Yang J., Nanni L. (eds.) State of the Art in Biometrics

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5.1 Survey

5.1.1 Method of survey

In order to design a PBS based on impression we must first define the characteristics of what

one believes to be impressive. This survey sets out to clarify this by noting the details of the

impression, the results of the impression (What made it impressive?) and emotions felt

when recollecting these impressions, especially as to how they affected change. A

questionnaire survey was conducted among 71 university students (40 men, 31 women).

The survey method closely followed that of Tokaji [12]. With the help of three others, we

categorized the results of the questionnaire survey using the KJ Method.

5.1.2 Results of survey

Most impact from photos (81.7%) was found to be from “Experience through others” (Table

6) rather than from “Self-Centered experiences.” We concluded that people are impressed

by experiences that are shared through and with other people.

Table 6. Results based on the KJ Method

The reasons for impressions can be seen in Table 7. Many of the subjects gave many different

reasons for one impression, leading us to believe that it is possible to have various reasons for

an impression. Having totaled the results, we found that ‘Unexpectedness & Surprise’,

‘Achievement’, ‘Thoughtfulness & Love’ and ‘Strength of Memory’ were the most common.

Table 7. Reasons and Details of Impressions

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The results of changes by impression were categorized to the three groups, ‘motivation’

(36.8%), ‘outlook on others’ (34.7%) and ‘change in attitude’ (28.5%). Within the group

‘motivation’, the criterion to try and/or try harder was the largest (20.8%). Within the group

‘outlook on others’, criteria of ‘trust’ (19.5%) and ‘human love’ (12.5%) were high. And

finally, the criteria of ‘broadened outlook’ (11.1%) and ‘change in thinking’ (10.4%) were

high in the group ‘change in attitude’. We concluded that in terms of changes, these three

groups are representative.

5.2 Proposal of PBS ‘KanSya’

The PBS ‘KanSya’ [13] was proposed based on these results. The outline of the ‘KanSya’ is

shown figure 9.

1. Tag adding photo ;

The user browses photos and sets an attribute such as ‘Surprise’, ‘Achievement’, ‘Love’

and ‘Strength of Thought’ (1). By this operation, photos are added tags and compiled

into a database.

2. Photo browsing

In photo browsing, the user enters the attribute of ‘Surprise’, ‘Achievement’, ‘Love’ and

‘Strength of Thought’ depending on their feelings (2). Then, the photos with the

attribute similar to the entered one are displayed in sequence (3). By using this system,

the user can browse photos using attributes such as ‘moving experience by surprise’,

‘moving experience by achievement’ for the many previous experiences.

Fig. 9. PBS ‘KanSya’

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5.3 Evaluation experiment

The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether the browsing with ‘KanSya’ helped

the impressed (moved) subjects more than browsing with a conventional PBS.

5.3.1 Method of evaluation

Each subject browsed the photos with ‘KanSya’ and a conventional PBS (Mac OS X

application ‘Preview’) to examine effectiveness of ‘KanSya’. The evaluation was divided it

into two phases; 1) preparatory phase in which subjects set the attributes for selected

personal photos and 2) main phase in which subjects browsed photos. A 3 week period was

allowed between the two phases. The place was Future University Hakodate, and the

subjects were 7male and 3 female university students.

During the first phase, each subject submitted 30 personal photos and set attributes like

‘Surprise’, ‘Achievement’, ‘Love’ and ‘Strength of Thought’. The subject then answered a

questionnaire about the difficulties in setting attributes (‘Where you able to set the attributes

easily?’). Alternatives answers included ‘very easily’, ‘a little easily’, ‘neither easy nor

difficult’, ’a little difficult’ and ‘very difficult’. The subjects were allowed to freely give

reasons for their answers.

In the main phase, subjects 1) browsed the photos with the conventional PBS or ‘KanSya’ in

random order. 2) answered a questionnaire, 3) browsed the photos with a PBS which was

not used in the first phase and 4) answered another questionnaire. Question included ‘How

much were you moved by browsing photos with the two PBSs?’ Answers were selected

from among ‘was very moved’, ‘was moved a little’, ‘neither ‘moved’ or ‘not moved’’,

‘wasn’t moved a little’ and ‘wasn’t moved at all’. Another question was “feelings from

browsing photos ’to which subjects were allowed to answer freely.

5.3.2 Results of evaluation

With the conventional PBS only 20% of the subjects felt ‘moved’ or ‘moved a little’. However

with ‘KanSya’, the figure rose to 80% (Figure 10). The results indicate that ‘KanSya’ enhances

moving experiences more than the conventional PBS.

'KanSya'

was very

moved

30%

was moved

a little

50%

neither

'moved'

nor 'not

moved'

wasn't

moved

a little

10%

wasn't

moved

at all

10%

'the existing PBS'

was very

moved

was moved

a little

20%

wasn't

moved

a little

50%

wasn't

moved

at all

30%

neither

'moved' nor

'not moved'

Fig. 10. Comparisons between ‘KanSha’ and the existing PBS to evoke moving experiences

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It is also notable that after the first phase, only 20% of the subjects found it difficult to set

attributes for their photos (Figure 11). After browsing with the conventional PBS, there were

many unspecific comments about ‘nostalgia’ such as “I felt nostalgic.” And there were also

feedback comments like “I could remember a past event, but I can’t really remember what I

thought or felt.” However, browsing with ‘KanSya’, comments reconfirmed specific feelings

such as “It was good for me to reconfirm what I love” and “It’s fun for me to be able to get

an opportunity to think of the feeling at that time” and so on. The results mean that photo

browsing with ‘KanSya’ gave a users an opportunity to experience some feelings again and

notice the change.

very difficult

easy a little

20%

very easy

20%

difficult

a little

50%

neither 'easy'

nor 'difficult'

40%

Fig. 11. How much smoothly the subjects set the parameter

5.4 Summary

This research identified the 4 key attributes that most people related to moving experiences.

These are ‘Surprise’, ‘Achievement’, ‘Love’ and ‘Strength of Thought’. Based on the results

of our survey, we proposed ‘KanSya’ which can enhance moving experiences through the

use of emotags like ‘Surprise’, ‘Achievement’, ‘Love’ and ‘Strength of Thought’ depending on

the user’s feelings. Enhanced moving experiences from browsing with ‘KanSya’ seemed to

be related to the opportunity to reconfirm an emotion from a previous experience for oneself

[14]. The results highlight the new Kansei qualities in the ‘KanSya’ PBS.

6. Summary

The purpose of this paper was to examine the role and potential of Kansei and Kansei

quality using Kansei engineering case studies, and introduced the 3 case studies which were

approached to improve Kansei quality in system design. In the case studies, I conducted

various evaluation methods such as factor analysis, SD method, behaviour protocol analysis,

questionnaire investigation and observation of user’s daily experiences to comprehend the

users’ various psychology evaluations to design. From those results, it is revealed that

Kansei quality is related with evaluator or user’ past experiences.

If we improve Kansei quality of a system, a user can use intuitively the system without the

special knowledge about operating system. Moreover, the user will feel the positive emotion

such as ‘pleasant’ and ‘friendly’, thereby the change of emotion affects up making a decision

such as ‘want to have it’ or ‘want to use more’ etc. This Kansei quality was related in

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human’s potential demand. To improve Kansei quality in design, we have to understand a

users’ tacit knowledge based on daily experiences that they don’t even notice.

The observing user’s experiences is a good method to understand user’s potential demand,

these may be effective various the other methods. To visualize the characteristic of each

method is in the future work.

7. References

Karino, N. (1984). Attractive quality and Must-be Quality, Quality. The Japanes Sciety for

Qulaity Control (JSQC), pp.39-48, ISSN 03868230

Noeman, A. D. (2004). Emotional Design, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-05135-9, Cambridge,

USA

Yamanaka, T & Pierre D. Levy (2009). Kansei Science and Kansei Value Creation through

Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, COSMETIC STAGE, Vol.4, No.3, pp. 1-11,

Tokyo, Japan

Tsuji, S. (1997). Kansei Science, SAIENSU, ISBN 4-7819-0828-4, Tokyo, Japan

Lee, S. (1999). A study of Design Approach by the Evaluation based on the Kansei

Information, ‘Images’, doctoral dissertation of Tsukuba University, Tsukuba,

Japan

Harada, A. (1998). The defibition of KANSEI, Report of Modeling the Evaluation Structure of

KANSEU 1998, Evaluation of KANSEI 2, pp.49-56, ISBN 4-924843-33-4, Tsukuba,

Japan

Pierre. D. L. & Ynmanaka, T. (2009). Design with event-related potentials: a Kansei

information approach on CMC design, INDER SCIENCE, International Journal of

Product Development, vol. 7 (1-2), pp.127-148

Yamaoka. T. (2008). HITTOSHOUHINWOUMU KSANSATSUKOUGAKU, Kyouritsu, ISBN

978-4320071698, Tokyo, Japan

Kang, N. & Nakaya, R. (2009). 2009 International Conference on Biometrics and

Kansei Engineering (ICBAKE 2009), 978-0-7695-3692-7, 2009 IEEE, DOI 10.1109,

pp.96-99

Kang, N. & Takamiya. K. (2009). A CONSTRUCTION AND KANSEI EVALUTION OF

MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON EXPERIENCES, Journal of Japan

Society of Kansei Engineering (JSKE), Vol.8, No.3, pp.489-498, Japan

Fukuda, T. (2006). NINGENKOUGAKUGAIDO, Scientist, ISBN 4-86079-014-6, Tokyo, Japan

Kana, S; Takayuki, I. & Satoshi, N. (2009), IPSJ SIG Technical Report, Information Processing

Society of Japan, Available from

http://itolab.ito.is.ocha.ac.jp/~kana/image/SIGHCI2011.pdf

Tokaji A. (2001). Mechanisms for Evoking Emotional Responses of “Kandoh”, Cognitive

Science, Japanese Cognitive Science Society (JCSS), Vol.8, No.4, pp.360-368, ISSN

1341-7924

Niinomi, R. & Kang, N. (2010). RESEARCH ON EMOTAG PHOTO BROWSER SYSTEM

BASED ON “IMPRESSION”, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KANSEI

ENGINEERING AND EMOTION RESEARCH 2010 (KEER2010), pp.548-541, Paris,

France

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Niinomi, R. & Kang, N. (2010). Proposal and Evaluation of Photo Browser System to evoke

Moving Experience, Proceedings of the 2

international Service Innovation Design

Conference (ISIDC 2010), pp. 217-222, Hakodate, Japan

Part 5

Biometrics Security

Efficiency of Biometric Integration with Salt

Value at an Enterprise Level and Data Centres

Bhargav Balakrishnan

Sutherland Global Services

India

1. Introduction

Biometric have been an effective tool in providing the authentication for the authorized

user to access the resources of an organization. They have been widely used in data

centres and at enterprise organizations as it require lot of security; those are termed as

information security (confidentiality of data). Even then how the hackers are able to trace

the network and break the passwords. Is there any weakness in the design of the

operating system? Why the designer of the operating system have not come up with any

tool that can provide better security for the servers. As we all know that securities are

applied at different stages of an OS like at system boot, before login screen and the final

password checkpoint at the logon screen. The network is designed in such a way that each

stage from firewall till user web access is monitored, then how the hackers are able to

trace the flaw. To avoid this happening especially loss of data can be prevented by

including biometric at higher level of security. Biometric is one of the tools that provides

authentication only for the registered/ authorized users of that respective server. Once if

it joins with SALT value (randomly generated value of any length) which is nothing but

the password of the authorized user and maps with the encrypted value to authorize the

user access on to the server, the server level security goes high. Biometric have not been

interfaced with SALT value yet and used for authentication of authorized user’s at server

level. Whenever the security is applied on the server level especially for Microsoft Servers,

the complexity of the password alone is not sufficient as there has been lot of possible

ways designed by the hackers to break that password. Here the biometric when included

will not allow the hacker to penetrate as it (Biometric image) is unique for every user.

There will be lot of FAQ’s regarding this type of methodology for user authentication at

server level.

When the authorized user gets hurt in his finger for example, how the server can be

accessed?

Solution Here the application should be designed in such a way that it accepts maximum of

two thumb impression. When it goes beyond this the user has to log on emergency mode in

server by pressing f8, which can be accessed by means of a complex password with minimal

access to applications. (Will be explained in depth in coming topics)

How does biometric image and password maps with Encrypted value store in the NTDS file

of windows 2003 server?

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Solution: -The authentication pattern is similar to any authentication methodology that is

followed in NT authentication, mail servers etc... A slight modification will include a

biometric image + SALT Value that automatically generate an encrypted value which maps

with stored encrypted value. The encryption algorithm should be changed on regular basis

accordingly the encrypted value corresponding to each user will change.

Here how the biometric is going to help?

Based on the image the value is generated even though SALT Value (here it is user’s

complex password) is known to stranger the respective system of a user can not logged with

his (authorized user) thumb impression, that’s where biometric provides security at

enterprise level or data centre.

2. Biometric techniques

There are different biometric techniques and some of the commonly known techniques are

as follows 1. Finger Print Technology is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part

of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the on the palmar (palm) or digits (fingers

and toes) or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction

ridge skin. These ridges are sometimes known as "dermal ridges" or "dermal” 2. Face

Recognition Technology is an application of computer for automatically identifying or

verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. It is the most

natural means of biometric identification. Facial recognition technologies have recently

developed into two areas and they are Facial metric and Eigen faces 3. IRIS Technology

uses the iris of the eye which is colored area that surrounds the pupil. Iris patterns are

unique and are obtained through video based image acquisition system. 4. Hand Geometry

Technology include the estimation of length, width, thickness and surface area of the hand.

Various method are used to measure the hands- Mechanical or optical principle 5. Retina

Geometry Technology is based on the blood vessel pattern in the retina of the eye as the

blood vessels at the back of the eye have a unique pattern, from eye to eye and person to

person Retina is not directly visible and so a coherent infrared light source is necessary to

illuminate the retina. The infrared energy is absorbed faster by blood vessels in the retina

than by the surrounding tissue. The image of the retina blood vessel pattern is then

analyzed 6. Speaker Recognition Technique focuses on the vocal characteristics that produce

speech and not on the sound or the pronunciation of speech itself. The vocal characteristics

depend on the dimensions of the vocal tract, mouth, nasal cavities and the other speech

processing mechanism of the human body. It doesn’t require any special and expensive

hardware. The signature dynamics recognition is based on the dynamics of making the

signature, rather than a direct comparison of the signature itself afterwards. The dynamics is

measured as a means of the pressure, direction, acceleration and the length of the strokes,

dynamics number of strokes and their duration. There are a lot of other biometric

techniques like palm print, hand vein, DNA, thermal imaging, ear shape, body odour,

keystrokes dynamics, fingernail bed. But these techniques are not been widely used in the

authentication of the a person in attendance marking, server level authentication,

authentication of a resident card holder as there are not feasible as the commonly used

techniques which has been described above. As the authentication techniques should be

feasible enough both in security and usability of the device. Based upon which only, the

organization will accept for the implementation of Biometric authentication technique for

their security purpose.