Kissinger Henry. White House Years

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WhiteHouseYears

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[WhiteHouseYearsVolumeOne]

HenryKissinger

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Scanned & Proofed By MadMaxAU

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Contents

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ListofMaps

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Foreword

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PARTONE:BEGINNINGS

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I. AnInvitation

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NelsonRockefeller•ThePhoneCall•MeetingRichardNixo n•

EncountersatthePierreHotel

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II. PeriodofInnocence:TheTransition

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GettingAcquainted•TheUneasyTeam•GettingOrganized•Turningto

Substance

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III. TheConvictionsofAnApprenticeStatesman

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AnHistorian’sPerspective•TheAmericanExperience•Problemsofa

NewEquilibrium

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PARTTWO:1969:THESTARTOFTHEJOURNEY

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IV. EuropeanJourney

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NixonVisitsEurope•MalaiseoftheWesternAlliance•Londonandthe

“SpecialRelationship”•BonnandBerlinandtheEnigmaofGermany•

RomeInterlude•TheColossusofdeGaulle

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V. OpeningMoveswithMoscow

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IntroductiontoAnatolyDobrynin•TheEnduringPhilosophical Problem

ofUS‐SovietRelations•ReflectionsduringtheTransitionPeriod•Public

andCongressionalAttitudes:ASpringFlurry•TheChannel•Preparing

forSALT•East‐WestTrade•EasternEurope:Nixon’sVisittoRomania•

Conclusion

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VI. FirstStepstowardChina

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FirstSignals•TheUssuriRiverClashes•RumorsofWar•Triangular

Politics

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VII. DefensePolicyandStrategy

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DefenseandtheStrategicBalance•TheDefenseDebate•Antiballistic

Missiles(ABM)•MultipleIndepende ntlyTargetableReentryVehicles

(MIRV)•TheAttackontheDefenseBudget•StrategicDoctrine•

TacticalNuclearWeapons•OneandaHalfWars•TheNixonDoctrine

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VIII. TheAgonyofVietnam

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MyExposuretotheQuagmire•WhatWeFound•NorthVietnamese

AttacksandCambodianBombing•DiplomacyforaPeaceSettlement•

TheVanceMission•ReturntotheTreadmill•TheBeginningofTroop

Withdrawals•ASecretMeetingwithXuanThuy•Another

Reassessment•TheUnpacifiableDoves•GropingforaStrategy

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IX. EarlyTestsinAsia

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TheEC‐121Shootdown•TheUS‐JapaneseAlliance•TheOkinawa

Negotiation•TheTextileAFiasco

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X. WordsandShadows:EvolutionofMiddleEastStrategy

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InitiativesGalore•MiddleEastVisitors•Diplomacy:Ever‐New

Proposals•YetAnotherInitiative•GoldaMeir•TheRogersPlan•The

EvolvingStrategy

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XI. TheUneasyAlliance:EuropeandtheUnitedStates

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DilemmasofEurope’sSuccess•Consultations•DeGaulle’sDeparture

andEuropeanUnity•TheCommonDefense:TheAmericanPerception•

East‐WestRelationsinEurope•BerlinandBrandt’sOstpolitik•

EuropeanSecurityConference•EuropeanLeadersVisitWashington:

1970•SecondThoughtsabouttheCommonMarket

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PARTTHREE:1970‐1971:FROMTURMOILTOHOPE

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XII. TheWarWidens

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ReturntoSecretNegotiations•SpecialAdviserLeDucThoandtheFirst

RoundofTalks•LaosInterlude•TheOverthrowofSihanouk•TheApril

20TroopWithdrawalAnnouncement•TheAttackonNorthVietnamese

Sanctuaries•TheElusiveCommunistHeadquartersandOtherBattles•

TheDomesticTravail•TheBalanceSheet,

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XIII. TheSovietRiddle:Europe,SALT,andaSummit

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HotandCold•TheRiddleofSovietConduct•Ostpolitik•SALTandthe

DefenseDebate•PursuingaMoscowSummit

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XIV. MiddleEast1970

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TheKosyginLetter•SovietSoldiersandMissilesAppearinEgypt•An

AmericanDiplomaticInitiative•Cease‐fireandStandstill•IsraelBows

outofNegotiations

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XV. TheAutumnofCrises:Jordan

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CrisisinJordan•Iraqi‐JordanianShowdown•HijackingCrisis•

ShowdownwiththeGuerrillas•TheSyrianInvasion

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XVI. TheAutumnofCrises:SovietSubmarineBaseatCienfuegos

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AMessagefromMoscow•AFlotillaHeadsforCienfuegos•The

Showdown•ResolutionoftheCrisis

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XVII. TheAutumnofCrises:Chile

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SalvadorAllende•InfluenceandIntervention:The40Committee•The

ChileanElectionof1970•TheCoupThatNeverWas•Allende

Inaugurated

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XVIII. AnInvitationtoPeking

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TheEndoftheWarsawChannel•TriangularRelationships•The

PakistaniChannel•Ping‐PongDiplomacy•PlansandAberrations

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XIX. TheJourneytoPeking

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“PoloI”:Prelude•TheMiddleKingdom:FirstMeetingwithChouEn‐lai

•TheAnnouncementThatShooktheWorld•“TheChinaCard”•China

attheUnitedNations•“PoloII”•TheUnitedNations

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XX. US‐SovietRelations:BreakthroughonTwoFronts

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ThePolishRiots•TheChannelBecomesOperational•TheSALT

NegotiationsandtheMay20Agreement•TheBerlinNegotiation•The

SummitFinally

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XXI. TheTilt:TheIndia‐PakistanCrisisof1971

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OriginsofTragedy•TwoCyclones•MilitaryCrackdown•TheCrisis

Accelerates•TheSoviet‐IndianFriendshipTreaty•Contactswiththe

BangladeshExiles•Mrs.GandhiComestoWashington•Warbetween

IndiaandPakistan•TheWarSpreads•Climax:AFatefulDecision•The

Aftermath

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XXII. CrisisintheAlliance:TheMansfieldAmendmentandtheEconomic

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Confrontation

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MediterraneanJourney•DeGaulle’sFuneraland Heath’sVisit•The

MansfieldAmendment:TheOldGuardStepsintotheBreach•The

EconomicCrisis:TheSecond“NixonShock”•High‐LevelConsultat ions:

TheFinalRound

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XXIII. Vietnam1970‐71:ForcingHanoi’sHand

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MadameBinh’sEightPoints•TheSettingofaStrategy•TheLaos

Operation•LamSon719:TheMilitaryOperation•TheMarcheson

Washington•TheNegotiationsAreResumed•TheSouthVietnamese

PresidentialElection•RevealingtheSecretTalks

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PARTFOUR:1972:FROMWARTOPEACE

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XXIV. Nixon’sTriptoChina

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TheHaigMission•Arrival:TheHandshake•MaoTse‐tung •Walks,

Talks,andToasts•TheShanghaiCommuniqué•Assessments

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XXV. HanoiThrowstheDice:TheVietnamSpringOffensive

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Invasion•TheBuildup•DiplomaticManeuvers•WhatStrategy?

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XXVI. TheSecretTriptoMoscow

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PreparingtheSummit•LeonidBrezhnev•ConversationswithBrezhnev

andGromyko•ADisagreementwiththePresident

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XXVII. TheShowdown:Mining ofNorthVietnameseHarbors

PreparingforDecision•TheMay2SecretMeeting•TheMiningof

NorthVietnam•TheSummitintheBalance•Postlude

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XXVIII. TheMoscowSummit

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RichardNixonintheKremlin•GreetingsandMeetings•TheSoviet

PowerStructure:KosyginandPodgorny•RoundOneonSALT:Brezhnev

andNixon•ConfrontationattheDacha•TheSALTNegotiations

Conclude•GromykoandtheMiddleEast•WhatDidtheSummit

Accomplish?

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XXIX. SummitAftermath

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AVisittotheShahofIran•ReturnthroughWarsaw•TheSovietGrain

Deal•EuropeanAttitudes

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XXX. SadatExpelstheSoviets

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TheDeathofNasser•TheIdeaofanInterimSettlement•ThePhantom

Memorandum•BecomingInvolved•BackchannelExplorations•Egypt

OpensaSecretChanneltotheUnitedStates

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XXXI. FromStalematetoBreakthrough

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Hanoi’sDiscomfiture•TestingtheStalemate•AVisittoSaigon•

Interlude:MeetingsofSeptember15and27•TheBreakthrough:The

October8Meeting

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XXXII. TheTroubledRoadtoPeace

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InterludeinParis,1364•ConsultationwithThieu,•FirstRumblings•

ShowdownwithThieu•TheJourneyHome

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XXXIII. “PeaceIsatHand”

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HanoiGoesPublic•ElectionInterlude•HaigVisitsSaigonAgain•The

MeetingswithLeDucThoResume•TheDecemberTalks:Breakdownof

theNegotiation•TheChristmasBombing•NegotiationsResume•The

JanuaryRound•ThieuRelents

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XXXIV. PeaceAtLast

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Postlude

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ChapterNotes

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****

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ListofMaps

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(MapsbyDickSanderson)

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Sino‐SovietBorderClashes1969

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Cambodia:NorthVietnameseBaseAreasand“Menu”Strikes1969

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KoreaandAreaofEC‐121Shootdown1969

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Laos1970

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Cambodia:NorthVietnameseAttacksApril3‐24,1970

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Jordan1970

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SouthAsia1971

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India‐PakistanWar1971

(AdaptedfromStrategicSurvey1971,courtesyoftheInternational

InstituteforStrategicStudies)

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SouthVietnam:MilitaryRegions

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LaosOperation1971

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NorthVietnam:RoutePackages1972

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<<Contents>>

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Foreword

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orbetterorworseIwascalledupontoplayaprominentroleinthemaking

andexecutionofUnitedStatesforeignpolicy,firstasPresidentNixon’s

AssistantforNationalSecurityAffairsandlaterasSecretaryofStateunder

PresidentNixonandPresidentFord.Thisbookisanaccount ofourforeignpolicy

duringthefirsttermofRichardNixon’sPresidency—frommyappointmentas

nationalsecurityadviseraftertheNovember1968electionthroughtheendof

theVietnamnegotiations,roughlycoincident withNixon’ssecondinaugurationin

January1973.Inevitably,itishistoryseenthroughmyeyes—aportrayalofwhatI

sawandthoughtanddid—andinevitablyIhavehadtoselectandcompress.A

completerecordinthehistorian’ssensemustawaitthepublicationofother

documents,memoirs,andbiographies—notallofAmericanorigin.



Theperiodcoveredinthisvolumewasmarkedbydomesticdivisionand

internationalturmoil;itwitnessedAmerica’spassageintoaworldinwhichwe

werenolongerpredominantthoughstillvastlyinfluential.Itwasapainful

transition,not,Ihope,withoutachievement,thatbegantheprocessofanewand

inthelongrunperhapsevenmoreseminalAmericancontributiontothe

prospectsoffreesocieties.Forsome,thetreatmentinthisvolumeof

controversialmatters,especiallytheVietnamwar,willbetheview fromasideof

thebarricadesunfamiliartothem.Itisputforwardhereashonestlyaspossible,

withtheintentiontoreconcile,nottoscoreretrospectivedebatingpoints. Asa

nationwecantranscendourdivisionsonlybyrecognizingthatseriouspeople

mannedbothsidesofthosebarricades.



InasubsequentvolumeIintendtocovertheperiodfromJanuary1973to

January1977,duringmostofwhichIwasSecretaryofState.Thatvolumewill

discusssuchmattersasWatergateandtheresignationofRichardNixon;the

October1973MiddleEastwarandthe“shuttlediplomacy”thatfollowed;

internationaleconomicproblemssuchastheoilcrisis andtheNorth‐South

dialogue;SouthernAfrica;thefallofSalvadorAllendeandourLatinAmerican

policy;theCommunisttakeoverofIndochina;negotiationsonSALTII;the

evolutionofourrelationswithChina;thePresidencyofGeraldFordandthe1976

electioncampaign;andothers.OnsometopicsImayharkbacktoeventsinthe

1969‐1972periodthatwereomittedhereforreasonsofspaceorcontinuity.