Munson B.R. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

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■ TABLE 1.4

Conversion Factors from SI Units to BG and EE

To Convert from to Multiply by

Acceleration 3.281

Area

Density

Energy J Btu

Force N lb

Length m ft 3.281

m in.

m mile

Mass kg lbm 2.205

kg slug

Power W

Whp

Pressure in. Hg

Specific weight

Temperature

K 1.800

Velocity 3.281

2.237

Viscosity (dynamic)

Viscosity (kinematic)

Volume flowrate

If more than four-place accuracy is desired, refer to Appendix E.

1.585 E ⫹ 4

gal

Ⲑ

min 1gpm2m

Ⲑ

3.531 E ⫹ 1ft

Ⲑ

1.076 E ⫹ 1ft

Ⲑ

2.089 E ⫺ 2lb ⴢ s

Ⲑ

N ⴢ s

Ⲑ

hr 1mph2m

Ⲑ

°R

⫽ 1.8 T

⫹ 32°°F°C

6.366 E ⫺ 3lb

Ⲑ

1.450 E ⫺ 4lb

Ⲑ

in.

1psi2N

Ⲑ

2.089 E ⫺ 2lb

Ⲑ

1psf2N

Ⲑ

2.961 E ⫺ 4160 °F2N

Ⲑ

1.341 E ⫺ 3

7.376 E ⫺ 1ft ⴢ lb

Ⲑ

6.852 E ⫺ 2

6.214 E ⫺ 4

3.937 E ⫹ 1

2.248 E ⫺ 1

7.376 E ⫺ 1ft ⴢ lb

9.478 E ⫺ 4

1.940 E ⫺ 3slugs

Ⲑ

6.243 E ⫺ 2lbm

Ⲑ

1.076 E ⫹ 1ft

Ⲑ

Units

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■ TABLE 1.5

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (BG Units)

Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk

Density, Weight, Viscosity, Viscosity, Pressure,

Temperature p

Liquid ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ (abs)] ( )

Carbon tetrachloride 68 3.09 99.5

Ethyl alcohol 68 1.53 49.3

60 1.32 42.5

Glycerin 68 2.44 78.6

Mercury 68 26.3 847

SAE 30 60 1.77 57.0 —

Seawater 60 1.99 64.0

Water 60 1.94 62.4

In contact with air.

Isentropic bulk modulus calculated from speed of sound.

Typical values. Properties of petroleum products vary.

3.12 E ⫹ 52.56 E ⫺ 15.03 E ⫺ 31.21 E ⫺ 52.34 E ⫺ 5

3.39 E ⫹ 52.56 E ⫺ 15.03 E ⫺ 31.26 E ⫺ 52.51 E ⫺ 5

2.2 E ⫹ 52.5 E ⫺ 34.5 E ⫺ 38.0 E ⫺ 3oil

4.14 E ⫹ 62.3 E ⫺ 53.19 E ⫺ 21.25 E ⫺ 63.28 E ⫺ 5

6.56 E ⫹ 52.0 E ⫺ 64.34 E ⫺ 31.28 E ⫺ 23.13 E ⫺ 2

1.9 E ⫹ 58.0 E ⫹ 01.5 E ⫺ 34.9 E ⫺ 66.5 E ⫺ 6

Gasoline

1.54 E ⫹ 58.5 E ⫺ 11.56 E ⫺ 31.63 E ⫺ 52.49 E ⫺ 5

1.91 E ⫹ 51.9 E ⫹ 01.84 E ⫺ 36.47 E ⫺ 62.00 E ⫺ 5

Ⲑ

in.

Ⲑ

in.

Ⲑ

ftft

Ⲑ

slb ⴢ s

Ⲑ

slugs

Ⲑ

ⴗF

SNMGR

Modulus,

Tension,

■ TABLE 1.6

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Liquids (SI Units)

Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor Bulk

Density, Weight, Viscosity, Viscosity, Pressure,

Temperature p

Liquid ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ (abs)] ( )

Carbon tetrachloride 20 1,590 15.6

Ethyl alcohol 20 789 7.74

15.6 680 6.67

Glycerin 20 1,260 12.4

Mercury 20 13,600 133

SAE 30 15.6 912 8.95 —

Seawater 15.6 1,030 10.1

Water 15.6 999 9.80

In contact with air.

Isentropic bulk modulus calculated from speed of sound.

Typical values. Properties of petroleum products vary.

2.15 E ⫹ 91.77 E ⫹ 37.34 E ⫺ 21.12 E ⫺ 61.12 E ⫺ 3

2.34 E ⫹ 91.77 E ⫹ 37.34 E ⫺ 21.17 E ⫺ 61.20 E ⫺ 3

1.5 E ⫹ 93.6 E ⫺ 24.2 E ⫺ 43.8 E ⫺ 1oil

2.85 E ⫹ 101.6 E ⫺ 14.66 E ⫺ 11.15 E ⫺ 71.57 E ⫺ 3

4.52 E ⫹ 91.4 E ⫺ 26.33 E ⫺ 21.19 E ⫺ 31.50 E ⫹ 0

1.3 E ⫹ 95.5 E ⫹ 42.2 E ⫺ 24.6 E ⫺ 73.1 E ⫺ 4

Gasoline

1.06 E ⫹ 95.9 E ⫹ 32.28 E ⫺ 21.51 E ⫺ 61.19 E ⫺ 3

1.31 E ⫹ 91.3 E ⫹ 42.69 E ⫺ 26.03 E ⫺ 79.58 E ⫺ 4

Ⲑ

sN ⴢ s

Ⲑ

ⴗC

SNMGR

Modulus,

Tension,

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■ TABLE 1.7

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (BG Units)

Specific Dynamic Kinematic Gas

Density, Weight, Viscosity, Viscosity, Specific

Temperature R

Gas ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k

Air (standard) 59 1.40

Carbon dioxide 68 1.30

Helium 68 1.66

Hydrogen 68 1.41

Methane (natural gas) 68 1.31

Nitrogen 68 1.40

Oxygen 68 1.40

Values of the gas constant are independent of temperature.

Values of the specific heat ratio depend only slightly on temperature.

1.554 E ⫹ 31.65 E ⫺ 44.25 E ⫺ 78.31 E ⫺ 22.58 E ⫺ 3

1.775 E ⫹ 31.63 E ⫺ 43.68 E ⫺ 77.28 E ⫺ 22.26 E ⫺ 3

3.099 E ⫹ 31.78 E ⫺ 42.29 E ⫺ 74.15 E ⫺ 21.29 E ⫺ 3

2.466 E ⫹ 41.13 E ⫺ 31.85 E ⫺ 75.25 E ⫺ 31.63 E ⫺ 4

1.242 E ⫹ 41.27 E ⫺ 34.09 E ⫺ 71.04 E ⫺ 23.23 E ⫺ 4

1.130 E ⫹ 38.65 E ⫺ 53.07 E ⫺ 71.14 E ⫺ 13.55 E ⫺ 3

1.716 E ⫹ 31.57 E ⫺ 43.74 E ⫺ 77.65 E ⫺ 22.38 E ⫺ 3

ft ⴢ lb

Ⲑ

slug ⴢⴗRft

Ⲑ

slb ⴢ s

Ⲑ

slugs

Ⲑ

ⴗF

Heat Ratio,

NMGR

Constant,

■ TABLE 1.8

Approximate Physical Properties of Some Common Gases at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units)

Specific Dynamic Kinematic Gas

Density, Weight, Viscosity, Viscosity, Specific

Temperature R

Gas ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) k

Air (standard) 15 1.40

Carbon dioxide 20 1.30

Helium 20 1.66

Hydrogen 20 1.41

Methane (natural gas) 20 1.31

Nitrogen 20 1.40

Oxygen 20 1.40

Values of the gas constant are independent of temperature.

Values of the specific heat ratio depend only slightly on temperature.

2.598 E ⫹ 21.53 E ⫺ 52.04 E ⫺ 51.30 E ⫹ 11.33 E ⫹ 0

2.968 E ⫹ 21.52 E ⫺ 51.76 E ⫺ 51.14 E ⫹ 11.16 E ⫹ 0

5.183 E ⫹ 21.65 E ⫺ 51.10 E ⫺ 56.54 E ⫹ 06.67 E ⫺ 1

4.124 E ⫹ 31.05 E ⫺ 48.84 E ⫺ 68.22 E ⫺ 18.38 E ⫺ 2

2.077 E ⫹ 31.15 E ⫺ 41.94 E ⫺ 51.63 E ⫹ 01.66 E ⫺ 1

1.889 E ⫹ 28.03 E ⫺ 61.47 E ⫺ 51.80 E ⫹ 11.83 E ⫹ 0

2.869 E ⫹ 21.46 E ⫺ 51.79 E ⫺ 51.20 E ⫹ 11.23 E ⫹ 0

Ⲑ

kg ⴢ Km

Ⲑ

sN ⴢ s

Ⲑ

ⴗC

Heat Ratio,

NMGR

Constant,

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