Самарин В.В. Атомная и ядерная физика
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
151
– -
$, " (").
0 $"
, 2
% " " %,
" .
> $" $"
. - , " , -
" " "
. *$" , % -
" " ( ) -
$ % , " .. - -
$ $"$% % (", ")
$ " % . 0 "
“”, $% -
- $%
" . . -
$ " %" ". 0 $"-
$ “$%” , $%
.
0 $", "
" " ", $" $ $
$ ( 90 %). ) ", 10 % " "
22 %; " $",
" $" " , 2"
2 2$. $" " -
2 -
"$ .
& $" " 2, $%
" 2" ", $
"" , $% " ( "
" " ) $ . '
" % -
" (". -
4.3). ' % "
, , ",
( 184,9 " 253,7 ", ". 4.3). & -
" $"", $%" %
" . 0
$" "" , -
" "". & " "
$, " $"
" , " ",
152
. *$"
" $ 2"" " "
$ "" .
*$" $
( -) , $"", -
$%" " " "
. # $ " , -
"$ $
%. ( 2 ( ), "
$" " .
3. ,& '6&&* .& $5&66
0 " 2 , % %
2 2 , . 9.5
.
' , 2 2
", " "
. , 2
% " " -
", " $"$ " "",
" " " (. 9.5
).
) $" "
2 2 $% -
2$
"
#
∗
. ) $"-
( 2 . 9.5
) " ,
2 " 2 $ $ , "-
, "" " .
' 2, 2-
, (
) ( . 9.5
). # ,
$% , $
%3
.
'" , $%
. 3
,
$%$ $"$ $
. '
2 (
6 . 9.5
)
, $%$ $"$ $
%
-
. 0 " $"
∗
" $ "
153
!
L
,
, " " "
.
. 9.5. ) ( 2 %
: 1 – 2 ,
2 –
−
2-, 3 –
2 " ",
4 – 2 " ,
5 – 2
- , 6 – " "
(), 7 – % " 2";
) ( 2 , $%
" 2: 1-6 – , " 1-6
. , 7-10 – " [28]
& $"
" (
!
), %
" $"
L
2
h
ν
(
λ
). # $"-
, $% 2 ,
. 9.5
. 9.6. 0 $",
$% ,
" . ' 2" "
" " " , ", -
" 2 %
" , "" "
" , %
" "
..
154
& ""
$", $% "
$ " .
. 9.6. # $" :
1, 3, 4, 5, 6
−
$ " . 9.5; 2
−
"
$" 2; 2' — — [28]
0
%
""" $"
"% $ $%" """
% (. 9.7).
. 9.7. 0 % (1)
$" (2) "
"
[28]
) 7 " " " ” ,
%" $"" 2
, . &
" $% " ""
% 2 "$% 2
. # "
$" ", "
$% . ) "
!
-
.
155
4$" $"
$ $%" ,
" " "
",
% . , $" 2"
",
∆
" " ( "
~
T
∆ ), " 2 "
~
E kT
" 2 (". . 9.5). 0
" "
, % $
$" – $ (. 9.8).
. 9.8. 1"
$" ZnS-+g0
" [28]
3% "$ % 2
2$ , $ 2$, $ "
4(
-
, 2, 2
(", 8, 9 . 9.5
)
" 2 ". - 2 2
" ( "
$ , $% "
" 7). & (- "
.
& "
" (",
), (", ,
", 2 " ..). '2"
$" "%" ""
2.
156
& "
" , $" "
% , $. &
$"
" "
$. 3 N —
"" " t,
τ
— " ""
, dN, %
" dt,
dt
dN N
= −
τ
. (9.1)
,, "
ln const
t
N = − +
τ
, (9.2)
3 (
0
t
=
)
0
N N
=
0
exp
t
N N
= −
τ
. (9.3)
> L "
" (
γ
— 2 )
0
0
exp exp
N
dN t t
L L
dt
= −γ = γ − = −
τ τ τ
. (9.4)
#" ", $"
2" ( " ,
". 4.12).
& " $"
" 2 "
, 2 " 2 "
". $ 2" -
" $" [28]:
( )
0
2
1 2
0
1
L
L
L t
=
+ β
, (9.5)
β
− 2 ".
" $" $
"$ . .
(9.4) (9.5), $"
"
, "
$" 2 " " , "
0
L
. ,
157
(9.5) , " "-
$", '2"
(
)
1 2
0
t L
−
>> β
1 2
( ) ~
L t t
− −
β
0
L
.
'" $" $% "
$" (. 9.9).
. 9.9. 0
$"
$":
1 − ZnS:Ag;
2 − ZnS:0;
3 − ZnS:n;
4 − GaP:Zn,(;
5 − GaAs [28]
' 2" " $", " " ,
, 2
% , %" "
. 4", ZnS-Ag ,
ZnS-Cu − , , , ZnS-Mn $".
&" " $"
, $ "
" .
& % " %
, $ $
% $" $
. ),
", " ,
"$
%!
!!
. !"
2
% (
). #
,", " Gd
3+
(-
) #b
3+
() $" YPO
4
:#?,Gd.
(% , $% %
% $" 2 $ 2$,
!
η
, " "
, % % ( -
$"), 2, (
2$"). . $"
η
"
158
%(
η
, (.. 2-
, $% %
2)
%
η
η = η η
. (9.6)
' " " %
, $
3
,
η
"", $%"
" .
) 2
$" $
(.'-), 2
% ":
E E
η =
(9.7)
& $"
η = η ν ν
(9.8)
E Nh
= ν
.
' $", " " 2
2
h E
ν < ∆
, " , "
!
( ", " %
"
" 2). . $" "
$" " 90%, 2" .'-
% , "
" ,
.'- 3-4%.
4. $ )$ $+, &))
- "
" " (" ".
. 9.10) " ", " -
4.1. ' "" "" -
λ
"
ϕ
" -
( )
λ = λ ϕ
, "
λ
(". 4.1). - 2 -
"%$ ", 4.1.
159
. 9.10.
' "
"
=
(50, 75, 300, 600 /"")
*
& $ 4 (, , , -
) " . ! -
" %$ " " ". &$-
, $ ,
""" ,
. 1 . 9.2. ' " -
"""
∆λ
, -
. 9.3. 4 2 " ( "
(9.9)) % "-
.
1241
(2&)
(
")
ε =
λ
. (9.9)
# 9.2
9
!
!
ϕ
-
λ
, "
) -
, 2&
*
""
.
'
*
""
<
'
*
""
1
'
*
""
'
*
". 8 1, “”,
“2.5. (”: 12677) http://www.mos-uk1.ru
160
5. &'$%( ' $5&66
* $" " (-* )
, "
% $". '2" -
$" ($"
). 3 , " -
, . 9.11.
&$%
-
" " "
λ =
441,13 ". 4
. 9.11 2" " -
$
, -
% $"". 6-
-
$ $ $-
". & $-
$"
"%$ "-
".
1. ! -
"", $
$ . ,-
" -
ϕ
, -
. 9.3.
2. 4 -
$
$", " -
""",
,
. 9.3.
3. ' " "-
.
4. ( " 2 .
∗1
0 " 0.. ."
. 9.11. '"
$"
∗1