink sleeve, 260F
silicon killed, 55
slag inclusions, 46
slime-forming bacteria, 30
sludge deposits, 260
slugging, 261F
SOCRATES software, 220
soil corrosivity, 16–17
soil resistivity, 172–174, 173F
sour corrosion, 19, 107–108, 216
sour water environments for testing, 206T
spiral-welded pipe, 46, 257
springs, 233
squeeze treatment, corrosion inhibitor, 151, 225F
stainless steels, 56–60, 85, 246
13 chrome alloys, 56
2205 stainless steel, 60
304 stainless steel, 58
316 stainless steel, 58
austenitic stainless steels, 57–59, 59T
duplex stainless steels, 59–60, 60T
ferritic stainless steels, 57
highly alloyed ausenitic stainless steels, 59
intergranular corrosion, 89–90, 89F
martensitic stainless steels, 56, 57T&F
precipitation-hardened stainless steels, 60
statistics, 86
steam, 147, 218, 220
injection, 147
steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), 147
steel quality, 103
hydrogen blistering, 105
steels, low-alloy, 241
stepwise cracking, 103
STI p3 tanks, 180, 180F
storage, corrosion during, 211
storage tanks, 186, 236–238
strain, defi nition, 39
stray current corrosion, 112F, 179F
strengthening methods, 53–54
alloying, 37, 53
carbon steels, 53
grain size refi nement, 37, 53
precipitation hardening, 38
second-phase hardening, 37, 53
themomechanical processing, 38
work hardening, 37, 53
stress, defi nition, 38
stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 99, 233
ammonia, 99
carbon steel pipeline, 100F
chlorides, 99
colonies of cracks, 100F
control, 101
corrosion underneath insulation (CUI), 100F
initiation sites, 99
intergranular SCC, 101, 101F
river branching pattern, 99, 100F
stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC),
104F
stress riser, 187
stress-strain curve, 39F
striations, 45F
striking marks, 47
submerged offshore platform weld, 85F
substitutional solid solutions, 38F
sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), 29
sulfi de stress cracking (SSC), 104
sulfur, 219
effects, 55
sulfuric acid storage tank, 193F
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, 30
surface crack detection, 48
surface preparation for coating, 121–123, 121F
surface profi le, 128F
sweet corrosion, 19, 107, 214, 216
Tafel extrapolation, 198–199, 199F
Tafel slope, 7, 8
tapes, 258
Tefl on, 248
temperature
changes as fi elds age, 220
critical crevice temperature (CCT), 69
critical pitting temperature (CPT), 69
effect on ductility, 41–44
limits, 149
minimum allowable temperature (MAT), 44
minimum design metal temperature (MDMT), 43
pipeline, 261F
tempering defi nition, 54
tensile strength, 39
testing, 152, 153F, 186, 204–207
analysis of samples after exposure, 205–207
automated image analysis, 206, 206F
corrosion rates changes versus time, 205F
fi eld trial testing, 204–207
hydrostatic testing, 204
laboratory testing, 204–206
procedures, standardized, 207
scanning electron microscopy evaluation, 205F, 206F
sour water environments for testing, 206T
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