Pugnaire F.I. Valladares F. Functional Plant Ecology

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The assessment of biomass changes in permanent plots throughout the Amazon basin

led to the conclusion that forests, in the basin as a whole, were acting as a carbon sink

(Phillips et al. 1998). This paper was severely criticized based on the unreliability of data

(Clark 2002). The same group presented a new analysis of biomass data using updated forest

inventories across 59 sites in the Amazon basin (Baker et al. 2004). In this analysis corrections

were made for unreliable data obtained by different inventory methods, and the authors

arrived to the same conclusion, that over the last two decades Amazonian old-growth forests

have been acting as a carbon sink on a regional scale. Another biometric study conducted

in the Amazon basin near Santarem, Brasil, showed an increase in live wood biomass after

2 years of 1.4 Mg ha

1

year

1

. This gain in woody biomass was exceeded by respiration

losses from coarse woody debris, the net loss of carbon at the end of the observation

period amounting to 1.9 Mg ha

1

year

1

. This study confirmed the results obtained using

micrometeorological techniques in the same site (Saleska et al. 2003). The conclusion is that

for accurate assessments of carbon balances, biometrics studies have to include the coarse

woody debris.

Biomass changes over 22 years were assessed in permanent plots of undisturbed Atlantic

tropical moist forest (Rolim et al. 2005). The authors concluded that during the observation

period the climatic events associated with El Nin

o reduced forest biomass followed by

gradual biomass accumulation. Present results indicate that the plots have been experiment-

ing a small reduction averaging 1.2 Mg ha

1

year

1

In the analysis of effects of climatic change (CO

and temperature) on tropical forests

little has been done on the changes in forest composition and structure (Slik 2004). Phillips

et al. (2002) reports that in nonfragmented Amazon forests there is an overall increase in

density, basal area, and mean size of lianas (woody climbers) at a rate reaching 1.7%–4.6%

year

1

. Wright et al. (2004) measured liana litter production and proportion of liana litter

forest-wide during 14 years in Barro Colorado, Panama

, and concluded that the proportion

of lianas in this forest increased steadily during the observation period. This phenomenon

needs to be further documented as lianas compete for aerial space with host trees and may

increase mortality and suppress tree growth.

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis of the functional properties of tropical forests components, and of the forest as a

whole, continues to develop at a fast pace as a result of the international efforts to study the

forest–atmosphere interactions within the context of global climate and land-use change.

These efforts are directed to develop operative models capable of quantifying the role of

tropical forests in the dynamics of trace greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The discussion

on the impact of increasing atmospheric CO

concentrations on the productive performance

of tropical forests goes on strongly. A number of groups maintain the notion that elevated

concentrations in the atmosphere may be stimulating the photosynthetic capacity of

tropical forests resulting from a ‘‘fertilization’’ effect. However, others maintain that these

effects may be counteracted by water limitations (in water-limited systems) or by nutrient

limitations as most humid tropical forests grow on substrates of limited fertility. Some recent

developments show that tropical humid forests in the Amazon basin may be acting as a sink for

. In addition, there are already some promising modeling efforts integrating the physio-

logical and ecological knowledge on the effects of CO

on photosynthesis and the capability for

nutrient uptake under natural conditions (Lloyd and Farquhar 1996). We can expect dramatic

developments in the understanding of the physiological ecology of the production processes in

tropical forests during the near future. This will be of utmost importance for future restoration

efforts considering the rate of land-use change in the tropics.

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340 Functional Plant Ecology

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