Perrie M. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689
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Golden Horde (cont.)
and Grand Princes of Moscow 7, 129, 178,
217
political instability (from 1359) 157, 159
relations with Orthodox Church 148–54,
157
relations with state of Muscovy 165, 318
wars with Ilkhans of Persia 140, 146
see also Crimea, khanate of; Great Horde;
Kazan’, khanate of; Mongol invasions
Golitsyn, Prince Boris Alekseevich 525, 646
Golitsyn, Prince Ivan 412
as contender for throne (1613) 428
Golitsyn, Prince Vasilii Vasil’evich 281, 284,
424
Golitsyn, Prince Vasilii Vasil’evich
(d.1714) 453, 645, 651
and Poland 514
and war with Crimea 514
Golitsyn princes
defeated by Boris Godunov 266
zemshchina boyars 265
Golovin, M.I., defection to Lithuania 264
Golovin, P.I., chancellor to Boris
Godunov 275
Golovins, defeated by Boris Godunov 266
Gordon, Patrick, Scottish mercenary 597
Gorodets 168
Gorodishche (Riurikovo Gorodishche) 53, 56
birch bark document 188
destroyed by fire (870s) 53
monastery and church of the Annunciation
197, 209
monastery and church of the Saviour on
the Nereditsa 197, 198, 209
residence of Novgorod princes 190, 192,
195
workshops and trading centre 54, 59
Gosiewski, Alexander, Polish
commander 424
gosudarev dvor (sovereign’s court) see court,
royal
government, of Kievan Rus’ 70–2
government, central 8
and control over regions 307–9, 477
see also centralisation; chancelleries;
governors; institutions; local
government; state
governors 269, 308, 477
complaints against 475
devolution of functions to clerks 478–9
and increased state control over regions 9,
308, 477
judicial role of 377, 466, 477, 559, 568
civil cases 565
legal jurisdiction 566–7
and kormlenie (feeding) payments 308, 377,
473, 480–2
length of term 476, 563
in Middle Dnieper towns 70
military 308
remuneration 473, 480
responsibilities of 464, 465, 469, 477
for grain stores 42
and military emergencies 477
revenue accounting 474–5
end-of-term audits 475
senior and associate (in larger towns) 476
in Siberia 563
‘thousanders’ 82, 197, 200
in Ukrainian hetmanate 564
graffiti 73
Grand Princes (of Vladimir-Moscow)
law courts of 230, 374
relations with Mongols 7, 129, 178
relationships with elite advisers 8
grasslands, forest steppe 28
grave goods 59
Sweden 52
graves
chamber 58, 59
Christian funerary rituals 69
furnished barrows 59, 69
Great Horde (successor to Golden
Horde) 160, 178, 234
attack on Moscow (1480) 223
and Battle of Ugra (1480) 3, 237
and Crimea 223, 321
and Lithuania 236
and Muscovy 235, 236, 321
see also Astrakhan’, khanate of
Great Palace, Chancellery of
court of appeal 567, 573
and provisions for royal court 589
Great Silk Route 10, 51
and Mongol commercial links 132, 159
Great Treasury, Chancellery of 471, 567
responsibility for crafts 589
Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church, relations
with Russian church 631
Gregory (Gregorios Bulgar), as Metropolitan
of Lithuania and Poland 185
guardianship 361
guba (district administration)
constabulary role of 466
decline in role of 269
738
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judicial role of 466, 565, 566
in Muscovy 253
reforms (1538–9) 308
see also governors; local government
Gulf of Finland, long-distance trade in 52
Gurios, St 342
Gustav II Adolf, king of Sweden 428, 487,
490, 491
Gutkovskii, Simeon, Polish organist 654
Gytha, daughter of Harald of England, wife
of Vladimir Monomakh 91
Haakonson, Erik, raid on Staraia Ladoga
(997) 71
Haakonson, Sveinn, raid on Staraia Ladoga
(1015) 71
Habsburg empire 270
Hadiach, Treaty of (1658) 504
Hanseatic League
domination of Baltic trade 314
and Novgorod 161, 176, 208, 234, 313
trade with 161, 313
Harald, king of England (d.1066) 91
hard labour, as punishment 571
hayfields 25, 29, 39
Hebdon, John, English agent 653
Helgi, Nordic version of Slav name Oleg 57
Henry I, king of France 91
Henry IV, German king and Holy Roman
Emperor 92
Herberstein, Sigismund von, ambassador
from Holy Roman Empire, Notes on
Muscovy 218, 220, 232, 388, 395
heresy 348–51, 560
equated with Judaism 350
heretics 228, 229, 238
punishment of 350
hermitages and sketes 345, 348
Hermogen see Germogen
historiography 11–18
‘Harvard school’ 15, 16
Marxist 15, 16
nature of sources 13–15
of Time of Troubles 409–10
Western traditions 13
written (manuscript) sources 14
Hlukhiv, Ukraine 505
Hlukhiv, Articles of (1669) 508
Holmgarthr see Novgorod
Holy League 486, 514, 517
Holy Roman Empire
Ivan III and 233
and Poland 514
Holy Trinity monastery see Trinity-Sergius
monastery
Holy Wisdom, cult of 258
honey see wax and honey
honours, inflation of (under Alexis) 435
horses
draught 288, 292
traded in Moscow 226
Horsey, Jerome 275, 396
hostages, submitted by non-Russians to
Muscovy 331, 333
houses
Moscow 298, 598
peasants’ huts 286, 288, 289–90, 545–6
Howard, Charles, English ambassador to
Moscow 654
Hrør
¯
ıkR, Old Norse form of Riurik 49
Hungarians 61
and Galicia 114, 120, 121
Hungary 31, 92, 114, 123, 141
trade with 115
hunting
for game and furs 27, 29, 54
as royal pastime 81, 642
Iablonov, garrison town 494, 497
Iaik, river 524
Iakovlev, Kornilo, ataman 499
Iakub, son of Ulu-Muhammed 165, 175
Iakutsk, Fort, founded (1632) 527
Iam 426
ceded to Sweden 487
returned by Sweden 270
Iarilo, Slav sun god 341
iarlyk (patent) from khans 123, 216
Iaropolk, son of Sviatoslav, prince in Kiev 61,
62, 63, 192
Iaropolk, son of Vladimir Monomakh
(d.1139), succession to Kiev (1132) 102
Iaroslav Iaroslavich (d.1271/2), Grand Prince
in Novgorod 145, 199
links with Galicia 142
and Mongol khans 133, 136
prince of Tver’ 135
Iaroslav Iziaslavich (d.1180), of Lutsk 111,
112
Iaroslav, son of Sviatoslav (d.1129) 101
Iaroslav, son of Vsevolod Big Nest (d.1246) 4,
118, 120, 143
appointed to Kiev by Baty khan (1243) 123,
141
and Novgorod 121, 123, 145
sent to Karakorum 134
739
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Iaroslav, son of Vsevolod Big Nest (cont.)
in Vladimir
confirmed by Baty khan 134
and rebuilding of Vladimir 131
Iaroslav ‘the Wise’, son of Vladimir (d.1054)
campaign against Constantinople (1043) 90
campaign against Pechenegs 90
deathbed ‘Testament’ 77, 78
descendants of 98–100
dynastic succession to 77–9, 98, 105, 111, 125
law code 84, 85
statute 87, 351, 362
and literacy in Novgorod 193
prince in Novgorod 71, 72, 75, 77, 192–4
prince in Rostov 71
and Scandinavians 77, 88
as sole ruler of Kiev 77, 94
Iaroslav Volodimerovich Osmomysl (d.1187),
of Galich 105, 114, 116
Iaroslav Vsevolodovich (d.1198), of
Chernigov 113, 116, 117, 125
Iaroslavl’
church styles 644
icons from 649
leather making centre 593
population 581
refugees resettled in 131
size of 302
Iaroslavl’, principality of 135, 215
annexed by Moscow (1471) 213
iasak (tribute payment) 331, 333
Iatviagians, subjugated by Vladimir 64
Iazhelbitsii, Treaty of (1456) 177, 234
Ibak (Abak), khan of Siberia 328
Ibrahim, Sultan 496
Ibraim Pasha, Ottoman commander 511
icon screens, in churches 343
icons 125, 341, 344, 641
from Kremlin Armoury workshop 647
Novgorod’s Mother of God of the Sign
196, 198, 344
regional ‘schools’ 649
signed 647
Vladimir 111
Ideia grammatiki musikiiskoi, treatise on
music 654
Ignatii of Smolensk 400
Igor’ Iaroslavich (d.1060) 92, 98
Igor’, son of Oleg
canonised 106
murdered by Kievans 105
as successor to Vsevolod 104
Igor’, son of Riurik 49
as prince of Kiev 47, 56, 57
Igor’ Sviatoslavich (d.1201) 113, 118
and battle of Donets river basin (1185) 115
Igorevichi, in Galicia 118
Ilarion, ‘Sermon on Law and Grace’ (11th
century) 96
Ili, river 527
Ilimsk, Fort, founded (1603) 527
Ilkhans, of Persia, Golden Horde campaign
against 140, 146
Il’men’, Lake 24, 51
and centre of ‘khagan of the Northmen’ 52
Imperial Book of Degrees (1560–3) 249
imprisonment 381, 571, 577
and detention before trial 380
as punishment (in triadic legal process) 363
Inaet Girey, khan of Crimea 495, 496
income, per capita 546
individualism 366
Inghari, Old Norse form of Igor’ 49
Ingigerd, daughter of king of Sweden, wife of
Iaroslav 88
Ingush peoples 530
Ingvar’ Iaroslavich (d.1212), of Lutsk 117
inheritance law
Church jurisdiction in 560
Pskov 367
Russkaia pravda rules on 361
Sudebniki 385
women and 574
Innocent IV, Pope 142
inns 35
institutions
modelled on khanate councils 217, 232
Muscovy 213, 217, 262
tsar and royal court 435, 436–41
unaffected by Time of Troubles 435
see also Assembly of the Land (zemskii
sobor); boyar council; chancelleries
(prikazy); zemskii institutions
international law, as dyadic process 363
Ioakim, Patriarch (1674–90) 638–9, 660
Ioann II, Metropolitan (1077–89) 86
Ioanna-Bogoslovskii monastery, Urals 318
Ioasaf I, Patriarch (1634–40) 622, 626
Ioasaf, Patriarch (from 1666) 611
Ioasaf Skripitsyn, hegumen of Trinity-Sergius
monastery, as Metropolitan (1539) 353
Iona, Archbishop of Novgorod 217n. 1, 348
Iona, bishop of Riazan’ 175, 183
elected as Metropolitan by Russian bishops
184, 338, 344, 358
Iona, Metropolitan of Krutitsy 621, 622
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Iosif, Patriarch (1642–52) 622, 626
Iosif Volotskii (d.1515)
and Agapetus doctrine 357, 364
‘Enlightener’ (Prosvetitel’) 228, 350, 354, 356,
389
and heretics 349
and Iosifite view of church property 351–3
on relationship of church and state 357
representative of monastic life 228, 346, 347
Iosifo-Volokolamskii monastery 347, 353
Iov, priest in Pskov 342
Iov, Patriarch of Russia (first) 269, 358
removed (1605) 412
Irina, daughter of Tsar Michael 492
Irina Godunova, wife of Tsar Fedor 266, 276,
346
iron industry 40, 544
see also metalworking
iron ores
limonite 40
marsh ores, Novgorod 196
trade in 313
Irtysh, river, settlements on 329
Isaac II Angelus, emperor of Byzantium 117
Isak Sobaka, monk 353
Ishterek beg, ruler of Great Nogai Horde 521
Isidor, as Metropolitan (1437–42) 183–4
Islam 51
among Bulgar elite 54, 65
on frontiers of Muscovy 318
see also Muslims
Islam Girey III, khan of Crimea 496
Ismail, Nogai mirza 323
Istomin, Karion, wood block printer 649
Italy 233
architects from 233, 343, 393
see also Genoa; Venice
Itil, Khazar capital 54, 61
Iur’ev see Dorpat
Iur’ev, bishopric of 93
Iur’ev, Fedor, painter 650
Iur’ev, Nikita Romanovich, and Boris
Godunov 265
Iur’ev Pol’skii, principality 104, 143, 144
Iurii Daniilovich (d.1325)
as Grand Prince of Vladimir 138–9
and Novgorod 145–6, 233
at Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii 138
and principality of Moscow 144, 171
Iurii Dmitr’evich, of Zvenigorod and Galich
(d.1434)
claim to succession 8, 164, 172, 173
death 174
Iurii Dolgorukii, son of Vladimir Monomakh
(d.1157) 102, 104–7, 125
descendants 106
as prince of Suzdal’ 89, 104
and principality of Vladimir-Suzdal’
127
war with Iziaslav Mstislavich 105–6
Iurii Ivanovich, son of Ivan III, of Dmitrov
(d.1536) 221, 241, 250
Iurii L’vovich, of Galicia (c.1300) 149
Iurii, prince of Galicia (1260s) 142
Iurii II, prince of Galicia and Volynia
(d.1340) 150
Iurii, son of Vasilii II (d.1472) 216, 222
Iurii, son of Vsevolod Big Nest 120, 121, 123,
143
as Grand Prince of Vladimir 127, 128
killed by Tatars 123, 129, 134
Ivan I Kalita (Ivan Daniilovich) (d.1341), of
Moscow and of Vladimir 140, 144,
154, 171, 399
descendants 170
marriage alliances 144, 154, 165
and principality of Moscow 144, 152
and tribute collection in Novgorod 146
Ivan II Ivanovich, Grand Prince of
Vladimir-Moscow (d.1359) 140, 154,
160
and Novgorod 156
and succession 165, 171
Ivan III, Grand Prince of Muscovy (d.1505) 3,
221, 317, 389
and 1497 Sudebnik law code 229–30, 374,
375, 382
building in Moscow 390
character 220–1
and the Church 227–9, 343, 358
descendants 221
and Dmitrii Ivanovich (grandson) as
co-ruler 220
domestic policies 222
dynastic controversy over succession to
363
foreign policy 233–8
and heretics 348, 350
and Novgorod 205–6, 223, 347
confiscation of Church property in 228,
234, 347, 351–2
relations with boyars 224–5
relations with brothers 222
relations with khanates 237–8
and ritual 387
succession to father 178, 216
74 1
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Ivan III (cont.)
and town of Ivangorod 300, 314
and Vasilii (son), as co-ruler 220
Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’), Tsar (1530–84) 2, 15,
240
and 1550 Sudebnik 376
and accidental killing of son 251
building in Moscow 322, 393
childhood 240–2
and Church 322, 346, 347, 358
reforms 355, 357
and collateral branches of dynasty 250–1
conquest of Kazan’ (1552) 30, 322, 396
constant fear for safety of family 257, 263
coronation 245–6, 357, 398–400
death 251–2
and dynastic continuity from Kievan Rus’
245, 247
dynastic crisis (1553) 251, 255
ideology of divine power of 258–9, 262
literacy 248, 249
letters 249
and Livonian war 256–7
marriages 244, 246
and military servitors 254–5
minority of 242–5
‘boyar rule’ (1537–47) 242, 375
obsession with treason at court 258
oprichnina administration 258–60, 293
political crisis at death 264
reforms of 1550s 253–6
relations with khanates 255–6
speech to the Stoglav (1551) 247
and Stroganovs in Siberia 329
use of zemskii sobor 458
Ivan V Alekseevich, Tsar (1682–96) 3, 607
Ivan Andreevich, of Mozhaisk (d.1454) 173,
175, 177, 205
Ivan Augustus, ‘Tsarevich’ (pretender) 418,
420
Ivan Borisovich (d.1503) 223
Ivan Dmitrievich, son of Second False
Dmitrii 425, 426, 427, 429, 615
hanged (1613) 429
Ivan Fedorovich, prince of Beloozero 165
Ivan Ivanovich (d.1364) 165
Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan III (d.1490) 221
Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV (d.1581) 251
Ivan, son of Dmitrii (d.1302), at
Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii 138, 143
Ivan, son of Dmitrii Shemiaka 205
Ivan, son of Vsevolod Big Nest, as prince of
Starodub under Mongols 134
Ivangorod 300, 314, 426
ceded to Sweden 487
returned by Sweden 270
Ivanov, L.I. 612
Iverskii monastery 630
Izborsk, early fortified Scandinavian
settlement at 48
Iziaslav Davidovich, of Chernigov, as prince
of Kiev 107
Iziaslav, son of Iaroslav (d.1078)
and Poland 92
prince in Kiev 78, 80, 83, 99
law code 85
Iziaslav, son of Mstislav (d.1154) 125
death 105
and House of Volyn’ 108–9
prince in Pereiaslavl’ 103, 104
war with Iurii Dolgorukii 105–6
Iziaslav, son of Vladimir (d.1001), as prince in
Polotsk 71
Iziaslavichi, of Turov 100, 101
Iziuma Line, southern frontier defences 470,
513
Iziumskii trail 494
Izmailovo, tsar’s residence at 642
Jan Kazimierz, king of Poland 502, 503
and coalition against Turks 514
and Ukraine 504, 505
Jan, king of Denmark 233
Jan Sobieski, king of Poland 510
and Treaty of Eternal Peace (1686) 514
Janibek Girey, khan of Crimea 491
Janibek, khan of the Golden Horde 149, 154
Jenkinson, Anthony, English merchant 404,
405
Jeremiah II, Patriarch of Constantinople 269,
358, 618
Jews 55, 109, 350
Joachim, first bishop of Novgorod 193
Joachim, Patriarch of Antioch 358
John I Tzimisces, Emperor of Byzantium 62
John Chrysostom, St 627
John Climacus, St 627
John de Plano Carpini, Franciscan monk 122
Juchi, Mongol khan 130
Judaiser controversy 363
Judaism, equated with heresy 350
judges
lack of professional 568
role in Sudebniki courts 378
judicial administration 229
corruption in 568–9
74 2
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fees for services 371, 377
see also courts
Justinian I, Emperor, and relationship of
Church and state 357
Kabardinians, north Caucasus 324–5, 530
and Kalmyks 524, 530
relations with Muscovy 332, 333, 334
in Tersk 530
Kafa (Caffa, Kaffa), Crimea
cossacks and 523
Genoese trading colony 132, 133, 233, 316
slave trading through 324
Kalancha, river, Ottoman fortress on 499
Kalka, river, battle of (1223) 120–1
Kalman, king of Hungary 92
Kal’miusskii trail 494
Kalmyk nomads 28, 322, 537
and Kabardinians 524, 530
raids by 41, 334
relations with Muscovy 332, 493, 521–2,
524–7
treaty with (1697) 525
Kaluga 218, 487, 488, 581
Bolotnikov at 417
population 302, 581
Second False Dmitrii at 423, 425
Kama River region 327
Kamchatka peninsula 527
Kamenets, battle of (1228) 121
Kanev, church of St George 103
Kapiton movement, ascetic opponents of
Orthodox Church 634
Kaplan Pasha, Ottoman commander 510
Kara Mustafa, Ottoman grand vizier 512, 514
Karakalpaks 537
Karakorum, Russian craftsmen in 130
Kardis, Treaty of (1661) 503
Karelia 487
Kargopol’, fortifications 596
Karl IX, king of Sweden 422, 426, 428
Karl X Gustav, king of Sweden 502, 503
Karl XI, king of Sweden 503
Karl Filip, prince of Sweden 428, 487
Karpov, garrison at 497
Kashira, Tatar raids on 491
Kashlyk (Sibir’) 234, 328
Kasim, son of Ulu-Muhammed 175
and khanate of Kasimov 165, 177, 335
Kasimov, ‘tsareviches’ town’ 235
Kasimov, khanate of 165, 177, 236, 335, 425
Kassian, archimandrite of Iur’ev monastery,
Novgorod 349
Kassian, bishop of Riazan’ 357
Katorzhnyi, Ivan, Don cossack ataman 495
Katyrev-Rostovskii, Prince I.M., Book of
Chronicles 656
Katyrev-Rostovskii, Prince M.P. 281
Kazakhs, nomads 322, 534, 537
Kazakhstan (modern) 527
Kazan’
illiteracy of officials 479
population 302, 307, 581
regional military administration 470, 586
in Time of Troubles 422, 425
Kazan’ Chronicle 322
Kazan’, eparchy of 338
Kazan’, khanate of 2, 30, 164, 234
conquered by Ivan IV (1552) 255, 256, 301,
319–21, 322, 562
new mosques built 336
new towns 300, 301
as part of Golden Horde 160, 178, 321
relations with Muscovy 235, 319
strategic importance of 319
Kazan’ Palace (chancellery) 566
Kazanskaia istoriia (History of Kazan’) 237
Kazy-Girey, khan of Crimea 271
Kerch, Straits of, Khazar fortress on
(S-m-r-k-ts) 57, 61
Khanty (Ostiak) peoples 318, 328, 330
peace treaty with Muscovy 331
Khazars 51–2, 54
khagans (rulers) of 51
relations with Rus’ 56, 57
Sviatoslav’s attack on 60
Khitrovo, Bogdan, director of Armoury
workshops 612, 647
Khlopko, leader of peasant uprising
(1603) 282, 546
Khmel’nyts’kyi, Bohdan 498, 500
alliance with Muscovy 500–1, 516, 532
and invasion of Lithuania 501, 502
uprising against Poland (1648) 498, 503, 532,
603
Khmel’nyts’kyi, Iurii 504–5, 511, 512, 513
Kho-Url
¨
uk, chief of Kalmyks 332
Khodynka, battle of (1608) 420
Kholmogory 302, 596
new eparchy created (1682) 623
transhipment point on Northern Dvina
315, 591
Kholmskii, Prince V.D. 221
Khotun’ 222
Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7, 637
Khovanskii, Prince Andrei 607
74 3
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Khovanskii, Prince I.A. 604, 607, 609,
612
Khovanskii, Prince I.N. 604
Khvorostinin, Prince I.D., governor of
Astrakhan’ 418, 429
Khvorostinin, Prince I.A. 621
Kiev 68, 90, 118
buildings 94, 115
early log cabins 55
captured by Tatars (1240) 123
cathedral of St Sophia 91, 94, 96
chamber graves 58
churches
the Mother of God 67–8, 94
St George 94
St Irene 94
St Vasilii 115
disputed succession after Sviatoslav (972)
62–3
dynastic rivalries for 125
Golden Gates 111
Lithuanian control over 148, 150
mass conversion to Christianity 66
monastery of St Cyril 103
Muscovite control over (1667) 506, 509, 512,
514
power transfer to Moscow under Mongols
128
princely rule established (882) 47
relations with princes 63, 82–3
sacked by Andrei (1169) 110
sacked by Riurik (1203) 117
as symbolic centre of Rus’ 78, 127, 141
as throne city of Vladimir 63
trade 55
with Europe 122
treaty with Byzantium (911) 55
Vsevolod the Red and 118, 119
see also Caves monastery; Kiev, Grand
Princes of; Kiev, metropolitanate of;
Rus’, Kievan
Kiev Academy 649, 658
Kiev, Grand Princes of 7, 56–60
dynastic politics (1015–1125) 74–81, 98–101
dynastic rivalries (1125–1246) 125–6
joint rule of Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich and
Riurik 114
judicial authority 85
marriage alliances 90, 91
and Mongol threat 120
nature of power and governance
(1015–1125) 81–8
sons as regional princes 61, 71, 75, 88, 92
war between Mstislavichi and Ol’govichi
105–7
as warlords 81
see also Rus’, Kievan
Kiev, metropolitanate of 93, 105, 148–9
reunification 180–2
transferred to Vladimir (1299) 9, 148–9, 152,
153
kinship, and rules of blood vengeance 84
Kipchak khanate see Golden Horde
Kipchak steppe, Muscovy and Great Nogai
Horde 493
Kiprian
as Metropolitan of Lithuania 180, 344
and reunification of metropolitanate of
Rus’ 180–2
and Trinity Chronicle 182
Kirill Belozerskii, St 352
Kirill, bishop of Turov, writings of 107
Kirill (Cyril), Metropolitan 141, 148–9
Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery 345, 347, 624
dispute over 224, 229
Kirillov, A.S. 612
Kirillova kniga 627
Klenk, Konraad van, Dutch ambassador to
Moscow 654
Klim (Kliment) Smoliatich, as Metropolitan
of Kiev 105, 107, 125
Klushino, battle of (1610) 424
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, portrait of Peter the
Great 661
Koknes, taken by Muscovy 503
Kolomenskoe
church of the Ascension (1529–32) 343
tsar’s residence at 604, 642, 646
Kolomna 173, 428, 491
monastery 170
population 302, 304
Komaritskaia district 411, 412, 498
Komi (Zyrian) peoples 318
Konchak, khan of Polovtsy 113
Konda (east of Urals) 318
Konotop, battle of (1659) 504
Konstantin Dmitr’evich (d.1433) 172, 202
Konstantin Iaroslavich (d.1255), as prince of
Galich and Dmitrov 135
Konstantin Mikhailovich, prince of Tver’ 154
Konstantin, prince of Pskov (1407–14) 365
Konstantin, son of Vsevolod Big Nest
(d.1218) 120
as ruler of Rostov 127, 128, 135, 143
Konstantin Vasil’evich, prince of Rostov 155,
165, 166
74 4
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Konstantin Vasil’evich, prince of Suzdal’ 154
Kopor’e 270, 426, 487
Kopystenskii (Kopystens’kyi), Zakhariia,
Nomokanon of 627
Korela 270, 487
Korela, Don cossack ataman 412
Koren, Vasilii, wood block print carver 649
Koriak peoples 527
kormlenie (feeding) payments 225–6, 481–2
to governors 308, 377, 473, 480–2
to princes of Lithuania 202
Korovin, Il’ia (‘Tsarevich Peter’),
pretender 417
Korsun’, Articles of (1669) 509
Korsun’, battle of (1648) 498
Kosagov, Grigorii, Muscovite commander 513
Kosoi, Feodosii, trial for heresy 356
Kosta, master-craftsman, Novgorod 198
Kostensk 579
Kostroma 422, 481, 649
control of 143, 144, 167
fortified by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
population 302, 581
Kostroma Chancellery (chetvert’ ) (territorial),
legal jurisdiction 566
Kotoshikhin, Grigorii 15, 445, 451, 460
Kovalevo, Novgorod, monastery church 209
Kozheozerskii monastery 629
Kozlov 494
uprising (1648–9) 603
Krabbe, Evert, Danish envoy 604
Krapivna, near Tula 412
Kretnyi monastery 630
Kristler, Johann, engineer 643
Kriuk-Kolychev, I.F., conspiracy against Vasilii
Shuiskii 422
Krivichi 189
original inhabitants of Polotsk 47
Krizhanich, Iurii, political philosopher 436
Kromy 270
defection of army to False Dmitrii at 284,
412
Kseniia, Tsarevna, daughter of Boris
Godunov 284
Kubenskii princes, court faction under Ivan
IV 242
Kuchum, khan of Siberia 270, 328–9
Kudai Kul of Kazan’ see Peter Ibraimov
Kudyr’, khan of the Golden Horde 161
Kulikovo, battle of (1380) 162, 185, 202
Kumyks, North Daghestan 324, 537
and Muscovy 332, 530
Kurakin princes 265, 266
Kurbskii, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich 15, 249
Kuritsyn, Fedor Vasil’evich, diplomat 375
accused of heresy 349–50
Kuritsyn, Ivan-Volk, condemned as heretic 350
Kursk
fortified town 270, 301, 497
population 583
surrender to False Dmitrii 411
uprising (1648–9) 603
labour
and land 382, 383, 552
shortages 7, 296
labour law
Muscovy 369n. 29
Pskov 367
labour services 38, 283
Ladoga, Lake 51, 190
lakes 33, 51
land
black lands 230
court lands 230
ecclesiastical 230, 238, 339, 351
grants of 272, 414, 624
heritable 231, 365, 574
lack of market in 384, 541
market in service tenure land 574
and military service obligations 382–3
monastic 95, 272, 355, 624
bequests forbidden (1584) 272
patrimonial 79, 383
state control over 382
votchiny (alienable) 230, 231, 383, 384
see also inheritance law
landholding 286
by Church 574, 624
iqta (Muslim) 231
land census (1580s–90s) 273
laws on
inheritance and ownership 565
legal categories 230–1, 574
Novgorod 372
Pskov 365–6
statutes of limitations 384
see also pomest’e system
landowners
boyars 207, 268, 283, 625
clergy as 624
and labour shortages 7, 296
and obligations of service 7, 38
and rights over peasants 273, 297, 562
tarkhany tax privileges 272
see also servitors (service classes)
74 5
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landscape, and settlement 19, 20
language
Church Slavonic 619
and dialects 189
Latin 645, 651, 658
Polish 658
of Rus’ (Scandinavian) 55
translations into Russian 229, 656
Lascaris, John 352
Last Judgement ritual 402–3
Latin, elite knowledge of 645, 651, 658
Lavr (Lavrentii), pretender 418, 420
law 361, 379, 559
accusatorial (sud) suits 569–70
appeals 378, 567
blood vengeance 84, 85
and burden of proof 381
Byzantine secular (from 1620s) 572, 577, 598
and concept of common good 578
and distributive justice 572, 578
German, in Ukraine 565
and honesty (in Novgorod law) 372
immunities 374–5, 560, 574
charters of 560
see also Orthodox Church
inquisitorial (sysk) suits 570
judicial venues 559–67
legal process in Rus’ 70
litigants’ aides 369, 371
losing defendants (in dyadic process) 371
as means of centralisation 9, 378, 559
new decrees (late 17th century) 573
and official malfeasance 378
and oral tradition 360, 379
payments, damages and fees 230
practice
after Ulozhenie 568–72
standardisation of 85, 229, 471, 578
regulation of peasants’ movements 230
revenues from 361, 370, 385
role of judges 378
role of serfs and slaves in judicial process
370, 377, 555
rules for litigation 230, 568
speed of trials 371, 378, 569
tariff and trade legislation (1653/1667) 545,
573, 575
as tool of social change 384, 565, 573, 576
use of fines 70, 85, 87, 361, 571
ustavy (statutes), jointly issued by princes
and Church 86–7
written 87, 368
books of law and precedents 572
see also Church law; commercial law;
crime; criminal law; evidence; judicial
administration; law codes; legal
systems; punishments
law codes 9, 14, 551, 572–7
boyars’ contribution to 224
canon law 84, 85–6, 352, 561
decrees on princely estates (1562 and 1572)
376
demand for (1648) 551, 587
Felony Statute (1663) 381
Iaroslav’s 87
New Decree Statutes (1669) 466, 571, 573
Novgorod Judicial Charter 371–4
and princely authority 83–5
Pskov Judicial Charter (1397–1467) 365–70
in Ukrainian hetmanate 564
Vladimir Monomakh’s statute on Church
jurisdiction 86, 362
as written sources 73
see also Church law; Pskov Judicial Charter
(1397–1467); Russkaia pravda;
Sudebniki; Ulozhenie (1649)
Lazar’, priest 633, 636
leather, hides and skins
tanning 25
trade in 39
leatherwork, decorative 649
legal profession, Pskov 369
legal systems 9
change from dyadic to triadic process 360,
362–3, 380, 385
in Rus’ 70
see also law codes
Lena, river 527
Leo, son of Danylo, marriage to daughter of
Bela IV 141
Leontii of Rostov, bishop, relics at
Vladimir 111
Leopold I, Emperor 514
l
`
ese majest
´
e, concept of 577
letters and epistles
birch bark documents 14, 73, 188, 195, 197,
206, 373n. 53
Ivan IV 249
as written sources 73
Levkeinskii, Mark, Chronicle Notes of 226
Liapunov, Prokopii 465
commander of Bolotnikov army 416, 423,
425, 426
death of 426, 427
life expectancy 546
Lipitsa, river, battle of (1216) 120
74 6
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Lisowski, Aleksandr, Polish-Lithuanian
commander 487
literacy 69
among local officials 479
of chancellery personnel 453
of clergy 339, 624
Ivan IV 248, 249
and the law 378, 379, 385
Novgorod 193, 206–7
of peasants (in Novgorod) 207
printed alphabet primers 649, 655
literature 657
17th century 655–7
apocalyptic 627
belles lettres 655
books translated into Cyrillic 656
Church 339, 352, 357, 627
classical 657
devotional 125
elite (‘high’ culture) 655
historical accounts 656
lack of print and book culture 357, 655
‘Lives’ 73, 627, 656
Novgorod 204
‘of roguery’ 656
oral tradition 656
poetry 657
traditional Russian 655
translations from Polish 656
see also chronicles; letters; literacy; printing
Lithuania 31, 125
encroachments by 145, 148, 150
influence of nobility on Muscovite
government 232, 236n. 48
invasion of (1654) 500, 501, 502
marriage alliances with Russian princes
141, 142
and Novgorod 147, 148, 150, 157, 176, 201–2,
234
and Polotsk 101, 145
relations with Muscovy 236, 318
wars 236
rise of 158, 168
trade route through 314
and Tver’ 215
see also Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Lithuania, metropolitanate of 150–1, 338
Lithuanian Statute (1588) 376, 381
influence on Ulozhenie (1649) 572, 576
Little Russian Chancellery, administration of
Ukraine hetmanate 517, 533, 564
liturgical feasts 340, 341–2
liturgical texts 621–2
liturgy 340, 342
edinoglasie 628
lay opposition to Zealots’ reforms 628
mnogoglasie (simultaneous chants) 626
Nikon’s reforms 631–2
reformed 636
and ritual 625–6
Liubech, accord (1097) 80, 89, 99, 101
Liut, son of Rus’ commander 62
Lives
of pious individuals 656
of saints 73, 627
Livny, fortified town 270, 301, 497
Livonia, partition of (1560s) 257
Livonian Order (Knights of the Sword)
as enemies of Rus’ 6, 236
and Polotsk 101
Livonian war (1558–83) 5, 256–7, 303, 531
and Novgorod 210
and trade 314–15
loans and credit 540
from English merchants 544
law on 385
local government
and appointed governors 9, 269
bribery in 482–5
central control over 8, 477, 479–80
improvements in administration 35, 268,
308
inefficiency and delays in 479–80
and purchase of non-Russian serfs and
slaves 537
reforms (16th century) 480
elected institutions 9
regional razriady 467, 478
and restoration of order (1613–18) 488
revenue accounting 474–5
Sudebniki and 377
and taxation to fund military
administration 470–1
town governors (godovye voevody),
annually-appointed 464
see also governors; guba (district
administration)
Lodyzhin, massacre at 510
Logika (‘The Logic’), theological text 349,
350
Lokhvitsa, battle of (1659) 504
Loputskii, Stanisl
˜
aw, Polish artist 649
Lotharingia, lower, trade with 122
Louis the Pious, Byzantine embassy to 49
L
¨
ubeck, centre of German Hanse 314
Lutheranism, and influences on art 660
74 7
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