Zhao F., Lai M.-C., Harrington D.L. (Eds.) Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines

Elsevier Science, Pergamon, 1999, 129 p. ISBN:0-08 043676-5

Introduction
Overview
Key potential benefits: GDI engine versus PFI engine
Direct-injection gasoline fuel system
Fuel system requirements
Fuel injector considerations
Fuel spray characteristics
Atomization requirements
Single-fluid high-pressure swirl injector
Effect of injector sac volume
Air-assisted injection
Best practice performance of current GDI injectors
Future requirements of GDI fuel sprays
Combustion chamber geometry and in-cylinder mixture dynamics
Flow structure
Fuel–air mixing
Combustion process and control strategies
Combustion chamber geometry
In-cylinder charge cooling
Engine operating modes and fuel injection strategies
Combustion characteristics
Injector deposit issues
Fuel economy and emissions
Fuel economy potential
Emissions versus fuel economy compromise
UBHC emissions
NOx emissions
Particulate emissions
Specific combustion systems and control strategies
Early research engines
Mitsubishi combustion system
Toyota combustion system
Nissan combustion system
Ford combustion system
Isuzu combustion system
Mercedes-Benz combustion system
Mazda combustion system
Audi combustion system
Honda combustion system
Subaru combustion system
Fiat combustion system
Renault combustion system
Ricardo combustion system
AVL combustion system
FEV combustion system
Orbital combustion system
Conclusion
References