NP 100 - Mariners Handbook

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NOTES

†Retroreflectors illustrated are those of the

Comprehensive Code. In the Standard Code these

marks are distinguished by one or more white bands,

letters, numerals or symbols.

This diagram is schematic and in the case of pillar

buoys in particular, their features will vary with the

individual design of the buoys in use.

LIGHTS, when fitted, are Very Quick Lights or

Quick Lights; a South mark also has a Long Flash

immediately following the quick flashes.

white

CARDINAL MARKS

Q or VQ

Q(3) or VQ(3)

Q(6)+LFl. or VQ(6)+LFl.

POINT

INTEREST

Q(9) or VQ(9)

Retroreflector

†

Retroreflector

†

Retroreflector

†

Retroreflector

†

Topmarks are always fitted (when practicable)

Buoy shapes are pillar or spar

200

(9.25)

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CHAPTER 9

201

Uses

9.26

1 Cardinal marks may be used to:

Indicate that the deepest water in an area is on the

named side of the mark;

Indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger;

Draw attention to a feature in a channel such as a

bend, junction, bifurcation, or end of a shoal.

Topmarks

9.27

1 Black double-cone topmarks are a very important

feature of Cardinal marks; they are carried whenever

practicable, with the cones as large as possible and clearly

separated.

The arrangement of the cones must be memorised. More

difficult to remember than North () and South () are

East () and West () topmarks; “W for Wineglass” may

help.

Colours

9.28

1 Black and yellow bands are used to colour Cardinal

marks.

The position of the black band, or bands, is related to

the points of the black topmark, thus;

North Points up Black band above yellow band;

South Points down Black band below yellow band;

West Points

inward

Black band with yellow bands

above and below;

East Points

outward

Black bands above and below

yellow band.

Shape

9.29

1 The shape of Cardinal marks is not significant, but in

the case of a buoy it is a pillar or spar.

Lights

9.30

1 White lights are exhibited from Cardinal marks which

are lighted. Their characteristics are based on a group of

quick or very quick flashes which distinguish them as

Cardinal marks and indicate their quadrant.

The distinguishing quick or very quick rhythms are:

North Uninterrupted;

East 3 flashes in a group;

South 6 flashes in a group followed by a long flash;

West 9 flashes in a group.

2 To aid the memory, the number of flashes in each group

can be associated with a clock face, thus:

3 o’clock East;

6 o’clock South;

9 o’clock West.

3 The long flash (of not less than 2 seconds duration),

immediately following the group of flashes of a South

Cardinal mark, is to ensure that its 6 flashes cannot be

mistaken for 3 or 9.

The periods of the East, South and West lights are,

respectively, 10, 15, and 15 seconds if a quick light, and 5,

10, and 10 seconds if a very quick light.

4 Quick lights flash at a rate between 50 and 79 flashes

per minute, usually either 50 or 60. Very quick lights flash

at a rate between 80 and 159 flashes per minute, usually

either 100 or 120.

Retroreflectors

9.31

1 One or more white bands, letters, numerals or

symbols of retroreflective material are used in the Standard

Code to distinguish unlighted Cardinal marks.

2 Blue and yellow bands on the black and yellow parts

of the mark are used in the Comprehensive Code, thus:

North Blue on the black part and yellow on the

yellow part;

East Two blue on the upper black part;

South Yellow on the yellow part and blue on the

black part;

West Two yellow on the upper yellow part.

Isolated Danger marks

Use

9.32

1 Isolated Danger marks are erected on, or moored on or

above, isolated dangers of limited extent which have

navigable water all round them. The extent of the

surrounding navigable water is immaterial: such a mark

can, for example, indicate either a shoal which is well

offshore, or an islet separated by a narrow channel from

the coast. See Diagram 9.32.

9.33

1 On Admiralty charts, the position of a danger is the

centre of the symbol or sounding indicating the danger. The

symbol indicating the Isolated Danger buoy will inevitably

be slightly displaced.

Topmark

9.34

1 Black double-sphere topmarks, disposed vertically, are

a very important feature of Isolated Danger marks and are

carried whenever practicable.

Colours

9.35

1 Black with one or more red bands are the colours

used for Isolated Danger marks.

Shape

9.36

1 No significance is attached to the shape of Isolated

Danger marks, but in the case of a buoy, a pillar or spar

buoy is used.

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Light (when fitted): , and may

have any rhythm not used

for white lights

Yellow

Examples

Fl.Y

Fl(4)Y

Retroreflector

†

NOTES

†

Retroreflectors illustrated are those of the

Comprehensive Code. In the Standard Code these

marks are distinguished by one or more white bands,

letters, numerals or symbols.

This diagram is schematic and in the case of pillar

buoys in particular, their features will vary with the

individual design of the buoys in use.

If these shapes are used they will

indicate the side on which the buoys

should be passed

(If the buoy is not spherical,

this is a very important feature

by day and is fitted wherever

practicable)

(This is a very important

feature by day and is fitted

wherever practicable)

Light (when fitted):

Group-flashing (2).

White,

Fl(2)

Retroreflector

†

Light (when fitted): , Isophase, or

Occulting, or Long-Flashing

every 10 seconds, or

Morse Code (A)

White

Iso

LFl.10s

Mo(A)

Retroreflector

†

ISOLATED DANGER MARKS

SAFE WATER MARKS

SPECIAL MARKS

Shape: optional

Shape: spherical, pillar

or spar

Shape: pillar or spar

Topmark

(if fitted)

202

(9.32)

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CHAPTER 9

203

Light

9.37

1 A white flashing light showing a group of two flashes

is used to denote an Isolated Danger mark. The association

of two flashes and two spheres in the topmark may help in

remembering these characteristics.

Retroreflectors

9.38

1 One or more white bands, letters, numerals or

symbols of retroreflective material are used for unlighted

Isolated Danger marks in the Standard Code.

One or more pairs of blue above red bands are used

in the Comprehensive Code.

Safe Water marks

Use

9.39

1 Safe Water marks are used to indicate that there is

navigable water all round a mark. Such a mark may be

used as a centreline, mid-channel or landfall buoy, or to

indicate the best point of passage under a fixed bridge.

Colours

9.40

1 Red and white stripes are used for Safe Water marks,

and distinguish them from the black-banded danger-marking

marks.

Shape

9.41

1 Spherical, pillar or spar buoys are used as Safe Water

marks.

Lights

9.42

1 A white light, occulting, or isophase, or showing a

single long flash or Morse code (A) is used for Safe Water

marks, when lighted. If a long flash (ie, a flash of not less

than 2 seconds) is used, the period of the light is

10 seconds.

Retroreflectors

9.43

1 One or more white bands, letters, numerals, or

symbols of retroreflective material are used for unlighted

Safe Water marks in the Standard Code.

Red and white stripes or bands are used in the

Comprehensive Code.

Special marks

Use

9.44

1 To indicate to the mariner a special area or feature, the

nature of which is apparent from reference to a chart,

Sailing Directions or Notices to Mariners, Special marks

may be used. Special marks may be lettered to indicate

their purpose.

2 Uses include the marking of:

ODAS buoys (2.87);

Traffic Separation Schemes where use of conventional

channel marking might cause confusion, though

many schemes are marked by Lateral and Safe

Water marks;

Spoil grounds;

Military exercise zones;

Cables or pipelines (including outfall pipes);

Recreation zones.

3 Another function of Special marks is to define a channel

within a channel. For example a channel for deep-draught

vessels in a wide estuary, where the limits of the channel

for normal navigation are marked by red and green Lateral

buoys, may have the boundaries of the deep channel

indicated by yellow buoys of the appropriate Lateral

shapes, or its centreline marked by yellow spherical buoys.

Colour

9.45

1 Yellow is the colour for Special marks.

Shape

9.46

1 Optional shapes are used for Special buoys, but must

not conflict with that used for a Lateral or Safe Water

mark. For example, an outfall buoy on the port side of a

channel could be can-shaped but not conical.

Topmark

9.47

1 A single yellow X is the form of topmark used, when

one is carried.

Lights

9.48

1 A yellow light is used, when one is exhibited. The

rhythm may be any, other than those used for the white

light of Cardinal, Isolated Danger and Safe Water marks.

The following are permitted examples:

Group occulting;

Flashing;

Group flashing with a group of 4, 5 or

(exceptionally) 6 flashes;

Composite group flashing

Morse code letters, other than Morse code (A), (D)

or (U)

2 In the case of ODAS buoys, the rhythm is group

flashing with a group of 5 flashes every 20 seconds.

Retroreflectors

9.49

1 One yellow band, or an X, or a symbol are used as

retroreflectors for unlighted Special marks.

New dangers

Definition

9.50

1 A newly discovered hazard to navigation not yet shown

on charts or included in Sailing Directions, or sufficiently

promulgated by Notices to Mariners, is termed as a New

Danger. The term covers naturally occurring obstructions

such as sandbanks or rocks, or man-made dangers such as

wrecks.

Marking

9.51

1 Cardinal or Lateral marks, one or more, are used to

mark New Dangers in accordance with the IALA System.

If the danger, is especially grave, at least one of the

marks will be duplicated as soon as practicable by an

identical mark until the danger has been sufficiently

promulgated.

2 A quick or very quick light will be exhibited from a

New Danger mark, if it is lighted. If it is a Cardinal mark,

it will exhibit a white light, if a Lateral mark, a red or

green light.

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CHAPTER 9

204

A racon, Morse code (D), showing a signal length of

1 nautical mile on a radar display, may be used to mark a

New Danger.

See pages 205 and 206.

Change of buoyage

Alterations to charts

9.52

1 In the past, when replacement of an existing buoyage

system by the IALA System involved extensive changes,

careful preparations and announcements were made so that

charts affected, corrected up-to-date for both the old and

new systems, were available during the period of change.

2 However, though most major alterations of buoyage to

the IALA System have been completed, there will still be

places where the buoyage will not conform to that System.

Some ports convert their buoyage piecemeal, and often

only when other buoyage changes make it convenient,

others have yet to announce plans to conform to the IALA

System. So progress towards full completion of the System

is likely to be more gradual in the future.

3 When a system of buoyage is changed, however

corrections to charts will as before be made by the most

appropriate means, by either Notices to Mariners or New

Editions of charts. If notice of change is given, it will

probably be short.

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YBY

BRB

YBY

BYB

GRG

BRB

RGR

Fl(2 + 1)R

NOTE

For symbols and abbreviations,

see Chart 5011.

VQ(6) + LFl

Q.G

Q.R

Fl.G.3s

Oc.G

Iso.R

Iso.G

GENERAL

DIRECTION

OF BUOYAGE

ON THIS CHART

2F.G(vert)

Fl.G.5s

No 5

Fl(2 + 1)G

No 3

Q.R

No 2

Q.G

No 1

Fl.R.3s

Fl.Y.3s

VQ(3)5s

Fl(2)R.10s

Fl(2)G.10s

Fl.G.5s

Fl.Y.5s

Q(9)15s

VQ(6) + LFl.10s

Iso.

10s

Outer Fairway

LFl.

10s

FL(2)5s

Fl.Y.5s

Spoil

Ground

Fl.R.5s

No 4

(Mining Ground)

205

(9.5.1)

Bathing

Area

Racon D –

(see Note)

REGION A

Preferred Channels

Secondary Channels

The Lateral Buoyage marking the

channels is Red to Port, related to the

Conventional Direction of Buoyage. Off

the coast, the direction of buoyage in

this area is from east to west; within the

estuary, it is the direction taken by the

mariner when approaching from

seaward.

NOTE

The wreck is a New Danger, too recent

to have been charted. See 1.17.

REGION A

Representation on charts

REGION A

Examples of Buoyage

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For symbols and abbreviations,

see Chart 5011.

NOTE

Fl(2 + 1)G

Oc.R

Q.R

VQ(6) + LFl

Fl.G.5s

No 4

LFl.10s

Fl.R.5s

No 5

Iso.R

Iso.G

2F.R(vert)

BRB

Q.G

Fl.R.3s

YBY

RGR

Fl(2 + 1)R

No 3

Q.R

No 1

Fl(2)R.10s

Fl.R.5s

GENERAL

DIRECTION

OF BUOYAGE

ON THIS CHART

Fl.Y.5s

Spoil

Ground

Fl.G.3s

Fl.Y.3s

(Mining Ground)

Q(9)15s

VQ(3)5s

VQ(6) + LFl.10s

YBY

BYB

Fl(2)G.10s

Fl.Y.5s

Iso.10s

Outer Fairway

BRB

FI(2)5s

Q.G

No 2

REGION B

Representation on charts

REGION B

Examples of Buoyage

(9.5.2)

206

REGION B

GRG

Bathing

Area

Racon D–··

(see Note)

The Lateral Buoyage marking the channels

is Red to Starboard, related to the

Conventional Direction of Buoyage. Off the

coast, the direction of buoyage in this area

is from east to west; within the estuary, it is

the direction taken by the mariner when

approaching from seaward.

NOTE

The wreck is a New Danger, too recent to

have been charted. See 1.17.

Preferred Channels

Secondary Channels

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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSBANGLADESH CYPRUS

CHINA

ALGERIA

BARBADOS BRUNEI DENMARKCOLOMBIAANGOLA

BELGIUM COMOROS DJIBOUTIBULGARIA

ANTIGUA and BARBUDA

BELIZE CONGO

DOMINICA

CAMBODIA

ARGENTINA

BENIN

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

OF CONGO

CAMEROON

ARUBA

BERMUDA EQUADORCOOK ISLANDSCANADA

AUSTRALIA

BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA

EL SALVADORCROATIA

CAYMAN ISLANDS

ALBANIA BRAZIL CUBACHILEBAHRAIN

BOLIVIA EGYPTCOSTA RICACAPE VERDEAUSTRIA

NATIONAL FLAGS

(Merchant ensigns are shown when applicable)

BAHAMAS

DIOS UNION LIBERTAD

ANNEX A

207

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GUATEMALA

GUERNSEY

GUINEA

GUINEA-BISSAU

GUYANA

HAITI

HONDURAS

HONG KONG SAR

HUNGARYGRENADA

ICELAND

JAMAICA

JAPAN

JORDAN

KENYA

KIRIBATI

KOREA (S)

KUWAIT

LAOS

INDIA

INDONESIA

IRAN

IRAQ

IRISH REPUBLIC

ISLE OF MAN

ISRAEL

ITALY

IVORY COAST

FRANCE

GABON

THE GAMBIA

GEORGIA

GERMANY

GHANA

GREECE

GREENLAND

GIBRALTAR

FINLAND

FIJI

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

ERITREA

ESTONIA

ETHIOPIA

FAEROE ISLANDS

NATIONAL FLAGS

(Merchant ensigns are shown when applicable)

ANNEX A

208

KOREA (N)

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LIBYA

LITHUANIA

LUXEMBOURG

MACAO SAR

MADAGASCAR

MALAYSIA

MALDIVES

MALTA

LEBANON

LIBERIA

MEXICO

NICARAGUA

NIGERIA

NORWAY

OMAN

PAKISTAN

PANAMA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

PA RA GUAY

NEW ZEALAND

PERU

ST. VINCENT &

THE GRENADINES

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

POLAND

PORTUGAL

PUERTO RICO

QATAR

ROMANIA

RUSSIA

ST. CHRISTOPHER/NEVIS

ST. LUCIA

MICRONESIA

MONACO

MOROCCO

MOZAMBIQUE

MYANMAR

NAMIBIA

NETHERLANDS

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

NAURU

SAMOA

MARSHALL ISLANDS

MAURITANIA

MAURITIUS

NATIONAL FLAGS

(Merchant ENSIGNS are shown when applicable)

ANNEX A

209

LATVIA

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