Надеина Л.В. Радиоэкология

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TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

L.V. Nadeina

RADIOECOLOGY

Recommended for publishing as a study aid

by the Editorial Board of Tomsk Polytechnic University

Tomsk Polytechnic University Publishing House

2011

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ

ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Л.В. Надеина

РАДИОЭКОЛОГИЯ

Рекомендовано в качестве учебного пособия

Редакционно-издательским советом

Томского политехнического университета

Издательство

Томского политехнического университета

2011

УДК 539.19(075.8)

ББК 22.383я73

Н17

Надеина Л.В.

Н17 Радиоэкология: учебное пособие / Л.В. Надеина; Томский

политехнический университет. – Томск: Изд-во Томского политех-

нического университета, 2011. – 173 с.

Пособие состоит из 4 глав, содержащих аутентичные материалы, а

также комплекс упражнений, которые направлены на совершенствование

коммуникативных навыков магистрантов на английском языке. Рассматрива-

ются общие вопросы, связанные с историей изучения радиоактивности, обсу-

ждаются проблемы распространения радионуклидов и проблемы воздействия

радиоактивного излучения на человека.

Предназначено для магистрантов ИПР, специализирующихся в области

радиоэкологии и освоения месторождений радиоактивного сырья.

УДК 539.19(075.8)

ББК 22.383я73

Рецензенты

Кандидат филологических наук,

доцент кафедры английской филологии ТГУ

О.В. Нагель

Кандидат филологических наук,

доцент кафедры перевода и переводоведения ТГПУ

Е.А. Крюкова

Доцент кафедры ИЯИК ТПУ

Г.А. Венюкова

политехнического университета, 2011

Unit I

Introduction to radioecology

Warming-up

The interest in radioecology increased after the Chernobyl accident in

1986 when large

parts of some countries were contaminated with radioactive

fallout.

Collecting water for testing in laboratory

Look at the picture and answer the following questions:

a) What is the man doing now?

b) Why is he doing it?

c) How often does he do it?

2. Guess the meaning of the words and remember the pronunciation:

ecology [ı:ĸɔǀəʤı] radioactive [̗reıdıəu´æĸtıv]

substance [´sʌbst₍ə₎ns] migration [maı´greıʃ₍ə₎n]

ecosystem [͵ı:kəu´sıstəm]

aspect [´æspekt]

concept [´kɔnsept] radiation [͵reıdı´eıʃ₍ə₎n]

protection [prə´tekʃ₍ə₎n]

dose [dəus]

human [´hju:mən]

radionuclide [ˏreıdıəu´nju:klaıd]

ion [´aıən] discipline [´dısəplın]

effect [ı´fekt] risk [rısk]

bomb [bɔm] stratosphere [´strætə͵sfıə]

3. Match the numbers with the letters and find out the meaning of the word

combinations.

1. key event a) взаимодействовать с природой

2. to interact with nature b) перемещение веществ

3. huge amounts of

radionuclides

с) прогнозирующая имитационная мо-

дель

4. substances migration d) основные, традиционные области

5. the first test of nuclear bombs е) радиационная защита

6. the predictive simulation

model

f) основание для оценки доз

7. to be concerned with g) последствия радиоактивного

загрязнения

8. basic, traditional fields H )взаимодействие

организмов с радионуклидами

9. risk assessment i) источники ионизирующего

излучения

10. radiation protection j) влияние радиации

11. man-made radioactive

pollution

к) радиоактивное загрязнение

среды, вызванное деятельностью чело-

века

12. basis for estimating doses l) оценка риска

13. impacts of radiation m) иметь дело с чем-либо

14. the consequences of

radioactive pollution

n) первое испытание атомных бомб

15. sources of ionizing radiation о) огромные количества радионукли-

дов

16. interaction of organisms

with radionuclides

p) ключевое событие

4. Read the text and do the tasks.

What is radioecology?

Radioecology is a branch of ecology which studies how radioactive sub-

stances interact with nature, how different mechanisms affect the substances

migration and uptake in food chain and ecosystems.

Investigations in radioecology might include aspects of field sampling,

designed field and laboratory experiments and the development of predictive

simulation models. This science combines techniques from some of the more

basic, traditional fields, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology and

ecology, with applied concepts in radiation protection. Radioecological stud-

ies form the basis for estimating doses and assessing the consequences of ra-

dioactive pollution for human health and the environment.

This particular branch of ecology studies interactions of organisms and

ecosystems with radionuclides and ionizing radiation. Such a study focuses

on pathways of radionuclides in the environment and it also investigates

sources and strength of ionizing radiation in natural ecosystems.

So this scientific discipline includes everything that matters as to envi-

ronmental and biological impacts of radiation. The fields of application are

broad, they range from natural radiation to man-made radioactive pollution.

The study of natural processes, such as the incorporation of radionuclides in-

to body mass, community webs and community food chains, and technologi-

cal applications, such as those that deals with radioprotection and risk as-

sessment are both important for the development of the field.

Radioecology is related to radiobiology. But in radiobiology one studies

the biological effects of radiation on organisms.

The ecosystem concept suggests that radioecologists should be con-

cerned with that affect whole ecosystems. Their concern is not only with

risks for human health. They are searching for protection in a broader sense,

considering whole ecosystems. Radioecology is a science that came up after

the first tests of nuclear bombs. One wanted to know how this discharge of

huge amounts of radionuclides into the stratosphere would affect ecosystems

and their communities and food chains. The Chernobyl Disaster 1986 was

another key event that sparked new studies in the field of radioecology.

(Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia.

http://www.wikipedia.org/

)

4.1 Answer the following questions:

1) What does radioecology study?

2) What do radioecological studies form?

3) How is radioecology related to radiobiology?

4) What does this particular branch of ecology focus on?

5) What did radioecologists want to know after the first tests of nuclear

bombs?

6) What sparked new studies in the field of radioecology?

4.2 Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any three word combina-

tions and make up sentences.

1) radioactive substances interact _____ nature ; 2) the consequences ___

radioactive pollution _____ human health; 3) study focuses _____ pathways

of radionuclides; 4) sources and strength _____ ionizing radiation ______

natural ecosystems; 5) range ______ natural radiation _____ man-made ra-

dioactive pollution; 6) the incorporation ______ radionuclides _____ body

mass; 7) deals ______ radioprotection and risk assessment; 8) the biological

effects _____ radiation ______ organisms; 9) be concerned ______; 10) im-

portant ______ the development _____ the field; 11) this discharge ______

huge amounts _____ radionuclides _____ the stratosphere; 12) new studies

_______ the field _____ radioecology;

4.3 Match the terms with the definition:

1. radioactive wastes

a) is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive ma-

terial in a given environment

2. acute radiation ex-

posure

b) is the distribution of radioactive contamination by

a nuclear explosion

3. chronic exposure

c) is a form of damage to organ tissue due to exces-

sive exposure to ionizing radiation

4. radioecology

d) is the study of the biological effects of radiation

on organisms

5. internal exposure

e) is a unit of absorbed radiation dose defined in

terms of the energy actually deposited in the tissue

6. external exposure

f) is exposure which occurs when the radioactive

source is outside the organism which is exposed

7. rad

g) is when the radioactive material enters the organ-

ism, and the radioactive atoms become incorporated

into the organism

8. radiobiology

h) is the study of the pathways of radionuclides in

the environment and their impact on biota

9. radiation poisoning

i) is exposure to ionizing radiation over an extended

period of time

10. nuclear fallout

j) is an exposure to ionizing radiation which occurs

during a short period of time

11. radioactive con-

tamination

k) are waste products containing radioactive

materials

5. Read the text and fill in the missing words and word combinations.

approximately; global scale; contamination; radioactive isotopes; rotation of

radionuclides; radiosensitivity; irradiated populations; agriculture, cardinal

principles; natural background; long-lived radionuclides; stock-breeding;

Radiation ecology is a branch from two, independent, scientific disci-

pline, such as general radiobiology and ecology. This is rather young scien-

tific direction, which has gained particular relevance after mass testing of

atomic weapon. By then it was become comprehensible, that 1)……… by ra-

dionuclides was occurring not on the local level (nuclear test areas, industrial

places of atomic industry enterprises), but brings to consequences of

2)…………. . By this, basically, are defined 3)…………… of the given sci-

ence, which is considered in studying of distribution, migration and

4)…………….. in the biosphere as well as by influence of ionization radia-

tion on ecological systems.

Certainly, in natural conditions organisms are irradiated for the account

of natural background of ionization radiation, which is caused by radiation of

5)……………… in lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, and by cosmic

radiation. Radiation rate is determined by the 6)……………. in the bio-

sphere, so it is rather small, 7)……………… 0,1 rad an year, and in most

cases it does not produce an observable influence upon alive organisms. As a

result of appearance additional amount of radionuclides in the biosphere (ra-

diation sources) alive organisms were subjected both to irradiation, caused by

the natural radioactive background and to artificial radioactive nuclides (not

only external but also internal exposure from incorporated radionuclides).

Because of different 8)…………….. of plant and animal species irradia-

tion of natural biocenoses can bring to change ones species by others, to

change of interspecific and intraspecific relations. Radiation and genetic

changes appear in 9)………………. , natural mutative rate increases, it is oc-

curring radiostability deviance on population level.

Contamination of extensive territory by artificial radionuclides, both in

Ukraine (Chernobyl exclusion zone and zone of the unconditional (obliga-

tory) eviction, Kiev, Zhitomir, Rovno region), and abroad (Belorus, Russia,

Sweden, Finland etc) has attracted attention of radioecologists to study the

ways of radionuclide migration in the biosphere. Radioactive materials, in-

cluding 10)………………… of strontium and caesium are moving by certain

biological chains, for instance soil - plant - animal - person. Study of artificial

radioactive nuclide migration in biocenoses and in food chains is required for

evaluation of their accumulation in separate sections of biological chains and

for possible consequences of additional irradiation created by them in plant,

animal and person. Practical interest are presented radioecological studies

that were carried out on these territory, which have allowed to realize regu-

larities of radionuclide accumulation in cultural plant and in animal organ-

ism, as 11)……………. and 12)………….. products are sources of radionu-

clide fluxes in organism of person.

Grammar in Use

PASSIVE VOICE

Present Past Future

Simple

(to be + Part II)

Am (is, are)+ Part

II (ed, V

3 )

________________

{+} Radioecology is

related to radiobiol-

ogy.

{?} Is radioecology

related to radiobiol-

ogy?

{–} Radioecology is

not related to radio-

biology.

Was (were)+ Part

II (ed, V

3 )

______________

{+} Radioecology

was related to ra-

diobiology many

years ago.

{?} Was radio-

ecology related to

radiobiology many

years ago?

{–} Radioecology

was not related to

radiobiology many

years ago.

Shall (will) be +

Part II (ed, V3 )

______________

{+} Radioecology

will be related to

radiobiology next

century.

{?} Will radio-

ecology be related

to radiobiology

next century?

{–} Radioecology

will not be related

to radiobiology

next century.

Continuous

(to be being +

Part II)

(Am (is, are) being

+ Part II (ed, V

3 )

________________

Was (were) be-

ing + Part II (ed,

3 )

______________

–––––