Okafor N. Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
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520 Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Anabolism The biochemical processes involved in the synthesis of cell constituents from simpler
molecules usually requiring energy.
Anaerobic respiration When the final electron is an inorganic compound other than O
2
.
Anotation The process by which useful information is added to a raw genomic DNA sequence,
producing a frame work of understanding and enhancing its utility for downstream users.
Anticodon A sequence of three bases in transfer RNA which base-pairs with a codon in the
messenger RNA during protein synthesis.
Antiparallel This refers to nucleic acids, where one strand runs 5' ~ 3', the other 3' ~ 5'.
Antisense mRNA, an mRNA transcript that is complementary to endogenous mRNA; it is a
noncoding strand and complementary to the coding sequence of the endogenous mRNA.
Introducing a transgene coding for antisense mRNA is a strategy used to block expression of a
gene of interest.
Antisense RNA This is produced from a gene sequence inserted in the opposite orientation, so
that the transcript is complimentary to the normal mRNA and can therefore bind to it and
prevent translation.
Artificial chromosomes Cloning vectors which can carry very large inserts of foreign DNA and
exist in the cell very much like a cellular chromosome. The most widely used are bacterial artificial
chromosomes (BACs) and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs).
ATP Adenosine triphosphate, the major energy carrier of the cell.
Autoradiography Detection of radioactivity in a sample labeled with a radioactive material, by
placing it in contact with a photographic film; the radioactive portions will imprint on the film
Autotroph An organism able to use CO
2
as a sole source of carbon, for example plants and blue-
green algae (Cyanobacteria).
Auxotroph An organism that has developed a nutritional requirement through mutation.
Wthout the addition of the required material, it will not grow. The opposite is a Prototroph or wild
type.
B lymphocyte (B cell) A lymphocyte that has immunoglobulin surface receptors, produces
immunoglobulin, and may present antigens to T cells.
Bergey’s Manual A compendium of an approved list of bacteria, first published in 1923. The
second edition is currently being published in 5 volumes beginning in 2001 and is expected to be
completed in 2007. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology gets its name from Dr David H
Bergey first Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Manual published by the then Society of
American Bacteriologists (now called the American Society for Microbiology).
Bioinformatics The revolution in computer technology and memory storage capability has
made it possible to model grand challenge problems such as large scale sequencing of genomes
Glossary
Glossary 521
and management of large integrated databases over the Internet. This vastly improved
computational capability integrated with large-scale miniaturization of biochemical techniques
such as PCR, BAC, gel electrophoresis and microarray chips has delivered enormous amount of
genomic and proteomic data. This integration of computation with biotechnology is
Bioinformatics.
cDNA, (complementary DNA) is single-stranded DNA made in the laboratory from a
messenger RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This form of DNA is often
used as a probe in the physical mapping of a chromosome; it is also used when it is desired to
express a eukaryotic gene in a prokaryotic cell; for cloning into prokaryotic cell, the introns in a
eukaryotic mRNA are spliced off and the intron-free mRNA converted to cDNA with reverse
transcriptase.
cDNA library, A cDNA library is a collection of DNA sequences generated from mRNA
sequences. This type of library contains only DNA that codes for proteins and does not include
any non-coding DNA. The complete cDNA library of an organism gives an indication of the total
amount of the proteins it can possibly express. The cDNA sequence also gives the genetic
relationship between organisms through the similarity of their cDNA.
C’hemolithotroph An organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules.
Chemoorganotroph An organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of organic.
Cistron A sequence of bases in DNA that specifies one polypeptide.
Clone A population of cells all descended from a single cell. Also, a number of copies of a DNA
fragment obtained by allowing an inserted DNA fragment to be replicated by a phage or plasmid
compounds.
Genetic Code The triplet codons that determine the types of amino acids inserted into a
polypeptide chain during translation. There are 61 codons for 20 amino acids and three stop
codons.
Genetic map The arrangement of genes on a chromosome.
Genome All the genes present in an organism.
Genomics The field of science that studies the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
The goal is to find all the genes within each genome and to use that information to develop
improved medicines as well as answer scientific questions.
Histone proteins These are present in eucaryotic chromosomes; histones and DNA give
structure to chromosomes in eucaryotes.
Introns Non-coding sequences within genes.
Kilo basepair 1,000 basepairs, a unit of DNA length abbreviated KB.
Knock out mice A transgenic mouse in which a gene function has been disrupted or knocked out.
It is used to produce animal models for the study of human disease.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It
is most generally used to find the composition of a physical sample by generating a mass
spectrum representing the masses of sample components. The technique has several
applications, including:
1. identifying unknown compounds by the mass of the compound and/or fragments
thereof.
2. determining the isotopic composition of one or more elements in a compound.
3. determining the structure of compounds by observing the fragmentation of the
compound.
4. quantitating the amount of a compound in a sample using carefully designed methods
(mass spectrometry is not inherently quantitative).
522 Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
5. studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals
in vacuum).
6. determining other physical, chemical or even biological properties of compounds with a
variety of other approaches.
Methanogenesis The biological production of methane.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon based upon the magnetic
property of an atom’s nucleus. NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to
obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about a molecule. It is the only
technique that can provide detailed information on the exact three-dimensional structure of
biological molecules in solution. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the techniques that
has been used to build elementary quantum computers.
Operons Typically present in prokaryotes, these are clusters of genes controlled by a single
operator; an operator itself is a region of an operon, close to the promoter to which a receptor
protein binds.
Promoter A DNA sequence lying upstream of from the gene to which RNA polymerase binds.
Proteome The totality of the proteins present in a cell.
Proteomics The study of the study of the structure, function and regulation of the proteins in an
organism.
Sense mRNA, endogenous mRNA molecules which encode functional proteins; it is a 5' to 3'
mRNA molecule.
Shine-Dalgarno sequence A conserved sequence in prokaryotic mRNAs that is complementary
to a sequence near the 5´ terminus of the 16S ribosomal RNA and is involved in the initiation of
translation.
Site-directed mutagenesis A technique for construction a mutation in a gene in vitro by altering
a base or bases in the gene.
TATA box Also called Hogness Box, an AT-rich region of the DNA with the sequence TATAT/
AAT/A located before the initiation site.
Transcription factor Transcription factor is a protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or
enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) A small RNA of 75 – 85 bases that carries the anticodon and the amino acid
residue required for protein synthesis.
Index # !
Acetic acid bacteria 23, 41, 84, 259, 264-
266, 270, 280, 283, 284, 349,
Acetobacter 23, 41, 84, 253, 280, 288
Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans 424
Acquired immunity 475
Acridine 79, 131
Actinobacteria 22, 24, 26
Actinomycetes 27, 29, 30, 57, 60, 80, 83,
92, 93, 95, 131, 135, 136, 148, 175-177,
186, 203, 204, 230, 300, 432, 436, 441,
444, 445, 451,
Activated sludge system 509, 510, 512,
514
Adjuncts 65, 238, 239, 239, 244, 248, 281,
405
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 149
Air lift fermentors 202
Akamu 335, 349
Akpu 335
Alcohol 23, 56, 60, 62, 89, 137, 238, 251,
260, 263, 265, 285, 309, 311, 313, 314,
370, 373, 374, 377
properties 373
Alcoholic beverages from Africa 272
Alkanes 88, 89, 204, 294, 304
American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC) 9, 172
Amino acids
manufacture 384
production by mutants 390
Index
production by Metabolic engineered
organisms 391
uses 380
Amino acids, metabolites from 96
synthetic routes 95
Aminoglycosides 430
Amphothericin B 430, 440
Amylases 70, 72, 239, 242, 244, 245, 258,
278, 299, 340, 341, 399, 402, 405, 416
Amylopectin 67, 70, 72, 162, 164
Amylose 67, 69, 162, 245
Anabolism 77, 78, 467, 520
Anaerobic digestion 516, 518
Ansamacrolides 430
Antibiotics 29, 34, 57, 80-83, 92, 97, 122,
132, 136, 137, 143, 147, 178, 202, 212,
219, 222, 228, 234, 286, 331, 345, 346,
380, 389, 417, 423, 429-431, 435, 436,
438-441, 443-446, 448-453, 459, 464,
484, 488, 494, 498
classification and nomenclature 429
new definition 453
newer search methods 445
search for 439
Anti-foams (antifoams) 190, 229
Antigens 34, 120, 318, 477, 478-482, 486,
490, 520
Anti-tumor antibiotics
search for 449
Ascomycetes 29, 319, 444
# " Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Asepsis 222, 232
Auxotrophic mutants 113, 132, 390, 395
Axis of symmetry 139
Bacillus thuringiensis 8, 160, 316, 318, 319,
321, 323-326
delta-endotoxin 322
formulation 324
Bacillus thuringinensis var. israelensis 318
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)
46, 520
Bacterial phyla 22
Bacteriocins 141, 429
Bacteriophages 33, 131, 141, 146, 176,
221, 232, 329, 345
groups and morphology 233
Baker’s yeasts 294, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314
Barley grain 239, 243, 244
malt 57, 72, 238, 244, 281
Basidiomycetes 29, 31, 319
Bdellovibrio 33, 221
Beer brewing 65, 198, 237, 255, 307, 314,
405
bottom- and top-fermented 238
defects 240, 253, 255
Beer, types 237
Bergey’s Manuals 21
Beta alba 60
Beta-lactams 82, 430, 438, 439
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 506
Bioinformatics 50, 51, 52, 488, 520
Bioleaching 421, 422
Biological control 316-319, 321
Biotechnology 3, 5, 19, 20, 22, 34, 36, 41,
51, 122, 126, 143, 152, 157, 171, 480,
488, 493
Blood meal 65, 385
>-Oxidation of fats 90
>-propiolactone 228, 230, 474, 479
Brandy 275-278
Bread 10, 31, 273, 308, 334-343, 405, 455
systems of Bread-making 339
Brewer’s yeasts 241
Carbon Decolorization 217
Carl R Woese 18
Cassava 63, 64, 65, 69, 239, 259, 299, 334,
335, 350, 352, 375, 395, 400
Catabolism 10, 77, 83, 84, 88, 95, 105, 117
Catabolite regulation 100, 103, 105, 115-
117, 461
Cavitator 288
CD binding inhibitors 491
Cell disruption 212
Cell-mediated immunity 475, 477, 490
Cellulose 10, 17, 23, 54, 62, 67, 73-75, 188,
201, 223, 299, 324, 407, 411, 413, 516
Cell-wall 73, 115, 389, 419
Cephalosporins 431, 435, 436, 438, 439
Champagne 266-269
Cheese 10, 153, 202, 281, 303, 313, 334,
344-347, 366, 416
manufacture 345
Chemical insecticides 315
mutagens 128
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 507
Chemostat 199, 200, 409
Chemosterilants 227
Chloramphenicol 21, 92, 93, 117, 119,
143, 234, 429
and analogues 430
Chromatography 209, 214, 217, 263, 349,
369, 408, 443, 452, 488, 494
Citric 23, 79, 114, 132, 136, 185, 206, 251,
288, 365-368, 452
acid 23, 61, 79, 89, 132, 185, 206, 365,
368, 389, 452
Claviceps 29, 81, 115, 455, 460
Clinical trials 446-448, 482, 498, 499, 501
Cocoa 164, 335, 354, 355
Codons 38, 39, 46, 47, 130, 521
Coffee 186, 299, 335, 354, 355
Combinatorial chemistry 453, 493, 497
Conjugation 80, 127, 135, 136, 141, 144,
148, 321, 439
Contaminants, basis of loss 221
Contaminations 174, 198, 221, 222, 229,
275, 486
Index # #
Continuous brewing 202, 255, 257
fermentations 196, 198, 201
Corn grits 239
steep liquor 56, 57, 59, 60, 120, 309,
313, 322, 389, 432, 470
Corticosteroids 466, 467, 470
Corynebacterium manihot 351
Crystallization 60, 209, 217, 218, 365,
396, 402, 494
Culture collections 9, 122, 171, 172, 173,
450,
Dawa dawa 335
Decoction method 245-247
Deep sea 446, 447
Deuteromycetes 31
Disruption of cells 209
Distillers soluble 60
DNA chimera 137, 138
chips 42
modification and restriction 138
sequencing 34, 44, 45, 50
vaccines 481
Domains 18, 20, 21
properties 21
Drug discovery 43, 50, 51, 453, 489, 491,
492, 493, 500
approval procedures for new drugs
497
cell-based 489
enzyme assays 402
newer methods 492
receptor-binding 491
Drum driers 219, 311
Dryers 219
Dump leaching 422
Earth summit 3
Edible vaccines 155-157, 481
Electromagnetic spectrum 226
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP
Pathway) 84
Enrichment methods 124
Entner-Duodoroff Pathway (ED) 84
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
505
Enzymes 3, 8, 35, 55, 64, 70, 72, 79, 83,
101, 105, 107, 135, 153, 212, 242, 257,
398, 405-408, 435, 483
classification 399
industrial uses 400
manipulating organisms for higher
yields 416
production 406
Enzymes, use in brewing 257
Ergot alkaloids 29, 81, 96, 116, 455-462
production 459
Ethylene oxide 223, 227, 228
Extraction 10, 50, 125, 208, 213, 297, 323,
368, 372, 408, 434, 436, 453, 462, 497,
508
Feedback regulation 100, 105-109, 114,
117, 418, 419, 461
Fermentation 5, 9, 10, 25, 28, 31, 32, 55,
57, 60, 84, 86, 88, 110, 115, 125, 137,
157, 172, 183-199, 201-206
Fermented foods 10, 334, 343, 348, 350,
355, 356, 359, 360
advantages 334
Fermentor 10, 33, 183, 184, 185, 192, 196,
198, 203, 225, 229, 249, 255, 286, 288,
309, 313, 331, 394, 407, 512
aerated stirred tank batch bioreactor
184
aeration and agitation 186
anaerobic 195
construction materials 185
fermentor configurations 197
gas phase barriers 187
submerged 183, 184
surface or tray 206
Fermentors 4, 149, 167, 168, 183-185, 188,
195, 196, 200, 206, 225, 229, 293, 297,
309, 331, 416, 423, 432, 484
Filtration 10, 209-212, 217, 222, 224, 230,
244, 247, 288, 310, 323, 396, 408, 491
# $ Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Firmicutes 22-24, 26
Fish meal 66
sauce 335, 360
Flocs 210, 509, 512
Foam extraction (fractionation) 211
Foaming 188-190, 205, 286, 383, 510
Foams 188-190, 229
Fodder yeasts 306
Food yeasts 307, 311-313
Foo-foo 335, 350, 352
Formaldehyde 223, 228, 342, 369, 480,
485
Frings acetator 286-288
Fungi 18, 29, 30, 31, 57, 74, 83, 84, 92-96,
131, 135, 153, 167, 172, 176, 204, 206,
227, 257, 259, 278, 300, 315, 322, 323,
342, 347, 357, 403, 404, 430, 436, 444,
460, 468, 471, 492, 509
G+C content 26
Garri 334, 350-352
Gaseous sterilization 226, 229
Gasohol 5, 63, 374
Gene identification 47
Gene pool 171, 418
Gene transfer into
animals 151
bacteria 146
plants 148
Genetic code 38, 521
applications 152-170
engineering 3, 7, 8, 41, 126, 127, 135,
137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 151, 154, 158,
160, 161, 164, 166, 167, 377, 395, 473
Genetic improvement 122
macromolecules 35, 50
Genomics 34, 42, 46, 50, 480, 493, 495,
497, 521
Geotrichum candidum 351
Grape wines
classification 266
defects 265
fortified 269
yeasts used 263
Grapes (Vitis vinfera) 262
Growth factors 31, 54, 55, 60, 62, 63, 134,
372, 484
Hemicelluloses 62, 67, 73, 154, 244
Heterokaryosis 127
Hops 237-240, 248, 307
Hordeum vulgare 239
Hydrocarbons 21, 54, 88, 201, 294, 295,
300, 312, 451, 508
Idiophase 57, 58, 81, 83, 115, 116, 117,
120, 202, 419, 434
Idli 335, 359
Immobilized biocatalysts 408, 409
advantages 409
bioreactors for 415
cells 385, 409, 413, 416, 471
enzymes 409, 416, 435
Immune system 155, 164, 472, 477, 486,
490
Industrial alcohol 60, 222, 276, 307, 373
microbiology 3-5, 7, 9, 11, 19, 22, 29,
31, 41, 43, 50, 54, 62, 64, 66, 126, 129,
143, 152, 171, 230, 417, 482, 487
Industrial products
primary metabolites 78
secondary metabolites 79
Industrial vs Medical Microbiology 4
Inflammatory reactions 489, 491
Inoculum preparation 205
Intellectual property 5 (see also Patents)
Ion exchange 209, 214, 216, 217, 241, 366,
396, 411, 412, 517
Ionizing radiations 127, 226
Isolation de novo 123
Isoprene 94, 462
Itaconic acid 365
Jerusalem artichoke 65
Kilning 243, 258, 277, 405
Kokonte 335, 350, 352
Index # %
Lactic acid 24-27, 59, 79, 89, 196, 245,
259, 264, 273, 313, 345, 355, 369-372
acid bacteria 24-27, 29, 59, 221, 253,
259, 265, 270, 307, 334, 341, 345, 346,
348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 355, 358, 371
properties and uses 348
Lactobacillus helveticus 26, 273
Lactobacillus bulgaricus 29, 345
Lactobacillus mesenteroides 259
Lactobacillus plantarum 259, 341, 349, 353,
370
Lafun 335, 352
Lagering 237, 242, 243, 251, 255, 259
Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 424
Ligase 141, 400
Lignin 62, 73, 75, 298
Linamarin 350-352
Linocosaminides 430
Liquid extraction 212-214
Literature search 122
Lotaustralin 350, 352
Lymphocytes 475-478, 491
Lyophilization 175, 177
Macrolides 123, 430
Mahewu 349
Maize 35, 59, 60, 63, 67, 97, 239, 273, 334,
349, 400
Malting 64, 238, 239, 242, 258, 262
Mashing 238, 242, 244, 245, 258, 259
methods 245
Metabolic engineering 127, 136, 391, 394
pathways 77, 90, 120, 387
Metabolism 10, 23, 34, 76-84, 89, 99, 115,
174, 297, 461, 491, 499
Metagenomics 48, 49
Methylbromide 228
Microarrays 42, 43, 50
Microbial insecticides 326
metabolites 44, 122-125, 440, 488, 489,
491
metabolites, testing 124
Microorganisms, advantages
in biotechnology and industrial
production 20
Microorganisms,
characteristics for use in biotechnology
31
Milk, composition 343
Millets 64, 258
Mining microbiology 423
Miso 335, 356, 358
Molasses 56, 57, 60, 61, 189, 201, 206,
275, 277, 278, 281, 294, 299, 307, 309,
310, 312, 322, 325, 368, 377, 395, 432
Mutagens practical isolation 131
Mutation 32, 101, 110, 113, 126-132, 136,
172, 241, 309, 346, 391, 432, 492
Naringin 405
Neomycin 116, 430, 448
Nephila clavipes 167
Non-specific immunity 474, 475
Nucleic acid biotechnology 3
Nucleoside antibiotics 92
Nucleosides 92, 304, 430
Ogi 334, 349
Ogili 335, 360
Oncom 335, 358
Open reading frame (ORF) 46, 47
Orsellenic acid 93, 94
Overproduction
derangement of regulatory
mechanisms, primary metabolites 110
derangement of regulatory
mechanisms, secondary metabolites
116
regulatory mechanisms 101
Oxygen 10, 25, 33, 89, 183-188, 191, 193-
196, 203, 249, 253, 264, 269, 286, 298,
331, 341, 424, 468, 506, 507, 514
Palindromes 139
Palm wine 259, 270-272, 281, 294
# & Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Pasteurization 224, 234, 265, 270, 345
Patenting in microbiology and
biotechnology 7- 9
Patents 5-7, 122, 295, 322
Patents and trademarks office 6
Pectinases 352, 400, 403, 404
Pediococcus damnosus 254, 273
Pediococus streptococcus damnosus 221
Penicillin 3, 10, 30, 56, 81, 115, 214, 389,
406, 416, 430, 432, 434, 435, 469
natural and biosynthetic 433
semi-synthetic penicillins 435
Penicillium chrysogenum 81, 82, 116, 132,
136, 432
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PP) 84, 92,
103
Peptides 59, 80, 101, 160, 190, 244, 342,
417, 430, 449, 463, 478, 480
Permeability 100, 108, 109, 114, 126, 213,
389, 419, 446, 447
Permeabilization 148, 213
Pharmamedia 59, 322
Phenazines 92, 430
Phenyl acetic acid 433
Phosphoketolase Pathway (PP) 84, 88
Phycomycetes 29, 319
Pickled cucumbers 335
Pilot fermentor 10, 205
Plasmids 7, 21, 135, 141, 143, 144, 146,
321, 419, 439
Polyenes 430, 445
Polyethers 191, 430
Polyketide 93
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 34, 39
applications 41
Precursors 57, 82, 120, 240, 254, 433-436,
448, 455
Preservation of microorganisms
by dehydration 176
by lowering the growth temperature
174
by reduction of nutrients 178
Primary and secondary metabolites 4, 83,
91, 137
Probes 192, 193, 229
Procaryotic and eukaryotic cells 17
Production fermentor 10, 205, 310
Production of vaccines 202, 482, 484
Promoters 38, 51, 80, 122
Protein denaturation 39
Protein folding 39
Protein synthesis 18, 19, 34, 36, 37, 38,
101, 102, 103, 107, 143, 147, 418, 520
negative control of 101
positive control of 102
Proteomics 50, 480, 493, 522
Protoplast fusion 127, 136
Purification 61, 208, 209, 217, 218, 368,
396, 408, 414, 463, 494, 508
Puromycin 116, 430
Pyruvate 84, 86, 108
Radiations 127, 226
Raw materials 10, 25, 55-59, 62, 66, 153,
201, 238, 278, 334, 383, 385, 388, 395
Raw materials, criteria for use 56
Restriction endonucleases 138-141, 145
Reverse vaccinology 481, 482
Rhizobium 327-333
inoculants 328
Ribosome sub-units 18
Ribosomes 18, 19, 35, 37, 38, 417
Rice 5, 56, 63, 65, 164, 166, 206, 239, 281,
356, 359, 368, 406
Rifamycin 80, 430
16S RNA 18, 22
18S RNA 19
Rotary vacuum filter 209, 210, 310, 396,
434, 436
Rum 4, 60, 64-66, 123, 159, 169, 192, 219,
226, 241, 272, 277, 307, 311, 370, 377,
392, 408, 435, 443, 490, 507
Saccharification 66, 72, 73, 246, 259, 277,
416
Index # '
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 178, 238, 249, 272,
278, 294, 307, 309, 314, 336, 375, 377
Saccharomyces uvarum 237, 314, 377
Saccharum officinarum 60
Sauerkraut 335, 353
Secondary metabolites 29, 57, 78-84, 91,
95, 97, 100, 115, 117, 122, 137, 170, 202,
405, 488
methods for deranging 120
Secondary metabolites, physiology 82
Shikimate-Chorismate 92, 93
Single Cell Protein (SCP) 293
Single cell protein
production substrates 294
safety 303
Site-directed mutation 127, 136
Solvent extraction 209, 213, 214, 215, 297,
372, 422, 488
Sorbitol 23, 191,
Sorghum 64, 65, 69, 239, 258-260, 273,
294, 348, 375, 400
beers 258
Soy sauce 335, 356-358
Spirit beverages
measuring alcoholic strength 274
production 275
Spirits 275, 278, 307, 314, 373
Starch 10, 26, 54, 59, 63, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75,
99, 116, 124, 153, 162, 164, 193, 201,
230, 238, 239, 242, 244-246, 258, 259,
275, 299, 310, 322, 336, 340, 343, 351,
395, 400, 403, 408, 416
Steam 10, 65, 74, 185, 223, 224, 225, 229,
276, 310, 372, 375
Sterility 10, 185, 186, 188, 221, 222, 383,
423, 486, 487
Sterility, methods for achieving 222
Steroids 93, 436, 464, 466-471, 484
Steroids and Sterols
microbial screening 471
microbial transformations 470
Sterols 464, 466, 470
Stout 57, 238, 243, 249, 252
Strain improvement 14, 125, 126, 134,
394, 444, 460
Strains 26, 33, 80, 122, 125, 126, 136, 148,
171, 237, 238, 241, 249, 259, 275, 283,
286, 300, 308, 309, 311, 333, 346, 357,
368, 375, 377, 391, 395, 402, 405, 425,
432, 439, 479, 480
Streptococcus thermophilus 345
Streptomyces 29, 80, 93, 117, 120, 129,
135, 221, 402, 419, 430, 436, 449, 471,
490, 492
Streptomycin 21, 80, 117, 212, 216, 430,
448, 453
Sufu 335, 356
Sulfur dioxide 59, 67, 73, 228, 265, 268
Svedberg units 18, 37
Sweet potatoes 63, 64
Tea 186, 335, 354, 405
Terpenes and steroids 93
Tetracyclines 58, 93, 132, 430
Thiobacillus ferooxidans 424
Thiobacillus organosporus 424
Toxoids 479-482, 485, 486
Traditional biotechnology 3
vaccines 479
Transcription 21, 36, 38, 80, 101, 104, 105,
128, 144, 159, 162, 467, 522
Transduction 127, 134, 135, 151
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) 39
Transformation 80, 115, 127, 135, 141,
146, 147, 439, 466, 467, 469-471, 489
Translation 36, 37, 38, 46, 47, 162, 205,
521, 522
Tricarboxylic acid cycle 84, 89, 114, 367
Trickling filter 285, 287, 409, 509, 514,
515
Triketide 94
Trophophase 57, 81, 115, 117, 120, 202,
434
Turbidostat 199, 200
Tyndallization 224
Ugba 335, 360