Lewin Benjamin (ed.) Genes IX

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Transgene,

6 I l

Tfansgenic

systems, for

promoter

characterization,

6l l

Tfansitions

(base

mispairing), l5-16,

l6f

Translation

accuracy,

ribosomal influences

on, 209-211, 2I0f

bacterial,

cistrons and, I 17

control

of attenuation, )36-i)8,

3j7

))8f

by frameshifting, 213-214,

2l7f

of transcription termination,

)35, ))5f

de{inition

of,

211,

}32

ending

posttermination

reaction, 1 7l

termination reaction,

l7l

of eukaryotic nRNA, I 62-1

gene

expressiorr, ))-)4, )4f

mRNA, 129, l29f

regulation, repressors

and, 32)-)25, )24f

ribosomal, initation site and,

I l6-1 l7

ribosome and, 14, 34l

Ttanslational

positioning,

of DNA

on nucleosome,

776-777,777f

Ttanslocating

chain-associated membrane

(TRAM),

2)9

Translocation

definition of, 22 I

duplication separation and, 99

protein

control

232-233, 233f

cotranslational, 22 1

-223,

22)f

default

pathway,

227, 227f

Escherichia coli

Sec-independent system, 249-250,

24ef

initiation. signal sequences f

or, 227

-228,

227

228f

initiation signal sequences, interaction

with SRP,

228-229,229f

posttranslational,

222

reverce, 234-235, 2)4f

signal recognition

particle

in,

228-229,229f

protein

synthesis, 154

random

sequence with exon, 4849, 48f

ribosomal

activation of, 172

hybrid

state

model, 169-170,

1.70f,178

termlnase, / 52- / JJ, / JJI

IRNA structural changes, 178, 178/

Translocation factors,

structural mimicry, 17)-17 4,

17)f

Translocons

aqueous channel formation, 2)l-2)),

2)2f

components, 2)),21)f

deiinition of, 212

protein

translocation, 2ll

protein

transport and, 221, 221f

routes to, Sec system and, 247-249,

247f, 248f

srze,232

Transmembrane d

omains,

235-276,

236f, 2)9, 2)9f

Transmembrane

prcteins,

235-236,

235f, 236f

Transmembrane region, 601

Tfansplantation antigens

(MHC

class

proteins),

599

Transposable elements. See Transposons

Transposases

cri-pref erence, 5)7

-5)

8, 5)7

definition of, 525

in TnA

transposition, 53

4-53

6, 5) 5f

Transposition

composite transposons and, 525-526, 526f

conservative,

528,

r28f

control of frequency. 5)7, 5)7f

definition of,

459,

523, 560

duplicate formation, 99

frequency,525

intermediates.

common.

5 ]0-5

] l. 5)0f,

5)lf

maize, 538-540, 539f,540f

nonreplicative,

527

-528,

528f, 5))-r34,

5))f

replicative,

527, 527f

cointegrates

and, 531-5)3, 532f

TnA family, 5j4-536, 5)5f

RNA-dependent,

55 I

ofTnl0,536-578,5)7f

Transposons

(transposable

elements),

522-547

classes, 521

composire or rn, 525-526, 525f,526f

conservative transposition, 528, 528f

controlling elements See Controlling

elements

definition

of,

16,

62,52)

DNA rearrangements, 522, 522f, 528-530,

529f

diecr,52)

indirect,52l

in Drosophila

melanlgaster,

561-562, 561,f

families, formation

of, 54O-542,

54lf

in human

genome,

85, 85f,561-564,

564f

insertion

sequences, 524-525, 524f

"inside-out,"

526

intermittent activities, 52 l

inverted terminal repeats, r\A, 5)5,

5)5f

nonfunctional,

567, 567f

in nonreplicative

transposjlion,

527-528, 528f

reciprocal

recombination, between

inverted

repeats,

529,529f

in replicative transposition. 527. 5271,

53r-53),5)2f

target site selection, 518

Transposons, in hybrid dysgenesis, 544-545,

544f

Transvection,

6l I

Transversions,

Tra

protein,

687

Tra2

protein,

687

TraY 400

TRE

(TPA

response element), 650

Tfichostatin,

histone deacetylase

inhibition, 806

Tf ichothiodystro

phy,

627

"Trigger

factor," 248

IRNA. See Transfer RNA

rRNArMet

(N-formyl-methionyl-IRNA), I 5 8-159,

| 591

tRNArMet, 164

tRNAmMet, 158

tlp operon, leader region, alternative

base-paired

conlormauons, St6-tJ

,rp repressor,

319-)20

True reversion,

mutation, 16-1,7, 17f

Trypanosoma

brucei

coxlll

gene,

RNA editing

in,

722,722f

Tt!?anosome, mitochondria, RNA

editing in,

721-722,722f

Tfyptophan

control, of ribosome

position,

)37-)18,3)7f

lrp operon attenuation conrrol

and,,136,1)6f

Tryptophan RNA-binding attenuation

protein

(TRAP)

control

B subtilis trp opercn, 131-3)4,

)74f

tRNArrr control ot,334, )34J

T/t antigens, 685-686

Tumorogenisis,

retroviral

integration and,

557

Tus-ter complex, replication fork

disassembly,

45245),453f

TUTase

(terminal

uridyltransferase),

7 2)-7 24,

7 24f

Twisting number

\Tl,

477478

Two hybrid

assay, 645-646,

646f

elements

rever6e transcriprases, 5 63, 5

6)f

in yeast,

559-561,

559f- 561f

fYrosine. cr cleavage of DNA,

485--486

UAA termination

codon

(ochre

codon), 172

U2AF splicing

factor, 677, 678f

UAG

termination codon

(amber

codonl,

172, 199

UAS

(upstream

activator sequencel,

629-6)0

uBF,615,6l5f

Ubiquitin,

214

UEP

(unit

evolutionary

period),

1 05, 1 06

UGA codons, seleno-cys-IRNA

insertion, 199, l99f

UGA supressor,

206-207

UGA termination

codon

(opal

codon),

172

umuc

gene

mttations, 507

UmuD'2C

complex

(DNA polymerase vl,

5O7

umuD

gene

morations,

507

UmuD

protein,

cleavage, RecA

protein

and, 5 l4

Unequal crossovers

causes, 99-100,

100/

definition

of, 99-100, 100/

gene

cluster

qualitative

effects, I

10, I I0/

quantitative

effects,

I I0, I l0/

rearrangement

and, 109-1 12,

t 101 I t 1/

minisatellite, I25

inthalassemia,

II0-f Il, f Il/

Unfolded

protein

response element

(UPRE),

69J,69Jf

UNG

(uracil

DNA

glycosylase),

590

Unidentified

reading lrame

(URF),

Uninducible

mutants, 108

Unit

cell, 409

Unit evolutionary

period

(UEP),

105, 106

Untranslated region

(5r

UTR), 136

UPE

(upstream

promoter

element\, 615,615f

Up mutarions,

274

UPRE

(unfolded

protein

response element), 693, 693f

Upstream,

258

Upstream

activator sequence

\UASl,

629-6)0

Upstream

promoter

element

(UPE),

615, 615/

Upstream

promoter

elements, 644

ut-R,554

Uracil, 6

Uracil

glycosylase,

induction of somatic

mutations,

591-593,592f

Uracil triphosphate

(UTP),

721

ure2

prorein,

8)6-838,

817f

U residues, in

RNA editing, 723-724,724f

URF

(unidentified

reading

frame), 32

Uridine

modification,

in IRNA,

195, l95f

pseudouridine

synthesis,

699-7O0, 699f

in RNA

ediring, 721-722,722f,72j-724,

724f

URSI

gene,496

URS2

gene,495,496

u3-R-U5,

560

U run, 694

snRNA, base-paired

structure, 675-676f

U4 snRNA, 680

UTF

(uracil

triph osphatel,

7 21

l'UTR

(trailer),136

UUG codon

mutant,

2I I

protein

synthesis,

I58-I59

U6lU4 snRNA,

680,680f

uvr system

of excision

repair, 501, 504, 504f

Variable domain

domain),

576

Variable

number

tandem repeat

(VNTR),

t24

variable

region

region),

in immunoglobulin,

575-576,576f

Variegation,

518

Index 891

V domain

(variable

domaur),

576

Vegetarive

phas€,

bacteria, 281

v-fos

gene,

66)

gene

oellnlnonoI, >/o->/I

recombination,

with

J-C

genes,

582,

582f

segments, 577, 581

kappa family, 580,

580/

in lambda family,

580, 580/

single recombination in light

chain assembly,

577,

578f,579

somatic mutations,

590-591, 591/

successive recombinations

in heavy chain

assembly

and, 579-580,579f

gene promoter,

activation

by recombination,

586,586f

Viral

superfamily,

5 62, 5 62f

VirA-VirG

system, 4O440r,

404f

Viroids

catalytic activiry, 7 |

8-7 20, 7 l9f, 7

20f

definition of, l9-2O, 20f

hammerheads, T19,T19f

Virons,

Virulence

genes,

crown

gall

disease. 403404,404f

Virulent

mutations, 160

Viruses

adenovirus

DNA replication,

strand displacement,

194, J95f

initiation,

terminal

proteins

and,

)94-)95,

395f

assembly, 7 ) l-7

34,

)2f, 7 ))f

capsids,

I-714, 732f.71)f

DNA in,4-5,

genomes,11,12

nerper, ))d

initiation,

terminal

proreins

and,

)94a95, 395f

IRES

elements, 164

mRNA

translation, l6l

plant,

muhipartite.

7ll

plus

strand, 554

replication,

393

during infective

cycle, l2

by strand displacement.

)94,395f

replication-defective

transf

orming,

5 5 8, i 58f

retroviruses

Se€ Retroviruses

RNA, recombinalion,

459

RNA in, 5

rransoucrng,

> t6-> t9, >

> aJ

Virus-like-particles

(VLPs),

generation

elements,

560-56r,56tf

Virusoids

(satellite

RNAS)

catalyric activiry, 7 l8-720,

7 19f,

720f

hammerheads, 719,719f

Vitamin

D, 654,654f

v-1un

gene,663

VNTR

(variable

number

tandem repeatl, 124

v-onc

gene,

r58

VPl6

protein,647

region

(variable

region), in immunoglobulin,

575-576,576f

segment, 581

Watson

and Crick double helix model, 6-8,7f,8f

gene,

as target for double-strand break,

7 t5-7 t6, 7

trf

Wobble hypothesis,

192-19), 1.9)f, 198

Writhing number

(Wl,

X chromosome

consitutitve heterochromatin,

826-827

dosage compensation,

826, 826f

facultative heterochromatin,

827

G-bands,

741,741f

gene

density, 86

histone

acetylation, 806

inactivation,

n- l rule, 827

-828,

828f

single

hypothesis, 827,827f

X-degenerate

segments, in Y chromosome male-

specific

region,

86-87, 87f

Xenopus laevis

embryonic development,

69 6-697

globin gene,

104

nontranscribed

spacer Iength, lI4, l l,4f

oocytes, IRNA splicing, 692

rDNA cluster,

I l5

snoRNAs, 699

55 RNA

gene promoters,

616

Xeroderma

pigmentosum,

5l 5-516

Xer site-specific recombination

system, 416416, 416f

Xrc

(X-inactivation

center),

827

Xrt RNA, X

chromosome inactivation,

827-828, 828f

XRCCI/ligase-3,505

X-transposed

sequences, in Y chromosome male-

specific region,

86, 87/

Y chromosome,

male-specific region,

86-87, 87f

Yeast