Layman D. Biology Demystified: A Self-Teaching Guide
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Test: Part 1
DO NOT REFER TO THE TEXT WHEN TAKING THIS TEST. A good
score is at least 18 (out of 25 questions) correct. Answers are in the back of
the book. It’s best to have a friend check your score the first time, so you
won’t memorize the answers if you want to take the test again.
1. Which of the following terms translates exactly to mean the ‘‘study of
life’’?
(a) Anatomy
(b) Physiology
(c) Ecology
(d) Biology
(e) Structure
2. All organisms have this in common:
(a) Anatomy, physiology, and Biological Order
(b) Anatomy only
(c) Physiology only
(d) Just the fact that they are alive
(e) Living, but lacking any Pattern of Order
3. A young boy squashes a frog flat like a pancake under his boot. The
dead frog no longer has:
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PART 1 Getting Ready for Biology
48
(a) Biological Disorder
(b) Physiology
(c) Gross anatomy
(d) Microscopic anatomy
(e) Either structure or function
4. A severely fractured wing no longer permits a wounded bird to fly. The
best theoretical explanation for this fact is:
(a) The germ theory of disease
(b) The state of Biological Disorder is too great for normal function to
occur
(c) Bird metabolism has been totally destroyed
(d) A perfect pattern of body structure exists
(e) Bird physiology has not been significantly affected
5. Biological Disorder is best reflected by:
(a) Normal healing of a skin wound
(b) Two diseases making a patient sicker
(c) Sexual reproduction
(d) A small bone growing to become a larger one
(e) Extensive patterns of veins within a leaf
6. According to the text, a broken spider web could best be used as a
symbol for:
(a) Normal anatomy and physiology
(b) A good balance among the organisms inhabiting a local swamp
(c) Draining of a swamp, accompanied by massive loss of species and
habitat
(d) A fish dying from a swallowed hook
(e) A football player falling and injuring his knee
7. The Father of Natural History:
(a) Perry Como
(b) Claude Bernard
(c) William Tell
(d) Aristotle
(e) Hippocrates
8. Derives from the Latin for ‘‘control of sameness’’ (relative constancy):
(a) Ecology
(b) Glucose
(c) Homeostasis
(d) Excretion
(e) Oral
9. Carbon (C) represents what specific level of biological organization?
(a) Chemical bond
(b) Molecule
(c) Atom (element)
(d) Electron
(e) Proton
10. Which of the following is an example of an organic molecule?
(a) C–C (carbon–carbon) bond
(b) CO
2
(c) O
2
(d) N
2
(e) NH
2
11. Level lying just below the cell, but just above the molecule:
(a) Organism
(b) Atom
(c) Organelle
(d) Tissue
(e) Organ system
12. A ‘‘little-organ’’-like structure that conducts specific functions within
the cell:
(a) Organelle
(b) Population
(c) Community
(d) Organic chemical
(e) Organism
13. A liver cell is alive, but its mitochondria technically are not, because:
(a) Mitochondria have all the properties of living things
(b) The cell is able to reproduce itself
(c) The mitochondrion produces lots of energy
(d) There can be no change in the number of mitochondria within each
cell
(e) Cells (but not mitochondria) are commonly visible through the
compound microscope
14. Which of the following groups represent the basic (primary) types of
tissue?
(a) Cardiac, nervous, endocrine, muscular
(b) Bony, connective, cartilage, muscle
(c) Blood, epithelial, nervous, exocrine
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PART 1 Test 49
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(d) Brain, circulatory, nervous, cardiac
(e) Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
15. The kidney is considered an example of what level of biological
organization?
(a) Tissue
(b) Cell
(c) Community
(d) Organ system
(e) Organ
16. Male and female members of the Homo sapiens species are
considered:
(a) An ecosystem
(b) A population
(c) A community
(d) A genus
(e) A subphylum
17. Ecological relationships exist at what level of biological organization?
(a) Organ, organ system, organism
(b) Organ system, community, population
(c) Population, community, ecosystem
(d) Tissue, chemical, organelle
(e) Organism, community, ecosystem
18. A swarm of mosquitoes is blown into a new swampland by strong
winds. There are few birds to eat them. Soon the mosquitoes greatly
multiply in number. This would be an instance of:
(a) Population balance
(b) Species extinction
(c) Predator living upon prey
(d) An unstable population
(e) Homeostasis of mosquito numbers
19. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that:
(a) The Theory of Biogenesis is false
(b) Micro-organisms did not spontaneously generate themselves
(c) Francesco Redi was very wrong about his finding that flies do not
arise from rotting meat
(d) Human beings came into existence during the ‘‘Big Bang’’
(e) The Ancient Egyptians did not arise by spontaneous generation
PART 1 Getting Ready for Biology
50
20. ‘‘Life is produced only from other things that are already alive.’’ This
statement summarizes the:
(a) Concept of evolution by natural selection
(b) Folklore about mice spontaneously generating from dirty shirts
(c) Theory of Biogenesis
(d) Doctrine of ‘‘Survival of the Fittest’’
(e) ‘‘One bird in the hand is better than two birds in the bush!’’
21. Eukaryotes are characterized by:
(a) The lack of a cell nucleus
(b) A rigid cell wall, but no nuclear membrane
(c) The presence of several membrane-surrounded organelles,
including a cell nucleus
(d) The complete absence of any organelles when viewed under the
microscope
(e) The same body structures and functions as most bacteria
22. With the coming of multicellular organisms, what features arrived?
(a) A generalized ability for all body cells to carry out all of the
essential functions of life
(b) A rapid loss of physiology, accompanied by a corresponding gain
in anatomy
(c) Greater specialization of body structures and functions
(d) Nothing really different than was present for the unicellular
organisms
(e) Each cell had two nuclei, rather than one
23. The Paleozoic Era is important due to the fact that:
(a) It represents the Age of Reptiles
(b) Eskimos first showed up during its Ice Age
(c) The first vertebrate animals and fish, land plants, insects, and
forests of fern-like trees, appeared during this Era
(d) Invertebrate animals (like starfish and sea squirts) were the only
ones around
(e) Delicate jellyfish first appeared within the sea
24. ‘‘The Age of the Dinosaurs’’:
(a) Cenozoic Era
(b) Mesozoic Era
(c) Late Pre-Cambrian Era
(d) Paleozoic Era
(e) The Final Ice Age
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PART 1 Test 51
25. The last major group of mammals to evolve:
(a) Birds
(b) Snakes
(c) Lizards and turtles
(d) Fur-bearing marsupials
(e) Primates
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PART 1 Getting Ready for Biology
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PART TWO
The Universal
Building Blocks of
Life
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CHAPTER
4
Chemicals: The
Tiniest Blocks
In the first three chapters of this book, we were getting ourselves ready for
biology. We painted with a wide brush, making broad strokes through sev-
eral key areas of the subject matter that we will now examine in greater
depth. First among these will be the chemicals – the tiniest blocks (or levels)
in the Great Pyramid of Life.
Chemical Bonds: Builders of Order
Chapter 2 defined a chemical bond as the sharing or transfer of electrons
between the outer surface clouds of atoms. And Figure 2.2 depicted a C–C
(carbon–carbon) bond. The carbon atom nuclei were represented as two
gumballs, each surrounded by a sticky electron cloud of cotton candy. The
bond resulted when the clouds were smashed together, then slightly pulled
apart.
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BONDS AND ORDER
Picture in your mind groups of three or more atoms held together by che-
mical bonds. Do you see triangles or other simple geometric patterns? In a
functional sense, chemical bonds are builders of order. They are builders of
order or pattern at the chemical level of biological organization. Consider
two specific examples – a water (H
2
O) molecule (Figure 4.1) and a sodium
chloride (NaCl) crystal.
The water molecule is shaped like a triangle or V, with the O (oxygen)
atom at the tip or apex. A hydrogen (H) atom is attached on each side by a
covalent (koh-VALE-ent) bond, one which involves a sharing of outermost
electrons between atoms. Since the larger oxygen atom draws each of the
electrons from the hydrogen atoms into closer orbit around itself, positive
and negative poles are created. The O end is the negative pole (having an
excess of two negatively charged electrons), while each H end makes up a
positive pole. The H ends of each bond create a positively charged pole,
because their electron has been unequally shared with the oxygen. In effect,
the oxygen atom is an ‘‘electron hog’’! It still leaves each electron-robbed
hydrogen atom with its positively charged proton, however.
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1, Order
Fig. 4.1 The water molecule and its bonds.
PART 2 Universal Building Blocks of Life
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