price controls and, 142–146
property rights and, 22–23, 131–132
property rules and, 39–41
recyclable resources, 180–182
static efficiency and, 20–22
surface water allocation, 209–211
See also Market allocations/efficiency
Allowances, pollution control
ambient emissions, 381
emissions. See Emission allowance system
sulfur emissions, 414–418
why environmentalists support, 417
Alternative fuels, 452–453
Alternative vehicles, 452–453
Aluminum cans, refundable deposits, 193
Ambient allowance system, 381
Ambient charges
many-receptor case, 381–382
single-receptor case, 376–381
Ambient standards
Clean Air Act and, 400, 403
determining level of, 402–403
particulate and smog controversy, 402
as pollution control measure, 378
primary and secondary, 398–400
water pollution and, 485–486
American Economics Association, 99
panelists, list of (2011), 99
American Lung Association., 417
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), 197
Anaerobic conditions, watercourses and, 476
Anglers Cooperative Association, 223
Anthropocentricism, in valuing environment, 47
Aquaculture
overview of, 332–335
privatization issues, 335
statistics regarding, 333, 334
See also Fisheries
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 154
Arizona Public Service Company, 417
Asia
toxic substance incidents, 508
Assets, environmental, 17–19
Assigned amount obligations, 432–433
Atmospheric deposition, of water pollution, 497
Attribute-based method, for valuing
environment, 87
Australia
water market assessment, 222
643Subject Index
Auto insurance, 468
Automobiles
alternative, 452–453
deterioration of new car emission levels, 457–458
Feebate system, 464
retirement of older vehicles, 464–466
smog and, 446
See also Mobile-source air pollution
Automobile Certification Program, 447–448
Average-cost pricing, water, 216
Averting or defensive expenditures, 92
Bali Climate Change Conference (2007), 438
Base-Load Plants, 164
BAT (best available technology economically
achievable), 482, 484, 487
Beekeeper surveys in U.S., 76–77
Beneficial use, restrictions on water
transfers, 223
Benefit-cost analysis
applied to pollution control, 54–56
applied to water pollution, 500–501
childbearing and, 582–584
decision-making and, 46
demand curves and, 32–33
distributional issues, 61–62
ex ante vs. ex post, 65
measuring net benefits, 104
opportunity costs and, 47
over time, 52–53
overview of, 18
risk evaluation in, 59–61
timing of climate change policies
and, 436–437
total benefits, 30
total willingness to pay, 21
Benefit estimation, 57–58
Benefit transfers, valuing environment and, 84
Bequest value. See Nonuse values
Best available technology economically achievable
(BAT), 482, 484, 487
BFRs (brominated flame retardants), 197, 535
Biases
contingent valuation and, 83
population control, 578
undervaluation bias in agriculture, 284–285
valuing environment and, 65–66
Bid rent functions, 238, 239–240
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 476
Biodiesel, 173–174