Takhtajan Armen. Flowering Plants

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746 Subclass IV. COMMELINIDAE

1.13 PANICOIDEAE

Annual or perennial herbs, either tufted or rhizoma-

tous and sometimes with robust woody culms. Leaves

broad or narrow and the ligule is a ciliate membrane or

a rim of hairs, sometimes it is absent. The silica bodies

cross- or dumb-bell-shaped and microhairs are always

present. Neither arm cells nor fusoid cells occur in the

mesophyll and the leaf anatomy is usually of Kranz

Type, both the PS and MS subtypes occurring. The

ﬂ owers usually with 2 ﬂ eshy cuneate lodicules;

stamens 1–3(-6); stigmas 2. – arundinelleae:

Arundinel la, Loudetia, etc.; hubbardieae: Hub-

bardia; paniceae: Cenchrus, Pennisetum, Digitaria,

Leptocoryphium, Melinis, Acroceras, Axonopus,

Brachiaria, Cenchrus, Echinochloa, Eriochha,

Ichnanthus, Mesosetum, Oplismenus, Panicum,

Paspalum, Sacciolepis, Setaria, Spinifex, etc.;

andropogone ae: Andropogon, Chrysopogon,

Arthraxon, Coix, Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia, Dimeria,

Erianthus, Heteropogon, Rottboellia, Imperata,

Miscanthus, Saccharum, Leptatherum, Germainia,

Eiclasta, Spathia, Trachypogon, Agenium,

Homozeugos, Sorghum, Sorghastrum, Dichanthium,

Themeda, Tripsacum, Zea, Chionachne, Polytoca,

Sclerachne, Trilobachne, etc.; STEYE-

RMARKOCHLOEAE: Steyermarkochloa.

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Abarema, 351

Abatia, 223, 226

Abatieae, 226

Abdulmajidia, 204

Abelia, 462

Abeliophyllum, 546

Abelmoschus, 270

Abildgaardia, 731

Abildgaardieae, 731

Abobra, 235

Abolboda, 720, 724

Abolbodaceae, 723

Abolbodoideae, 724

Abreae, 352

Abroma, 269

Abronia, 137

Abroniaumbellate, 133

Abronieae, 137

Abrophyllaceae, 438, 441

Abrophyllum, 437, 441, 485

Abrus, 352

Absolmsia, 522

Abuta, 80

Abutilon, 270

Acacia, 351

Acacieae, 351

Acaena, 320

Acalypha, 284, 288

Acalyphaceae, 287

Acalypheae, 288

Acalyphoideae, 288, 289

Acamptoclados, 745

Acaniales, 238

Acanthaceae, 547, 562, 569, 570

Acantheae, 569

Acanthella, 340

Acanthocalyx, 463

Acanthocardamum, 253

Acanthocarpus, 727, 728

Acanthocereus, 139

Acanthochlamydaceae, 685, 686

Acanthochlamys, 685, 686

Acanthocladus, 357

Acanthogilia, 201

Acanthogilioideae, 201

Acanthoideae, 569

Acantholepis, 502

Acantholimon, 156, 157

Acantholippia, 571

Acanthomintha, 573

Acanthonema, 567

Acanthopale, 570

Acanthopanax, 478

Acanthophoenix, 695

Acanthophyllum, 141

Acanthopsis, 569

Acanthorrhinum, 565

Acanthosicyos, 235

Acanthostachys, 701

Acanthostelma, 570

Acanthosyris, 422

Acanthothamnus, 412

Acanthura, 570

Acanthus, 561, 569

Acareosperma, 316

Acaulimalva, 270

Acca, 342

Accara, 342

Aceae, 716

Acer, 363, 364

Aceraceae, 360, 361, 363, 364

Aceranthus, 83

Aceratium, 232

Acharia, 224, 228

Achariaceae, 219, 224, 228

Achatocarpaceae, 130, 132, 137, 138, 142

Achatocarpus, 137

Achetaria, 565

Achillea, 503

Achimenes, 567

Achlydeae, 83

Achlyphila, 720, 723

Achlys, 81, 82, 83

Achradaceae, 211

Achudemia, 281

Achyranthaceae, 142

Achyranthes, 142

Achyrocalyx, 569

Achyronychia, 141

Achyropsis, 142

Achyrospermum, 573

Index

751

752 Index

Acianthus, 649

Acicarpha, 498, 501

Acidocroton, 288

Acidonia, 72

Acidoton, 288

Acinos, 573

Acioa, 327

Acion, 739

Acisanthera, 340

Ackama, 295

Acleisanthes, 137

Acmadenia, 375

Acmanthera, 404, 405

Acmena, 342

Acmenosperma, 342

Acmispon, 353

Acnistus, 533

Acoelorraphe, 695

Acokanthera, 521

Acomastylis, 320

Aconitella, 87

Aconitoideae, 87

Aconitum, 87

Aconogonon, 155

Acopanea, 181

Acora, 615

Acoraceae, 615, 616, 617, 618, 734

Acorus, 615, 617, 734

Acosmium, 352

Acotis, 340

Acourtia, 502

Acradenia, 375

Acranthera, 520

Acridocarpus, 405

Acristaceae, 694

Acrocarpus, 351

Acrocephalus, 574

Acroceras, 746

Acrocomia, 695

Acrocoryne, 522

Acrodon, 138

Acroglochin, 143

Acronema, 474

Acronychia, 375

Acrophyllum, 294, 295

Acropogon, 269

Acroptilon, 502

Acrosanthes, 137

Acrotome, 573

Acrotrema, 167, 168

Acrotriche, 193

Acrymia, 574

Acsmithia, 294, 295

Actaea,

Actaeaceae, 86

Actaeae, 86

Actaeeae, 87

Actephila, 286

Actinanthella, 422

Actinidia, 189, 190

Actinidiaceae, 170, 189, 190, 191

Actinidioideae, 190

Actinocarya, 542

Actinodaphne, 48, 52

Actinodium, 343

Actinokentia, 695

Actinolema, 479

Actinorhytis, 695

Actinoschoenus, 731

Actinoscirpus, 731

Actinostemma, 234, 235

Actinostemon, 289

Actinotaceae, 478

Actinotus, 479

Acunaeanthus, 520

Adansonia, 270

Adelia, 288

Adelieae, 288

Adelobotrys, 340

Adelocaryum, 542

Adelosa, 571

Adelostemma, 522

Adelostigma, 503

Adenandra, 375

Adenanthe, 187

Adenanthera, 351

Adenanthos, 72

Adenarake, 187

Adenaria, 341

Adenia, 221, 228

Adenium, 521

Adenoa, 228

Adenocalymma, 567

Adenocarpus, 352

Adenochilus, 649

Adenochlaena, 288

Adenocline, 288

Adenoclineae, 288

Adenodaphne, 52

Adenodolichos, 352

Adenogramma, 134, 141

Adenogrammaceae, 141

Adenolisianthus, 520

Adenolobus, 350

Adenopeltis, 288

Adenophaedra, 288

Adenophora, 486, 488

Adenopodia, 351

Adenorandia, 519

Adenosma, 565

Adenostemma, 503

Adenostoma, 319

Adenostomateae, 319

Adenostyles, 503

Adesmia, 352

Adesmieae, 352

Adina, 520

Adinandra, 173

Adinauclea, 520

Adiscanthus, 375

Adlumia, 96

Adolphia, 432

Index 753

Adonideae, 87

Adonidia, 695

Adonidoideae, 87

Adonis, 85, 87

Adoxa, 461, 462

Adoxaceae, 461, 462

Adriana, 288

Adromischus, 305

Aechmea, 701

Aegialitidaceae, 157

Aegialitis, 156, 157

Aegiceras, 213, 215

Aegicerataceae, 215

Aegilopaceae, 742

Aegilops, 744

Aeginetia, 566

Aeginetiaceae, 565

Aegiphila, 572

Aegiphilaceae, 571

Aeglalitis, 156

Aegle, 376

Aeglopsis, 376

Aegonychon, 542

Aegopodium, 479

Aegopogon, 745

Aeluropus, 745

Aenictophyton, 352

Aeollanthus, 573

Aeonieae, 305

Aeonium, 305

Aerangis, 649

Aerides, 649

Aerisilvaea, 287

Aerva, 142

Aeschynanthus, 567

Aeschynomene, 352

Aeschynomeneae, 352

Aesculaceae, 364

Aesculus, 363, 364

Aetanthus, 422

Aetheolirion, 716

Aethephyllum, 138

Aethionema, 254

Aethusa, 479

Aetoxylon, 271

Aextoxicaceae, 219

Aextoxicales, 219

Aextoxicon, 219

Affonsea, 351

Afgekia, 352

Afraegle, 376

Aframomum, 707

Afrardisia, 215

Afrobrunnichia, 155

Afrocalathea, 708

Afrocrania, 450, 451, 453

Afroﬁ ttonia, 570

Afroguatteria, 42

Afrolimon, 157

Afrostyrax, 408, 413

Afrothismia, 637

Afrotrichloris, 745

Afrotrilepis, 731

Afrovivella, 305

Afzelia, 350

Agalinis, 566

Agallis, 253

Agalmyla, 567

Aganonerion, 521

Aganope, 352

Aganosma, 521

Agapanthaceae, 665, 668

Agapanthus, 668

Agapetes, 193

Agarista, 193

Agastache, 573

Agastachys, 72

Agasyllis, 479

Agatea, 227

Agathelpis, 565

Agathisanthemum, 518

Agathosma, 375

Agauria, 193

Agavaceae, 660, 664, 668, 669, 700

Agave, 663, 664, 668, 700

Agavoideae, 668

Agdestidaceae, 136

Agdestidoideae, 136

Agdestis, 131, 136

Agelaea, 359

Agelanthus, 422

Agenium, 746

Ageratina, 503

Ageratum, 503

Aglaia, 377

Aglaieae, 377

Aglaodorum, 618

Aglaonema, 618

Aglaonemateae, 618

Agonandra, 417, 421

Agonandreae, 417, 421

Agonis, 343

Agrimonia, 320

Agrimoniaceae, 319

Agriophyllum, 143

Agropyron, 744

Agrostemma, 142

Agrostidaceae, 742

Agrostis, 744

Agrostistachydeae, 288

Agrostistachys, 288

Agrostocrinum, 667

Aguiaria, 270

Ahernia, 226

Aichryson, 305

Aidia, 519

Aidiopsis, 519

Ailanthaceae, 376

Ailanthus, 372, 376

Ainea, 658

Ainsliaea, 502

Aiouea, 48, 52

754 Index

Aiphanes, 695

Aira, 744

Airosperma, 520

Airyantha, 352

Aistopetalum, 294, 295

Aitchisonia, 519

Aitonia, 377

Aizoaceae, 130, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141

Aizoanthemum, 137

Aizooideae, 137

Aizoon, 137

Ajuga, 572

Ajugeae, 572

Ajugoideae, 572

Ajugoides, 573

Akania, 239

Akaniaceae, 238, 239

Akaniales, 239

Akebia, 78

Akschindlium, 353

Alaﬁ a, 521

Alajja, 573

Alangiaceae, 453

alangiaceae, 452

Alangium, 453

Alangium chinense, 449

Alangium grisolleoides, 452

Alania, 667

Alantsilodendron, 351

Alberta, 519

Alberteae, 519

Albertisia, 80

Albizia, 351

Albraunia, 565

Albuca, 668

Alcanterea, 701

Alcea, 270

Alchemilla, 320

Alchemillaceae, 319

Alchemilleae, 320

Alchornea, 288

Alchorneeae, 288

Alchorneopsis, 288

Alcimandra, 36

Aldina, 352

Aldrovanda, 160, 161, 164

Aldrovandaceae, 164

Alectra, 566

Alectryon, 361, 364

Aleisanthia, 520

Aleisanthiopsi, 520

Alepidea, 479

Alepis, 422

Aletris, 598

Aleurites, 284, 285, 288

Aleuritideae, 288

Alexa, 352

Alexandra, 143

Alexgeorgia, 737, 739

Alfaroa, 124, 125, 126

Alfaropsis, 126

Alfredia, 502

Algernonia, 289

Alhagi, 353

Alibertia,

519

Aliciella, 201

Alinula, 731

Alisma, 606

Alismataceae, 605, 606

Alismatales, 606, 608

Alismatales, 605

Alismatanae, 599

Alismatidae, 15, 595, 600, 694

Alistilus, 352

Alkanna, 542

Allagoptera, 695

Allamanda, 521

Allanblackia, 182

Allantoma, 204

Allantospermum, 399, 401

Alleizettella, 519

Allenrolfea, 143

Allexis, 227

Alliaceae, 656, 660, 666, 668, 669

Alliaria, 253

Allioideae, 669

Allionia, 137

Allioniaceae, 137

Allium, 666, 669

Allmania, 142

Allmaniopsis, 142

Allocarya, 542

Allocasuarina, 122

Allocheilos, 567

Allochrusa, 141

Allolepis, 745

Allomaieta, 340

Allomarkgraﬁ a, 521

Alloneuron, 340

Allophylaceae, 363

Allophyllum, 201

Allophylus, 364

Alloplectus, 567

Alloschemone, 618

Alloschmidia, 695

Allosidastrum, 270

Allostigma, 567

Allosyncarpia, 343

Allotropa, 191

Allowissadula, 270

Allowoodsonia, 521

Alloxylon, 72

Alluaudia, 139

Alluaudia, 140

Alluaudiopsis, 140

Almaleea, 352

Almeidea, 375

Alniphyllum, 208, 209

Alnus, 119, 120

Aloaceae, 667

Alocasia, 619

Aloe, 661, 667

Index 755

Aloinopsis, 138

Alona, 531, 534

Alonsoa, 565

Alonsoeae, 565

Alooideae, 667

Alopecuraceae, 742

Alophia, 658

Aloysia, 571

Alpaminia, 253

Alphandia, 288

Alphitonia, 430, 432

Alphonsea, 42

Alpinia, 705, 707

Alpiniaceae, 707

Alpinieae, 707

Alpinioideae, 707

Alrawia, 668

Alseis, 519

Alseodaphne, 51

Alseuosmia, 496

Alseuosmia, 496, 497

Alseuosmiaceae, 495, 496

alseuosmiaceae, 496

Alseuosmiales, 495

Alsinaceae, 141

Alsineae, 141

Alsinidendron, 141

Alsinoideae, 141

Alsmithia, 695

Alsobia, 567

Alsodeiaceae, 227

Alsodeiopsis, 469

Alsomitra, 235

Alstonia, 521

Alstonieae, 521

Alstroemeria, 639, 640, 641

Alstroemeriaceae, 639, 640, 641

Alstroemeriales, 638, 642

Alternanthera, 142

Althaea, 270

Althenia, 610, 612

Altingia, 109

Altingiaceae, 108, 109

Aluta, 343

Alvaradoa, 372, 376

Alvaradoideae, 376

Alvesia, 573

Alvimiantha, 432

Alyogyne, 270

Alysicarpus, 353

Alyssoides, 253

Alyssopsis, 253

Alyssum, 253

Alyxia, 521

Alyxieae, 521

Alzatea, 338

Alzateaceae, 328, 329, 338, 339

Amaioua, 519

Amalocalyx, 521

Amana, 634

Amanoa, 286

Amanoeae, 286

Amaracarpus, 518

Amaracus, 573

Amaranthaceae, 130, 135, 142

Amarantheae, 142

Amaranthoideae, 142

Amaranthus, 142

Amaroria, 372, 376

Amaryllidaceae, 656, 660, 665, 669

Amaryllidales, 660, 670, 699

Amaryllideae, 664, 669

Amaryllis, 664, 669

Amasonia, 572

Ambavia, 42

Ambelania, 521

Amberboa, 502

Amblistigma, 522

Amblyanthopsis, 215

Amblyanthus, 215

Amblygonocarpus, 351

Amblynotus, 542

Amblyocarpum, 503

Amblyopetalum, 522

Ambongia, 570

Amborella, 13, 14

Amborellaceae, 11, 13, 25

Amborellales, 13, 15

Ambrosia, 503

Ambrosiaceae, 501

Ambrosina, 619

Amburana, 352

Amelanchier, 321

Ameroglossum, 565

Amesiodendron, 364

Amethystanthus, 573

Amethystea, 572

Amherstia, 350

Amianthium, 627

Amicia, 352

Amischophacelus, 716

Amischotolype, 716

Ammandra, 693, 695

Ammaniaceae, 340

Ammannia, 341

Ammi, 479

Ammiaceae, 478

Ammobroma, 543

Ammocharis, 669

Ammodendron, 352

Ammopiptanthus, 352

Ammosperma, 253

Ammothamnus, 352

Amomum, 707

Amomyrtella, 342

Amomyrtus, 342

Amoreuxia, 265, 271

Amoria, 353

Amorpha, 352

Amorpheae, 352

Amorphophallus, 619

Amoseris, 503