Ripper J. American Stories: Living American History. Volume 2: From 1865
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American
Stories
RipperTitleHalfV2.qxd 1/15/2008 12:05 PM Page 2
American
Stories
Living American History
Jason Ripper
M.E.Sharpe
Armonk, New York
London, England
Volume II: From 1865
RipperTitleHalfV2.qxd 1/15/2008 12:04 PM Page 1
Copyright © 2008 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc.,
80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ripper, Jason, 1970–
American stories : living American history / Jason Ripper.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. To 1877 — v. 2. From 1865.
ISBN 978-0-7656-1918-1 (v. 1 : pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-7656-1920-4 (v. 2 : pbk. : alk. paper)
1. United States—History—Study and teaching. 2. United States—Biography.
3. Education—United States—Biographical methods. 4. United States—Biography—Study
and teaching. I. Title.
E175.8.R57 2008
973.07—dc22 2007037356
Printed in the United States of
America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z 39.48-1984.
~
BM (p) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments ix
Chapter 1 After the Civil War 3
The Difficulties of Reconstruction 4
Reconstruction: Black and White 6
Mary
Ames: A New England Woman in Dixie 10
W.E.B. DuBois and the “Problem of the Color Line” 16
Chapter 2 Cowboys and Indians 19
Buffalo Bill’
s Wild West 20
Horses: Flesh and Iron 22
Buffalo Bill, Black Kettle, and the Wars for the West 24
Buffalo Bill: Violence and Theater 31
Annie Oakley 32
Sherman Alexie’s Poem on Buffalo Bill 37
Chapter 3 A Mosaic of American Life: 1875–1914 39
Millions of
W
atts: Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla 40
Millions of Immigrants 44
Sadie Frowne: Sweatshop Seamstress 48
Ida Tarbell: Muckraker 54
Chapter 4 The U.S. Government: At Home and Abroad 59
The Scene at Home 60
Theodore Roosevelt, Part 1: Of Silver Spoons and
Police Badges 62
An International Interlude: Cuba, Hawaii, and the
Prelude to
War 66
Theodore Roosevelt, Part 2: Of Rough Riders, Talking
Softly
, and Carrying a Big Stick 72
The Spanish-American War and the War Against Filipino
Nationalism 74
Theodore Roosevelt, Part 3: From Lieutenant Colonel
to President 75
Chapter 5 A Palette of Progressives 79
The “Full Dinner Pail” and the “Square Deal”:
Theodore Roosevelt as President 80
Defining “Progressivism”: Roosevelt and Robert
La Follette 84
Different Paths to Progress: Booker T. Washington,
W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Frances Willard 86
Birth Control and Conservation: Margaret Sanger and
Gifford Pinchot 91
Lines in the Water 94
Chapter 6 World War I 99
Did Civilization Civilize? 100
The Causes of
World War I in Europe 101
War, Baseball, Ragtime: From August 1914 to
January 1917 103
The Yanks Are Coming 108
A Doughboy in the Trenches 110
Woodrow Wilson and Some Kind of Peace 114
Chapter 7 The 1920s 117
Introduction to the
Twenties: Cars, Commercials,
and Crime 118
Al Capone: The Powers of Money 120
Zora Neale Hurston: The Harlem Renaissance,
American Letters, and the Great Migration 127
In Cars, on Roads, to Cities 134
Chapter 8 Into the Great Depression 137
From Plenty to Plenty of Nothing: Harding,
Coolidge, and Hoover 138
The Bonus Expeditionary Force and the Election of
Franklin Roosevelt 140
The Depression: Why? 144
Plenty of Dust: Stories from Inside the Storm 146
Eleanor Roosevelt: Before the Depression 150
Popularity from the Pulpit: Aimee Semple McPherson 152
Eleanor Roosevelt: Progressive Politics in the Depression 153
Chapter 9 Out of the Depression and Into War 157
What
They Heard on the Radio 158
Pearl Harbor 162
Sacrifice 166
The Internment of Monica Sone 169
Sergeant E.B. Sledge and Shakespeare: “What a piece
of work is a man” 174
Chapter 10 World War II 177
James Doolittle Gives
America Hope 178
The War in Europe: 1941–1943 181
Dwight D. Eisenhower 183
The Liberation of North Africa and Italy 185
Daniel Inouye and the 442nd: D-day and the Fall of
the
Third Reich 188
Chapter 11 From World War to Cold War 197
T
o the Surrender of Japan 198
After the War: “Give ’em hell, Harry!” 203
Alger Hiss and Joseph McCarthy: Spies, Superbombs,
and Circus Politics 210
Chapter 12 American Culture and Society in the 1950s and 1960s 219
White and Black,
Apart and Together 220
Rebels in Denim and Diamonds, and Rebels with a Pen 224
Barbie in the Suburbs 227
The Many Faces of Feminism 231
Chapter 13 In Love and War: 1961–1969 239
Big Dreams 240
“Still crazy after all these years”: Castro, Kennedy
, and
Khrushchev 244
The Vietnam Era: Civil Rights, the Great Society,
and War 248
Tim O’Brien: Citizen Soldier 253
Chapter 14 Contemporary America: The Life and Times
of Al Gore 259
Y
ou and History 260
Al Gore and Global Climate Change 260
Young Al Gore 262
Vietnam and the Making of Al Gore 263
Learning How to Be a Democrat in a Conservative
America 266
From Vice President to Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize 272
The Early Twenty-first Century 274
About the Author 279
ix
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Preface and Acknowledgments
This book tells the history of the United States through the story of its inhabit-
ants. As you turn the pages, an argumentative and yet cooperative mess of people
will be found recovering from the Civil War; struggling to gain full civil rights;
struggling to prevent others from achieving full civil rights; figuring out how to
make a buck; tickling old slave spirituals through the piano keys to give the blues
jazz; knocking baseballs past the diamond and past the last fence in the park;
knocking the German military over not once but twice; tinkering into creation
the gas-and-oil-hungry internal combustion automobile; creating a whole sector
of the economy (i.e., advertising) designed to make us feel bad enough about our
hair, our breath, and our good health that we would buy conditioner, mouthwash,
and cigarettes—along with anything else an inventor with a patent could churn
out from a factory floor. Each chapter features at least one (but usually two or
three) prominent biographies, which travel the historical continuum from the
philanthropic New England teacher Mary Ames to the eloquent pan-American
activist W.E.B. DuBois to the progressive New York first lady Eleanor Roosevelt
to the alarm-ringing citizen of the world Al Gore.
The details of people’s lives are connected to their surroundings and
to
American history at large. This is, therefore, the interlocked history of
worldwide political developments (often military), the ongoing fifty-state
fight for social justice on the part of all racial and sexual minority groups,
and an examination of federal, state, and private powers intersecting. Sad but
dangerous racist ideologies perpetuated a skin-color hierarchy in the United
States and spawned the preview to Armageddon known as World War II.
While it took African-Americans 100 years after the close of the Civil War to
wrest compelling civil rights legislation from the federal government in the
1960s, homosexuals in the United States still face pervasive and ugly daily
discriminations. And where electoral political realities intersect with the oil
industry, the auto culture, and the electrical grid, polar bears and global cli-
mate
change are likely to suffer; as of January 2008, the federal government
seemed prepared to lease oil exploration rights to private companies off the