Meszaros G. xUnit Test Patterns Refactoring Test Code
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CppUnit
The member of the xUnit family for the C++ programming language. It is
available for download from http://cppunit.sourceforge.net. Another option
for some .NET programmers is NUnit.
CsUnit
The member of the xUnit family for the C# programming language. It is available
from http://www.csunit.org. Another option for .NET programmers is NUnit.
CUnit
The member of the xUnit family for the C programming language. Details can
be found at http://cunit.sourceforge.net/doc/index.html.
DbUnit
An extension of the JUnit framework intended to simplify testing of databases.
It can be downloaded from http://www.dbunit.org/.
IeUnit
The member of the xUnit family for testing Web pages rendered in Microsoft’s
Internet Explorer browser using JavaScript and DHTML. It can be downloaded
from http://ieunit.sourceforge.net/.
JBehave
One of the fi rst of a new generation of xUnit members designed to make tests
written as part of TDD more useful Tests as Specifi cation. The main difference
between JBehave and more traditional members of the xUnit family is that
JBehave eschews the “test” terminology and replaces it with terms more appro-
priate for specifi cation—that is, “fi xture” becomes “context,” “assert” becomes
“should,” and so on. JBehave is available at http://jbehave.codehaus.org. RSpec
is the Ruby equivalent.
JUnit
The member of the xUnit family for the Java programming language. JUnit was
rewritten in late 2005 to take advantage of the annotations introduced in Java
1.5. It can be downloaded from http://www.junit.org.
xUnit Family
Members
Appendix C xUnit Family Members
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MbUnit
The xUnit family member for the C# programming language. MbUnit’s ma
in
claim to fame is its direct support for Parameterized Tests. It is available from
http://www.nunit.orgmbunit.com. Other options for .NET programmers include
NUnit, CsUnit, and MSTest.
MSTest
Microsoft’s member of xUnit family does not seem to have a formal name
other than its namespace
Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting
but most
people refer to it as MSTest. Technically, it is just the name of the Command-
Line Test Runner
mstest.exe
. MSTest’s main claim to fame is that it ships with
Visual Studio 2005 Team System. It does not appear to be available in the less
expensive versions of Visual Studio or for free download. MSTest includes a
number of innovative features, such as direct support for Data-Driven Tests.
Information is available on MSDN at http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/
ms182516.aspx. Other (and cheaper) options for .NET programmers include
NUnit, CsUnit, and MbUnit.
NUnit
The member of the xUnit family for the .NET programming languages. It is
available from http://www.nunit.org. Other options for C# programmers in-
clude CsUnit, MbUnit, and MSTest.
PHPUnit
The member of the xUnit family for the PHP programming language. Accord-
ing to Sebastian Bergmann, “PHPUnit is a complete port of JUnit 3.8. On top
of this original feature set it adds out-of-the-box support for Mock Objects,
Code Coverage, Agile Documentation, and Incomplete and Skipped Tests.” More
information about PHPUnit can be found at http://www.phpunit.de, including the
free book on PHPUnit.
PyUnit
The member of the xUnit family written to support Python programmers. It is a full
port of JUnit. More information can be found at http://pyunit.sourceforge.net/.
xUnit Family Members
xUnit Family
Members
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RSpec
One of the fi rst of a new generation of xUnit members designed to make tests
written as part of TDD more useful Tests as Specifi cation. The main differ-
ence between RSpec and more traditional members of the xUnit family is that
RSpec eschews the “test” terminology and replaces it with terms more appropri-
ate for specifi cation—for example, “fi xture” becomes “context,” Test Methods
becomes “specify,” “assert” becomes “should,” and so on. RSpec is available at
http://rspec.rubyforge.org. JBehave is the Java equivalent.
runit
One member of the xUnit family for the Ruby programming language. It is
a wrapper on Test::Unit that adds additional functionality. It is available at
www.rubypeople.org.
SUnit
The self-proclaimed “mother of all unit-testing frameworks.” SUnit is the mem-
ber of the xUnit family for the Smalltalk programming language. It is available
for download at http://sunit.sourceforge.net.
Test::Unit
The member of the xUnit family for the Ruby programming language. It is
available for download from http://www.rubypeople.org and comes as part of
the “Ruby Development Tools” feature for the Eclipse IDE framework.
TestNG
A member of the xUnit family for Java that behaves a bit differently from
JUnit. TestNG specifi cally supports dependencies between tests and the shar-
ing of the test fi xture between Test Methods. More information is available at
http://testng.org.
utPLSQL
The member of the xUnit family for the PLSQL database programming lan-
guage. You can get more information and download the source for this tool
at http://utplsql.sourceforge.net/. A plug-in that integrates utPLSQL into the
Oracle toolset is available at http://www.ounit.com.
xUnit Family
Members
Appendix C xUnit Family Members
751
VB Lite Unit
Another member of the xUnit family written to support Visual Basic and VBA
(Visual Basic for Applications). “VB Lite Unit is a reliable, lightweight unit-testing
tool for Visual Basic and VBA written by Steve Jorgensen. The driving principle
behind VB Lite Unit was to create the simplest, most reliable unit-testing tool
possible that would still do everything that usually matters for doing test-driven
development in VB 6 or VBA. Things that don’t work or don’t work reliably
in VB and VBA are avoided, such as attempts at introspection to identify the
test methods.” Another option for VB and VBA programmers is VbUnit. For
VB.NET programmers, options include NUnit, CsUnit, and MbUnit.
VbUnit
The member of the xUnit family written to support Visual Basic 6.0. It was the
fi rst member of the xUnit family to support Suite Fixture Setup and introduced
the concept of calling a Testcase Class “test fi xture.”
One major quirk of VbUnit is that when an Assertion Method fails the test,
it writes the messages into the failure log immediately rather than just raising
an error that is then caught by the Test Runner. The practical implication of
this behavior is that it becomes diffi cult to test Custom Assertions because the
messages in the logs are not prevented by the normal Expected Exception Test
construct. The work-around is to run the Custom Assertion Tests inside an
“Encapsulated Test Runner.”
Another quirk is that VbUnit is one of the few members of the xUnit family that is
not free (as in beer). It is available from http://www.vbunit.org. There used to
be a free version available—who knows, it may reappear some day. Another
option for VB and VBA programmers is VB Lite Unit. For VB.NET program-
mers, options include NUnit, CsUnit, and MbUnit.
xUnit
The generic name for any Test Automation Framework for unit testing that is
patterned on JUnit or SUnit. The xUnit test framework for most languages can
be found at http://xprogramming.com or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XUnit.
Another place to look for both unit test and customer test tools is http://www.
opensourcetesting.org.
xUnit Family Members
xUnit Family
Members
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Appendix D
Tools
The following tools are mentioned at some point within this book. This section
describes their purpose and how they relate to xUnit test automation in just a
wee bit more detail.
Ant
A build automation tool used in the Java community. NAnt is the equivalent for
.NET projects.
AntHill
A continuous integration tool used in the Java community.
BPT
A commercial Scripted Test tool that allows less technically advanced users to
compose tests from reusable test components that are the result of Refactored
Recorded Tests. It can also be used to specify reusable test components to be
built by more technically oriented test automaters. More information can be
found on Mercury Interactive’s Web site. As this book went to press, Mercury
Interactive was in the process of being acquired by Hewlett-Packard, so the URL
may have changed.
Canoo WebTest
A framework for preparing Scripted Tests written in XML. Conceptually, Canoo
WebTest is similar to Fit in that it allows us to defi ne our own domain-specifi c
testing language for defi ning customer tests. More information can be found at
http://webtest.canoo.com and http://webtest-community.canoo.com.
Tools
753
754
Cruise Control
A continuous integration tool used in the Java community. Cruise Control.net is
the equivalent for .NET projects.
DDSteps
A Data-Driven Test extension for JUnit. “DDSteps is a JUnit extension for
building data driven test cases. In a nutshell, DDSteps lets you parameterize
your test cases, and run them more than once using different data.” See http://
www.ddsteps.org for more information.
EasyMock
A static Mock Object generation toolkit for Java tests. Because EasyMock uses a
Confi guration Mode for specifying the expectations, the tests look a bit strange
and may take a bit of getting used to. More information can be found at http://
www.easymock.org.
eCATT
The Recorded Test tool that comes with SAP’s development tools. More infor-
mation can be found at http://www.sap.com and at http://www.sdn.sap.com.
Eclipse
A Java integrated development environment (IDE) and platform for rich client
applications. Eclipse was originally created by IBM and is now managed by the
Eclipse Foundation. Several of the language-specifi c plug-ins are integrated with
the corresponding xUnit family member. For example, the Java IDE includes JUnit
and the Ruby Development Tools IDE includes Test::Unit. Eclipse is available for
download from http://www.eclipse.org.
Fit
The framework conceived by Ward Cunningham that made it possible for cus-
tomers to write automated tests. Fit separates the work of defi ning the tests using
tables in Web pages or spreadsheets from the programming work of exercising the
SUT. While Fit was once a particular tool, it is now a specifi cation for a fam-
ily of tools implemented in a variety of languages, including Java, .NET, Ruby,
Tools
Appendix D Tools
755
and Python. Some members of the family are simply test execution frameworks;
others, such as Fitnesse, include test authoring and versioning capabilities. All
should implement the same set of standard fi xtures. More information can be
found at Ward’s Web site (http://fi t.c2.com) or in the book [FitB] he co-wrote
with Rick Mudgridge.
FitNesse
A Fit test authoring tool conceived by (Uncle) Bob Martin of Object Mentor.
FitNesse provides a wiki-like test authoring system with a set of predefi ned Fit
fi xtures that makes it possible for customers to write and run automated tests.
More information can be found at http://www.fi tnesse.org.
HttpUnit
A front end that layers on top of JUnit to allow tests to exercise a Web applica-
tion via the HTTP protocol. HttpUnit bypasses the browser, so it is not suitable
for use with applications that make extensive use of on-page scripting (e.g.,
AJAX). See http://httpunit.sourceforge.net for more information.
Idea
A Java IDE that offers rich support for refactoring. The Idea Web site [JBrains]
contains fairly detailed descriptions of many of the refactorings. The same group
also offers a very popular refactoring plug-in for Visual Studio, called ReSharper.
JFCUnit
A JUnit front end that layers on top of HttpUnit to allow tests to exercise a
Web application via the HTTP protocol. JFCUnit provides a number of Test
Utility Methods that form a Higher-Level Language for expressing tests of Web
applications. Because it is a layer on top of HttpUnit, it bypasses the browser.
Thus JFCUnit is not suitable for use with applications that make extensive use
of on-page scripting (e.g., AJAX). See http://jfcunit.sourceforge.net for more
information.
JMock
A widely used dynamic Mock Object framework for Java tests. The fl uent
Confi guration Interface used for specifying the expectations makes the tests
highly readable. More information can be found at http://www.jmock.org.
Tools
Tools
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NMock
A widely used dynamic Mock Object framework for .NET tests. The fl uent
Confi guration Interface used for specifying the expectations makes the tests
highly readable. More information can be found at http://nmock.org.
QTP (QuickTest Professional)
A commercial Recorded Test tool that allows less technically advanced users to
record tests as they use an application. In conjunction with the “Expert View” of
the Recorded Tests, QTP can also be used to refactor the tests into reusable test
components that are appropriate for use by less technically adept test automa-
ters. More information can be found on Mercury Interactive’s Web site. As this
book went to press, Mercury Interactive was in the process of being acquired by
Hewlett-Packard, so the URL has probably changed.
ReSharper
A refactoring plug-in for Visual Studio by JetBrains, the makers of the Idea IDE.
Their Web site [JBrains] contains fairly detailed descriptions of many of the
refactorings.
Visual Studio
Microsoft’s integrated development environment intended for developing .NET
applications software. Visual Studio comes in several versions (at various price
points), some of which include MSTest and code/test refactoring support. Third-
party plug-ins are also available for both refactoring (see [JBrains]) and xUnit
(see CsUnit, MbUnit, and NUnit).
Watir
“Web Application Testing in Ruby.” This set of components allows us to drive
Internet Explorer from Scripted Tests written in the Ruby programming language.
More information can be found at http://wtr.rubyforge.org/.
Tools
Appendix D Tools
Appendix E
Goals and Principles
Name Page Relation Base
Name Chapter
Bug Repellent 22 Bug Repellent Chapter 3, Goals of
Test Automation
Communicate 41 Communicate Chapter 5, Principles
Intent Intent of Test Automation
Defect 22 Defect Chapter 3, Goals of
Localization Localization Test Automation
Design for 40 Design for Chapter 5, Principles
Testability Testability of Test Automation
Do No Harm 24 Do No Harm Chapter 3, Goals of
Test Automation
Don’t Modify 41 Don’t Modify Chapter 5, Principles
the SUT the SUT of Test Automation
Ensure Commen- 47 Ensure Commen- Chapter 5, Principles
surate Effort and surate Effort and of Test Automation
Responsibility Responsibility
Executable 22 Alias Tests as Chapter 3, Goals of
Specifi cation Specifi cation Test Automation
Expressive Tests 28 Expressive Tests Chapter 3, Goals of
Test Automation
Front Door First 40 Alias Use the Front Chapter 5, Principles
Door First of Test Automation
Fully Automated 26 Fully Automated Chapter 3, Goals of
Test Test Test Automation
Higher Level 41 Alias Communicate Chapter 5, Principles of
Language Intent Test Automation
Continued...
Goals and
Principles
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