Василевич Г.А. (ред.) Сборник нормативных правовых актов о труде. В 2 т. Том 1

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1.2.3. lefdrm`pndm{i o`jŠ n cp`fd`mqjhu

h onkhŠh)eqjhu op`b`u

o=*2 %2 16 ä*=K! 1966 ã%ä=

b“23C,ë " “,ë3 äë p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü 23 ì=!2= 1976 ã.

p=2,-,ö,!%"=… r*=ƒ%ì o!ƒ,ä,3ì= b!.%"…%ã% q%"2=

p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2 5 %*2 K! 1973 ã.

(Ñîáðàíèå çàêîíîâ, óêàçîâ Ïðåçèäèóìà Âåðõîâíîãî Ñîâåòà Áåëîðóññêîé ÑÑÐ, ïîñòà-

íîâëåíèé, ðàñïîðÿæåíèé Ñîâåòà Ìèíèñòðîâ Áåëîðóññêîé ÑÑÐ. 1973. ¹ 28. Ñò. 449)

(Èçâëå÷åíèå)

q 2 = 2 ü 8

1. m,*2% … ä%ë›… “%ä!›=2ü“ " !=K“2"; !=K“2"% , !=K%2%!ã%"ë

ƒ=C!?=þ2“ "% "“. ,. ",ä=..

2. m,*2% … ä%ë›… “%ä!›=2ü“ " C%ä…"%ëü…%ì “%“2% …,,.

3. a) m,*2% … ä%ë›… C!,…3›ä=2ü“ * C!,…3ä,2ëü…%ì3 ,ë, %K ƒ=-

2ëü…%ì3 2!3ä3;

b) " 2. “2!=…=., ãä " ",ä …=*=ƒ=…, ƒ= C!“23Cë…, ì%›2 …=ƒ…=-

÷=2ü“ ë,ø…, “"%K%ä/, “%C! ›……% “ *=2%!›…/ì, !=K%2=ì,, C3…*2

3(=) … “÷,2=2“ C!C 2“2",ì äë "/C%ë……, *=2%!›…/. !=K%2 C%

C!,ã%"%!3 *%ìC2…2…%ã% “3ä=, …=ƒ…=÷,"øã% 2=*% …=*=ƒ=…,;

c) 2!ì,…%ì &C!,…3ä,2ëü…/L ,ë, %K ƒ=2ëü…/L 2!3ä[ " …=“2% -

?ì C3…*2 … %."=2/"=þ2“ :

i) *=*= K/ 2% …, K/ë= … 3C%ì,…=ì= " C%äC3…*2 b !=K%2= ,ë,

“ë3›K=, *%2%!3þ, *=* C!=",ë%, ä%ë›…% "/C%ë… 2ü ë,ö%, …=.%ä ?“ "

ƒ=*ëþ÷…,, …= %“…%"=…,, ƒ=*%……%ã% !=“C%! ›…, “3ä=, ,ë, ë,ö%, 3“-

ë%"…% %“"%K%›ä……% %2 2=*%ã% ƒ=*ëþ÷…, ;

ii) *=*= K/ 2% …, K/ë= “ë3›K= "%……%ã% .=!=*2!=, = " 2. “2!=…=.,

" *%2%!/. C!,ƒ…=2“ %2*=ƒ %2 "%……%L “ë3›K/ C% C%ë,2,÷“*,ì ,ë,

!ë,ã,%ƒ…%-.2…,÷“*,ì ì%2,"=ì, *=*= K/ 2% …, K/ë= “ë3›K=, C!ä3“-

ì=2!,"=ì= ƒ=*%…%ì äë ë,ö, %2*=ƒ/"=þ?,.“ %2 "%……%L “ë3›K/ C%

2=*,ì ì%2,"=ì;

iii) *=*= K/ 2% …, K/ë= “ë3›K=, %K ƒ=2ëü…= " “ë3÷= . ÷!ƒ"/-

÷=L…%ã% C%ë%›…, ,ë, Kä“2", , 3ã!%›=þ?,. ›,ƒ…, ,ë, Kë=ã%C%ë3-

÷,þ …=“ë…, ;

iv) *=*= K/ 2% …, K/ë= !=K%2= ,ë, “ë3›K=, *%2%!= ".%ä,2 " %K/*-

…%"……/ ã!=›ä=…“*, %K ƒ=……%“2,.

1.2.4. n p`bm{u op`b`u cp`fd`m m` ŠprdnrqŠpniqŠbn,

nok`Šr Šprd` h opednqŠ`bkemhe dprchu qn0h`k|mn-

Šprdnb{u c`p`mŠhi

pø…, b/“øã% q%"2= q%%K?“2"= aë=!3“, , p%““,,

%2 22 ,þ… 1996 ã. 1 4

(Ðîññèéñêàÿ ãàçåòà. 1997. ¹ 76)

b öë . %K“C÷…, ã!=›ä=…=ì p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü , p%““,L-

“*%L tä!=ö,, !="…/. C!=" …= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"%, %Cë=23 2!3ä= , C!ä%-

“2="ë…, ä!3ã,. “%ö,=ëü…%-2!3ä%"/. ã=!=…2,L b/“ø,L q%"2 q%%K?-

“2"= aë=!3“, , p%““,, onqŠ`mnbk“eŠ:

1. r“2=…%",2ü, ÷2% äL“2"3þ?,L …= %“…%" …=ö,%…=ëü…%ã% ƒ=*%…%-

ä=2ëü“2"= C%! ä%* !ã3ë,!%"=…, C!,"ë÷…, , ,“C%ëüƒ%"=…, ,…%“2-

!=……%L !=K%÷L “,ë/ " %2…%ø…,, ã!=›ä=… p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü " p%“-

“,L“*%L tä!=ö,, , ã!=›ä=… p%““,L“*%L tä!=ö,, " p“C3Kë,* a-

ë=!3“ü … C!,ì… 2“ .

d%*3ì…2/, "/ä=……/ " p“C3Kë,* aë=!3“ü , p%““,L“*%L tä!=-

ö,, äë !=ë,ƒ=ö,, 2!3ä%"/. C!=" , “%ö,=ëü…%-2!3ä%"/. ã=!=…2,L ,.

ã!=›ä=…, ,ë, ,. *%C,,, ƒ="!……/ " 3“2=…%"ë……%ì C%! ä*, C!,ƒ…=þ2-

“ Kƒ ëã=ë,ƒ=ö,,.

2. c!=›ä=… ã%“3ä=!“2"= "/ƒä=, %“3?“2"ë þ?, 2!3ä%"3þ ä 2ëü-

…%“2ü …= 2!!,2%!,, ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=, ,ìþ2 !="…/ C!="= “

ã!=›ä=…=ì, ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= " %Cë=2 2!3ä=, !›,ì !=K%÷-

ã% "!ì…, , "!ì…, %2ä/.=, %.!=… , 3“ë%", . 2!3ä= , ä!3ã,. "%C!%“=.

2!3ä%"/. %2…%ø…,L.

Š!3ä%"= ä 2ëü…%“2ü ã!=›ä=…,…= ã%“3ä=!“2"= "/ƒä= …= 2!!,2%-

!,, ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= !ã3ë,!32“ …= %“…%" 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%-

"%!= (*%…2!=*2=) " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì % 2!3ä ã%“3ä=!“2"=

2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=.

Š!3ä%"%L “2=›, "*ëþ÷= “2=›, ,“÷,“ë ì/L " ëüã%2…%ì C%! ä*, ,

“2=› !=K%2/ C% “Cö,=ëü…%“2,, C!,%K!2……/L " “" ƒ, “ 2!3ä%"%L ä -

2ëü…%“2üþ …= 2!!,2%!,, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü , p%““,L“*%L tä!=-

ö,,, "ƒ=,ì…% C!,ƒ…=2“ ƒ= ,. ã!=›ä=…=ì,. h“÷,“ë…, 2!3ä%"%ã% “2=›=

ã!=›ä=… C!%,ƒ"%ä,2“ " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì ã%“3ä=!“2"=

2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=.

b%ƒ!=“2, “ *%2%!%ã% ä%C3“*=2“ C!,ì ã!=›ä=… …= !=K%23, %C!äë -

2“ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=.

o!, "/“"%K%›ä…,, !=K%2…,*=, "ë þ?ã%“ ã!=›ä=…,…%ì ã%“3ä=!-

“2"= "/ƒä=, " “" ƒ, “ %“3?“2"ë…,ì ì!%C!, 2,L C% “%*!=?…,þ ÷,“-

ë……%“2, ,ë, ø2=2= !=K%2…,*%", ì3 C!ä%“2="ë þ2“ ëüã%2/ , *%ìC…-

“=ö,,, 3“2=…%"ë……/ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì % 2!3ä ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2-

!%L“2"=.

q2=23“ Kƒ!=K%2…%ã% C!,“"=,"=2“ ã!=›ä=…,…3 ã%“3ä=!“2"%ì "/ƒ-

ä= " “%%2"2“2",, “ ã% ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì.

3. b“ ",ä/ C%“%K,L , "/Cë=2 ã!=›ä=…=ì ã%“3ä=!“2"= "/ƒä=, !=K%-

2=þ?,ì …= 2!!,2%!,, ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=, " “ë3÷= . "!ì…-

…%L …2!3ä%“C%“%K…%“2,, K!ì……%“2, , !%ä%", !%›ä…, !K…*=, %2C3“-

*= C% 3.%ä3 ƒ= !K…*%ì , " ä!3ã,. “ë3÷= . C!ä%“2="ë þ2“ " “%%2"2-

“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì ã%“3ä=!“2"= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=.

b“ !=“.%ä/, “" ƒ=……/ “ C!ä%“2="ë…,ì 3*=ƒ=……/. C%“%K,L ,

"/Cë=2, …“2 ã%“3ä=!“2"% 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=.

4. m=ö,%…=ëü…/ì ì,…,“2!“2"=ì , "ä%ì“2"=ì C% "%C!%“=ì 2!3-

ä=, ƒ=… 2%“2, , ì,ã!=ö,, ä="=2ü …%K.%ä,ì/ !=ƒA “……, % C%! ä*

C!,ì……, …=“2% ?ã% !ø…, .

5. o!,… 2ü * “"ä…,þ, ÷2% o=!ë=ì…2“*% q%K!=…, q%%K?“2"= a-

ë=!3“, , p%““,, …=÷…2 !=K%23 C% 3…,-,*=ö,, ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"= % 2!3ä.

6. m=“2% ? !ø…, "“23C=2 " “,ë3 “ ä=2/ ã% C%äC,“=…, .

1.3. g`m“ŠnqŠ| m`qekemh“, qn0h`k|m`“

g`yhŠ`, opnteqqhnm`k|mne nar)emhe

1.3.1. n g`m“ŠnqŠh m`qekemh“ peqorakhjh aek`prq|

>g=*%… p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2 15 ,þ… 2006 ã. 1 125-g,

“ ,ƒì. , ä%C. %2 1 …% K! 2007>ã. 1>280-g, 20 ,þ… 2008 ã. 1 348-g

(Íàöèîíàëüíûé ðååñòð ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü. 2006. ¹ 94. 2/1222;

2007. ¹ 264. 2/1377; 2008. ¹ 157. 2/1445)

m=“2% ?,L g=*%… …=C!="ë… …= %K“C÷…, C!="%"/., .*%…%ì,÷“-

*,. , %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,%……/. %“…%" ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L C%ë,2,*, " %Kë=“2, “%-

äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, , ã=!=…2,L ã%“3ä=!“2"= C% !=ë,ƒ=ö,, *%…-

“2,23ö,%……/. C!=" ã!=›ä=… p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü …= 2!3ä , “%ö,=ëü…3þ

ƒ=?,23 %2 Kƒ!=K%2,ö/.

ck`b` 1

nayhe onknfemh“

q 2 = 2 ü 1. n“…%"…/ C%… 2, , ,“C%ëüƒ3ì/ " …=“2% ?ì

g=*%…, , ,. %C!äë…,

b …=“2% ?ì g=*%… ,“C%ëüƒ3þ2“ “ëä3þ?, %“…%"…/ C%… 2, ,

,. %C!äë…, :

ƒ=… 2%“2ü>$ ä 2ëü…%“2ü ã!=›ä=… p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü (ä=ë>$

ã!=›ä=…), “" ƒ=……= “ 3ä%"ë2"%!…,ì ë,÷…/. , %K?“2"……/. C%2!K-

…%“2L, … C!%2,"%!÷=?= ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"3 , C!,…%“ ?= ,ì ƒ=!=K%2-

…3þ Cë=23, ä%.%ä, "%ƒ…=ã!=›ä…, ƒ= "/C%ë………3þ !=K%23 (%*=ƒ=……3þ

3“ë3ã3, “%ƒä=…, %KA*2%" ,…2ëë*23=ëü…%L “%K“2"……%“2,) (ä=ë>$ ƒ=-

!=K%2%*);

Kƒ!=K%2,ö=>$ "ë…, " .*%…%ì,*, C!, *%2%!%ì ÷=“2ü 2!3ä%“C%-

“%K…%ã% …=“ë…, , ›ë=þ?= !=K%2=2ü …= 3“ë%", . 2!3ä%"%ã%, ã!=›ä=…-

“*%-C!="%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!%" ,ë, ƒ=…,ì=2ü“ C!äC!,…,ì=2ëü“*%L ä 2ëü-

…%“2üþ, … ì%›2 C!,ì…,2ü “"%þ !=K%÷3þ “,ë3;

Kƒ!=K%2…/L>$ 2!3ä%“C%“%K…/L ã!=›ä=…,…, … ,ìþ?,L !=K%2/ ,

ƒ=!=K%2*=, *%2%!/L ƒ=!ã,“2!,!%"=… " *%ì,22 C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, ,

“%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 l,…“*%ã% ã%!%ä“*%ã% ,“C%ë…,2ëü…%ã% *%ì,22=, 3C-

!="ë…,, (%2äë) C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 ã%!%ä“*%ã%,

!=L%……%ã% ,“C%ë…,2ëü…%ã% *%ì,22= (ä=ë>$ %!ã=… C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2,

, “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2) " öë . C%,“*= C%ä.%ä ?L !=K%2/, ,?2 !=K%23

, ã%2%" C!,“23C,2ü * …L;

%Cë=÷,"=ì/ %K?“2"……/ !=K%2/>$ %K?ä%“23C…/ ",ä/ !=K%2,

"/C%ë… ì/ C% “!%÷…/ì 2!3ä%"/ì ä%ã%"%!=ì, ,ìþ?, “%ö,=ëü…%

C%ëƒ…3þ …=C!="ë……%“2ü , %!ã=…,ƒ3ì/ " *=÷“2" ä%C%ë…,2ëü…%L

“%ö,=ëü…%L C%ää!›*, Kƒ!=K%2…/. , ã!=›ä=…, ,?3?,. !=K%23;

%!ã=…/ ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L “ë3›K/ ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, >$ l,…,“2!-

“2"% 2!3ä= , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2/ p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, *%ì,22/ C% 2!3ä3,

ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 %Kë=“2…/., l,…“*%ã% ã%!%ä“*%ã% ,“C%ë-

…,2ëü…/. *%ì,22%", 3C!="ë…, (%2äë/) C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,-

=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 ã%!%ä“*,., !=L%……/. ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/. *%ì,22%".

q 2 = 2 ü 2. g=… 2/ ã!=›ä=…

g=… 2/ì, “÷,2=þ2“ ã!=›ä=…:

!=K%2=þ?, C% 2!3ä%"%ì3 ä%ã%"%!3, ƒ= ,“*ëþ÷…,ì 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%-

"%!= % "/C%ë……,, %Cë=÷,"=ì/. %K?“2"……/. !=K%2, = 2=*› …= %“…%-

" ÷ë…“2"= (3÷=“2, ) " þ!,ä,÷“*,. ë,ö=.;

ƒ=!ã,“2!,!%"=……/ " 3“2=…%"ë……%ì ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì C%! ä* "

*=÷“2" ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…/. C!äC!,…,ì=2ëL;

"/C%ë… þ?, !=K%2/ 3 þ!,ä,÷“*,. ë,ö , ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…/. C!ä-

C!,…,ì=2ëL C% ã!=›ä=…“*%-C!="%"/ì ä%ã%"%!=ì, C!äì2%ì *%2%!/.

"ë 2“ "/C%ë……, !=K%2 (%*=ƒ=…, 3“ë3ã, “%ƒä=…, %KA*2%" ,…2ë-

ë*23=ëü…%L “%K“2"……%“2,);

C!%.%ä ?, "%……3þ “ë3›K3, = 2=*› “ë3›K3 " %!ã=…=. "…32!……,.

äë, %!ã=…=. -,…=…“%"/. !=““ëä%"=…,L j%ì,22= ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% *%…-

2!%ë p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, %!ã=…=. , C%ä!=ƒäë…, . C% ÷!ƒ"/÷=L…/ì

“,23=ö, ì;

%K3÷=þ?,“ " %÷…%L (ä…"…%L) -%!ì C%ë3÷…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, " 3÷-

!›ä…, . %K!=ƒ%"=…, ;

%“3?“2"ë þ?, 3.%ä ƒ= !K…*%ì " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 3 ë2, !K…*%ì-

,…"=ë,ä%ì " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 18 ë2, ,…"=ë,ä%ì I ã!3CC/ ë,K% ë,ö%ì, ä%“-

2,ãø,ì 80-ë2…ã% "%ƒ!=“2=, = 2=*› ƒ= !K…*%ì " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 18 ë2,

,…-,ö,!%"=……/ì ",!3“%ì ,ìì3…%ä-,ö,2= ÷ë%"*= ,ë, K%ëü…/ì

qohd%ì;

ƒ=…,ì=þ?,“ ,…%L … ƒ=C!?……%L ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì ä 2ëü-

…%“2üþ, C!,…%“ ?L ƒ=!=K%2%*.

q 2 = 2 ü 3. o%! ä%* , 3“ë%", !ã,“2!=ö,, ã!=›ä=…

Kƒ!=K%2…/ì,

pã,“2!=ö, ã!=›ä=… " *=÷“2" Kƒ!=K%2…/. %“3?“2"ë 2“ C% ,.

ì“23 ›,2ëü“2"= %!ã=…=ì, C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2

C!, ë,÷…%ì %K!=?…,,. o!, !ã,“2!=ö,, Kƒ!=K%2…/ì ã!=›ä=…,…

C!äA "ë 2 ä%*3ì…2/, C!ä3“ì%2!……/ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü…/ì, =*2=ì,.

o%! ä%* !ã,“2!=ö,, ã!=›ä=… Kƒ!=K%2…/ì, , “… 2, “ 3÷2= Kƒ!=-

K%2…/. %C!äë 2“ o!=",2ëü“2"%ì p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, “ë, ,…%

… C!ä3“ì%2!…% ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü…/ì, =*2=ì,.

aƒ!=K%2…/ì, … ì%ã32 K/2ü ƒ=!ã,“2!,!%"=…/ ƒ=… 2/ ã!=›ä=…, =

2=*› ã!=›ä=…:

… ä%“2,ãø, 16-ë2…ã% "%ƒ!=“2=;

*%2%!/ì " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì …=ƒ…=÷…= C…“, C%

"%ƒ!=“23, ƒ= "/“ë3ã3 ë2;

%2K/"=þ?, …=*=ƒ=…, C% C!,ã%"%!3 “3ä= " ",ä ,“C!=",2ëü…/.

!=K%2, =!“2=, %ã!=…,÷…, “"%K%ä/, ë,ø…, “"%K%ä/ ,ë, C%›,ƒ………%ã%

ƒ=*ëþ÷…, ;

C!%.%ä ?, ë÷…, " ë÷K…%-2!3ä%"/. C!%-,ë=*2%!, . l,…,“2!-

“2"= "…32!……,. äë p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü;

C!ä“2=","ø, ä%*3ì…2/, “%ä!›=?, ƒ="ä%ì% ë%›…/ “"ä…,

%K %2“32“2",, !=K%2/ , ƒ=!=K%2*=, = 2=*› ä!3ã, …ä%“2%"!…/ ä=……/,

äë !ã,“2!=ö,, ,. Kƒ!=K%2…/ì,;

%K3÷="ø,“ ƒ= “÷2 “!ä“2" !“C3Kë,*=…“*%ã% , (,ë,) ì“2…%ã% Kþä-

›2%" , %2*=ƒ="ø,“ %2 !=“C!äë…, …= !=K%23, %2 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"= C%

!=“C!äë…,þ ë,K% … C%ë…%“2üþ %2!=K%2="ø, “!%* !=K%2/ C% !=“C!-

äë…,þ " 2÷…, 3“2=…%"ë……%ã% ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì %K %K!=ƒ%"=…,,

“!%*= 2=*%L !=K%2/.

q 2 = 2 ü 4. o%ä.%ä ?= !=K%2=

o%ä.%ä ?L “÷,2=2“ !=K%2= (*!%ì %Cë=÷,"=ì/. %K?“2"……/.

!=K%2), *%2%!= “%%2"2“2"32 C!%-““,%…=ëü…%L C!,ã%ä…%“2, Kƒ!=K%2-

…%ã%, “ 3÷2%ì 3!%"… ã% C!%-““,%…=ëü…%L C%äã%2%"*,, “%“2% …, ƒä%-

!%"ü , “2=›= , %C/2= !=K%2/ C% C!›…L C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,),

ä%ë›…%“2,, 2!=…“C%!2…%L ä%“23C…%“2, …%"%ã% ì“2= !=K%2/, “ë, ,…% …

C!ä3“ì%2!…% …=“2% ?,ì g=*%…%ì.

o%ä.%ä ?L … ì%›2 “÷,2=2ü“ !=K%2=, “ë,:

%…= C!ä%“2="ë 2“ ƒ= C!äë=ì, ì=*“,ì=ëü…%L 3ä=ë……%“2, %2

ì“2= ›,2ëü“2"= Kƒ!=K%2…%ã%;

%2*=ƒ %2 … %K%“…%"=… 3"=›,2ëü…/ì, ë,÷…/ì, C!,÷,…=ì, ë,K%

“ìL…/ì, %K“2% 2ëü“2"=ì,;

3“ë%", 2!3ä= …= !=K%÷ì ì“2 … “%%2"2“2"3þ2 2!K%"=…, ì 2.-

…,*, Kƒ%C=“…%“2, , C!%,ƒ"%ä“2"……%L “=…,2=!,,;

C!äë=ã=ì/L ƒ=!=K%2%* …= 10 , K%ë C!%ö…2%" …,› “!ä…ã% ƒ=-

!=K%2*=, ,“÷,“ë……%ã% ƒ= ä"= C%“ëä…,. *=ë…ä=!…/. ì“ ö= C% C%“ëä-

…ì3 ì“23 !=K%2/ (“ë3›K/) ã!=›ä=…,…=.

o% ,“2÷…,, ø“2, ì“ ö" “% ä… !ã,“2!=ö,, " *=÷“2" Kƒ!=K%2-

…%ã% " “ë3÷= …"%ƒì%›…%“2, C!ä%“2="ë…, Kƒ!=K%2…%ì3 !=K%2/ C%

C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,) C%ä.%ä ?L ì%›2 “÷,2=2ü“ !=K%2=, 2!K3-

þ?= ,ƒì……, C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,) “ 3÷2%ì “C%“%K…%“2L Kƒ-

!=K%2…%ã%, “%“2% …, ã% ƒä%!%"ü , %C/2= !=K%2/ C% C!›…L C!%-““,,

(“Cö,=ëü…%“2,), ä%ë›…%“2, , ä%“23C…/. äë …ã% “!ä“2" %K3÷…, .

o%ä.%ä ?L “÷,2=2“ ëþK= %Cë=÷,"=ì= !=K%2=, "*ëþ÷= !=K%-

23 "!ì……%ã% .=!=*2!= (*!%ì %Cë=÷,"=ì/. %K?“2"……/. !=K%2), “%-

%2"2“2"3þ?= 2!K%"=…, ì ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"= % 2!3ä, 3÷,2/"=þ?=

"%ƒ!=“2…/ , ,…/ %“%K……%“2,, äë “ëä3þ?,. *=2ã%!,L Kƒ!=K%2…/.:

"C!"/ ,?3?,. !=K%23 (!=… … !=K%2="ø,.) , … ,ìþ?,. C!%-

-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,);

“2!ì ?,.“ "%ƒ%K…%",2ü 2!3ä%"3þ ä 2ëü…%“2ü C%“ë äë,2ëü…%-

ã% C!!/"= (K%ë %ä…%ã% ã%ä=);

C!*!=2,"ø,. 2!3ä%"%L ä%ã%"%!, ƒ=*ëþ÷……/L …= …%C!äë……/L

“!%*, C% “%K“2"……%ì3 ›ë=…,þ, “%ãë=ø…,þ “2%!%…, ë,K% 2!3ä%"%L ä%ã%-

"%! “ *%2%!/ì, C!*!=?… C% %“…%"=…, ì, C!ä3“ì%2!……/ì C3…*2=ì,

4, 5, 7$9 “2=2ü, 42, C3…*2%ì 5 “2=2ü, 44 , “2=2üL 47 Š!3ä%"%ã% *%ä*“=

p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, = 2=*› 3"%ë……/. (%2÷,“ë……/.) ƒ= …=!3ø…,

"%,…“*%L (3÷K…%L) ä,“ö,Cë,…/;

%K!=2,"ø,.“ " %!ã=…/ C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2

C%“ë ƒ=… 2, C!äC!,…,ì=2ëü“*%L ä 2ëü…%“2üþ;

"/C%ë… "ø,. !=K%2/ 3 þ!,ä,÷“*,. ë,ö , ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…/. C!ä-

C!,…,ì=2ëL C% ã!=›ä=…“*%-C!="%"/ì ä%ã%"%!=ì, C!äì2%ì *%2%!/.

"ë ë%“ü "/C%ë……, !=K%2 (%*=ƒ=…, 3“ë3ã, “%ƒä=…, %KA*2%" ,…2ë-

ë*23=ëü…%L “%K“2"……%“2,);

…=C!="ë……/. %!ã=…=ì, C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 …=

%K3÷…, , %2÷,“ë……/. ,ƒ 3÷!›ä…,L %K!=ƒ%"=…, ƒ= ",…%"…/ äL“2", ;

%K!=2,"ø,.“ " %!ã=…/ C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2

C%“ë C!*!=?…, 2!3ä%"%ã% ä%ã%"%!=, ƒ=*ëþ÷……%ã% …= "!ì "/C%ë…-

…, “ƒ%……/. !=K%2;

“%“2% ?,. …= 3÷2 " %!ã=…=. C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L

ƒ=?,2 K%ë 12 ì“ ö".

aƒ!=K%2…%ì3 … ì%›2 K/2ü C!äë%›…% %ä…% , 2% › ì“2% !=K%2/

(C!%-““,%…=ëü…= C%äã%2%"*= C% %ä…%L , 2%L › C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü-

…%“2,) ä"=›ä/.

l=*“,ì=ëü…= 3ä=ë……%“2ü C%ä.%ä ?L !=K%2/ %2 ì“2= ›,2ëü-

“2"= Kƒ!=K%2…%ã% %C!äë 2“ ì“2…/ì, ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/ì, , !=“C%! -

ä,2ëü…/ì, %!ã=…=ì, “ 3÷2%ì 2!=…“C%!2…%L ä%“23C…%“2, …%"%ã% ì“2=

!=K%2/.

l“2…/ ,“C%ë…,2ëü…/ , !=“C%! ä,2ëü…/ %!ã=…/ ì%ã32 3“2=-

…="ë,"=2ü , ,…/ *!,2!,, C%ä.%ä ?L !=K%2/, 3“,ë,"=þ?, “%ö,-

=ëü…3þ ƒ=?,?……%“2ü Kƒ!=K%2…/..

q 2 = 2 ü 5. g=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"% % ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…,

g=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"% % ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, %“…%"/"=2“ …= j%…“2,-

23ö,, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü , “%“2%,2 ,ƒ …=“2% ?ã% g=*%…=, ,…/. …%!-

ì=2,"…/. C!="%"/. =*2%", !ã3ë,!3þ?,. %2…%ø…, " %Kë=“2, “%äL-

“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, .

g=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"% % ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, !=“C!%“2!=… 2“ …= ã!=›-

ä=… p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü, = 2=*› …= ,…%“2!=……/. ã!=›ä=… , ë,ö Kƒ

ã!=›ä=…“2"=, C%“2% ……% C!%›,"=þ?,. …= 2!!,2%!,, p“C3Kë,*, aë=-

!3“ü, “ë, ,…% … C!ä3“ì%2!…% j%…“2,23ö,L p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü,

ƒ=*%…=ì, ,ë, ì›ä3…=!%ä…/ì, ä%ã%"%!=ì, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü.

ck`b` 2

op`b` cp`fd`m b nak`qŠh g`m“ŠnqŠh m`qekemh“

q 2 = 2 ü 6. o!="% ã!=›ä=… …= "/K%! ì“2= !=K%2/

c!=›ä=… ,ìþ2 C!="% …= "/K%! ì“2= !=K%2/. }2% C!="% %…, !=ë,-

ƒ3þ2 C%“!ä“2"%ì C! ì%ã% %K!=?…, * …=…,ì=2ëþ, C%ë3÷…, K“Cë=2-

…%ã% “%äL“2", %!ã=…%" ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L “ë3›K/ ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, ,

C%ì%?, ä!3ã,. %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L , ,…ä,",ä3=ëü…/. C!äC!,…,ì=2ëL "

2!3ä%3“2!%L“2".

q 2 = 2 ü 7. o!="% ã!=›ä=… …= *%…“3ëü2=ö,þ, C!%-““,%…=ëü…3þ

%!,…2=ö,þ, C!%-““,%…=ëü…3þ C%äã%2%"*3,

C!C%äã%2%"*3, C%"/ø…, *"=ë,-,*=ö,,

, C%ë3÷…, ,…-%!ì=ö,, " %!ã=…=. ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L

“ë3›K/ ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…,

c!=›ä=… ,ìþ2 C!="% …= K“Cë=2…3þ *%…“3ëü2=ö,þ , K“Cë=2…%

C%ë3÷…, ,…-%!ì=ö,, " %!ã=…=. ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L “ë3›K/ ƒ=… 2%“2,

…=“ë…, " öë . "/K%!= !%ä= ƒ=… 2,L, 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"=, "%ƒì%›…%“2,

C!%-““,%…=ëü…%L C%äã%2%"*,, C!C%äã%2%"*, , C%"/ø…, *"=ë,-,-

*=ö,,.

aƒ!=K%2…/ ,ìþ2 C!="% …= K“Cë=2…3þ C!%-““,%…=ëü…3þ %!,…-

2=ö,þ, C!%-““,%…=ëü…3þ C%äã%2%"*3, C!C%äã%2%"*3 , C%"/ø…, *"=-

ë,-,*=ö,, C% …=C!="ë…,þ %!ã=…%" C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L

ƒ=?,2.

q 2 = 2 ü 8. o!="% ã!=›ä=… …= 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"% ƒ= C!äë=ì,

p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü

c!=›ä=… ,ìþ2 C!="% …= “=ì%“2% 2ëü…/L C%,“* !=K%2/, 2!3ä%3“-

2!%L“2"% ƒ= C!äë=ì, p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=-

2ëü“2"%ì.

q 2 = 2 ü 9. o!="% ã!=›ä=… …= %K›=ë%"=…, !ø…,L, äL“2",L

(KƒäL“2", ) %!ã=…%" ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L “ë3›K/

ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, , ,. ä%ë›…%“2…/. ë,ö

c!=›ä=… "C!=" %K›=ë%"=2ü !ø…, , äL“2", (KƒäL“2",) %!ã=-

…%" ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L “ë3›K/ ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, , ,. ä%ë›…%“2…/.

ë,ö " "/ø“2% ?, ã%“3ä=!“2"……/ %!ã=…/, ,…/ %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, ("/ø-

“2% ?,ì ä%ë›…%“2…/ì ë,ö=ì) , (,ë,) " “3ä " C%! ä*, 3“2=…%"ë……%ì

ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì.

ck`b` 3

cnqrd`pqŠbemm`“ onkhŠhj` h c`p`mŠhh cnqrd`pqŠb`

b nak`qŠh qndeiqŠbh“ g`m“ŠnqŠh m`qekemh“

q 2 = 2 ü 10. c%“3ä=!“2"……= C%ë,2,*= , ã=!=…2,, ã%“3ä=!“2"=

" %Kë=“2, “%äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…,

c%“3ä=!“2"% “%ƒä=2 3“ë%", äë C%ë…%L ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, .

c%“3ä=!“2"……= C%ë,2,*= " %Kë=“2, “%äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë-

…, …=C!="ë…= …=:

%K“C÷…, !="…/. "%ƒì%›…%“2L "“ì ã!=›ä=…=ì …ƒ=",“,ì% %2

C%ë=, !=“/, …=ö,%…=ëü…%“2,, ƒ/*=, !ë,ã,%ƒ…/. ,ë, C%ë,2,÷“*,. 3K›-

ä…,L, 3÷=“2, ,ë, …3÷=“2, " C!%-““,%…=ëü…/. “%þƒ=. (ä=ë>$ C!%--

“%þƒ/) ,ë, ,…/. %K?“2"……/. %KAä,……, ., ,ì3?“2"……%ã% ,ë, “ë3-

›K…%ã% C%ë%›…, , …ä%“2=2*%" -,ƒ,÷“*%ã% ,ë, C“,.,÷“*%ã% .=!=*2-

!=, “ë, %…, … C!C 2“2"3þ2 "/C%ë……,þ “%%2"2“2"3þ?,. 2!3ä%"/.

%K ƒ=……%“2L, " !=ë,ƒ=ö,, C!="= …= 2!3ä, %ƒ…=÷=þ?ã% C!="% …= "/K%!

C!%-““,,, !%ä= ƒ=… 2,L , !=K%2/ " “%%2"2“2",, “ C!,ƒ"=…,ì, “C%“%K…%-

“2 ì,, %K!=ƒ%"=…,ì, C!%-““,%…=ëü…%L C%äã%2%"*%L , “ 3÷2%ì %K?-

“2"……/. C%2!K…%“2L, = 2=*› …= ƒä%!%"/ , Kƒ%C=“…/ 3“ë%", 2!3ä=;

%!,…2=ö,þ “,“2ì/ %K!=ƒ%"=…, äë C%äã%2%"*, *=ä!%" " “%%2"2-

“2",, “ C%2!K…%“2 ì, !/…*= 2!3ä=;

%K“C÷…, %K ƒ=2ëü…%ã% ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% “%ö,=ëü…%ã% “2!=.%"=-

…, %2 Kƒ!=K%2,ö/, C!ä%“2="ë…, “%ö,=ëü…/. ã=!=…2,L , *%ìC…“=-

ö,L Kƒ!=K%2…/ì;

“%äL“2", C%ë…%L, C!%ä3*2,"…%L , “"%K%ä…% ,ƒK!=……%L ƒ=… 2%“2,

"“ì, “%%2"2“2"3þ?,ì, ì!=ì, (“ë3›K= ƒ=… 2%“2,, C!%-““,%…=ëü…=

C%äã%2%"*=, C!C%äã%2%"*= , C%"/ø…, *"=ë,-,*=ö,,);

C!ä%“2="ë…, ä%C%ë…,2ëü…/. ã=!=…2,L ƒ=… 2%“2, ã!=›ä=…=ì,

%“%K% …3›ä=þ?,ì“ " “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 , … “C%“%K…/ì …= !="…/.

3“ë%", . *%…*3!,!%"=2ü …= !/…* 2!3ä=;

“%*!=?…, Kƒ!=K%2,ö/, C!ä3C!›ä…, ì=““%"%L Kƒ!=K%2,ö/;

C%%?!…, …=…,ì=2ëL, %“3?“2"ë þ?,. C!%-““,%…=ëü…% %K3÷-

…, !=K%2…,*%", …=.%ä ?,.“ C%ä 3ã!%ƒ%L "/“"%K%›ä…, , "C!"/ ,?3-

?,. !=K%23 , … ,ìþ?,. C!%-““,, (“Cö,=ëü…%“2,), = 2=*› …=…,ì=-

2ëL, “%.!=… þ?,. äL“2"3þ?, , “%ƒä=þ?,. …%"/ !=K%÷, ì“2=, "

2%ì ÷,“ë äë ã!=›ä=…, %“%K% …3›ä=þ?,.“ " “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 , …

“C%“%K…/. …= !="…/. 3“ë%", . *%…*3!,!%"=2ü …= !/…* 2!3ä=;

*%%!ä,…=ö,þ ä 2ëü…%“2, " %Kë=“2, ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, “ ä -

2ëü…%“2üþ C% ä!3ã,ì …=C!="ë…, ì .*%…%ì,÷“*%L , “%ö,=ëü…%L C%-

ë,2,*,;

3÷=“2, C!%-“%þƒ%" , ,…/. C!ä“2=",2ëü…/. %!ã=…%", !=K%2…,*%",

3C%ë…%ì%÷……/. " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì C!ä“2="ë 2ü ,.

,…2!“/, = 2=*› ã%“3ä=!“2"……/. %!ã=…%" , …=…,ì=2ëL " !=ƒ!=K%2*

, !=ë,ƒ=ö,, ã%“3ä=!“2"……%L C%ë,2,*, " %Kë=“2, “%äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2,

…=“ë…, ;

ì›ä3…=!%ä…% “%2!3ä…,÷“2"% " !ø…,, C!%Këì ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“-

ë…, .

c%“3ä=!“2"% " %Kë=“2, “%äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, ã=!=…2,!32

ã!=›ä=…=ì:

C!="% …= "/K%! C!%-““,,, !%ä= ƒ=… 2,L , !=K%2/;

%.!=…3 2!3ä=, " 2%ì ÷,“ë …= ƒä%!%"/ , Kƒ%C=“…/ 3“ë%", 2!3ä=,

C!="%"3þ ƒ=?,23 %2 …%K%“…%"=……/. 3"%ëü……, ,ë, %2*=ƒ= " C!,ì …=

!=K%23 " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì % 2!3ä;

K“Cë=2…% “%äL“2", " C%äK%! C%ä.%ä ?L !=K%2/ , 2!3ä%3“2!%L-

“2" " “%%2"2“2",, “ C!,ƒ"=…,ì, “C%“%K…%“2 ì,, %K!=ƒ%"=…,ì, C!%-“-

“,%…=ëü…%L C%äã%2%"*%L “ 3÷2%ì %K?“2"……/. C%2!K…%“2L.

c%“3ä=!“2"% ã=!=…2,!32 Kƒ!=K%2…/ì:

K“Cë=2…3þ C!%-““,%…=ëü…3þ %!,…2=ö,þ, C“,.%ë%ã,÷“*3þ C%ä-

ä!›*3, C!%-““,%…=ëü…3þ C%äã%2%"*3, C!C%äã%2%"*3 , C%"/ø…, *"=-

ë,-,*=ö,, “ 3÷2%ì %K?“2"……/. C%2!K…%“2L , " “%%2"2“2",, “ ,ì-

þ?,ì,“ “*ë%……%“2 ì,, “C%“%K…%“2 ì,, …="/*=ì, , %“%K……%“2 ì, ,.

C“,.%-,ƒ,÷“*%ã% !=ƒ",2, ;

"/Cë=23 C%“%K, C% Kƒ!=K%2,ö, “2,C…ä,, " C!,%ä %K3÷…, C%

…=C!="ë…,þ %!ã=…%" C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2, %*=ƒ=-

…, ì=2!,=ëü…%L C%ì%?, Kƒ!=K%2…/ì , ÷ë…=ì ,. “ìL, …=.%ä -

?,ì“ …= ,. ,›ä,"…,,;

*%ìC…“=ö,þ " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì ì=2!,=ëü…/.

ƒ=2!=2 " “" ƒ, “ …=C!="ë…,ì %!ã=…=ì, C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü-

…%L ƒ=?,2 …= !=K%23 (%K3÷…,) " ä!3ã3þ ì“2…%“2ü;

K“Cë=2…/L ìä,ö,…“*,L %“ì%2! C!, C!,ì …= !=K%23 , …=C!="ë-

…,, …= %K3÷…,;

"%ƒì%›…%“2ü 3÷=“2, " %Cë=÷,"=ì/. %K?“2"……/. !=K%2=.;

“%äL“2", " %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, C!äC!,…,ì=2ëü“*%L ä 2ëü…%“2,.

q 2 = 2 ü 11. d%C%ë…,2ëü…/ ã=!=…2,, " %Kë=“2, “%äL“2",

ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, %2äëü…/ì *=2ã%!, ì ã!=›ä=…

c%“3ä=!“2"% %K“C÷,"=2 ä%C%ë…,2ëü…/ ã=!=…2,, " %Kë=“2, “%-

äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, “ëä3þ?,ì ã!=›ä=…=ì, %“%K% …3›ä=þ-

?,ì“ " “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 , … “C%“%K…/ì …= !="…/. 3“ë%", . *%…*3-

!,!%"=2ü …= !/…* 2!3ä=:

ä2 ì-“,!%2=ì, ä2 ì, %“2="ø,ì“ Kƒ C%C÷…, !%ä,2ëL, ë,ö=ì

,ƒ ÷,“ë= ä2L-“,!%2 , ä2L, %“2="ø,.“ Kƒ C%C÷…, !%ä,2ëL;

!%ä,2ë ì " ì…%ã%ä2…/. , …C%ë…/. “ìü ., = 2=*› "%“C,2/"=-

þ?,ì ä2L-,…"=ë,ä%";

,…"=ë,ä=ì;

%“"%K%›ä……/ì ,ƒ ì“2 ë,ø…, “"%K%ä/;

"C!"/ ,?3?,ì !=K%23 " "%ƒ!=“2 ä% 21 ã%ä=;

ë,ö=ì C!äC…“,%……%ã% "%ƒ!=“2= (ƒ= ä"= ã%ä= ä% …=“23Cë…, "%ƒ!=-

“2=, ä=þ?ã% C!="% …= C…“,þ C% "%ƒ!=“23 …= %K?,. %“…%"=…, .);

"2!=…=ì K%"/. äL“2",L …= 2!!,2%!,, ä!3ã,. ã%“3ä=!“2", 3*=-

ƒ=……/ì " C3…*2=. 1$3 “2=2ü, 3 g=*%…= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2 17 =C!-

ë 1992 ã%ä= &n "2!=…=.[ " !ä=*ö,, g=*%…= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü %2

12 ,þë 2001 ã%ä= (bä=ì=“öS b !.%/…=ã= q="2= p.“C3KëS*S aë=!3“ü,

1992>ã., 1>15, “2.>249; m=ö,%…=ëü…/L !“2! C!="%"/. =*2%" p“C3Kë,-

*, aë=!3“ü, 2001>ã., 1>67, 2/787);

3"%ë……/ì “ "%……%L “ë3›K/, ,ƒ %!ã=…%" "…32!……,. äë, %!ã=…%"

-,…=…“%"/. !=““ëä%"=…,L j%ì,22= ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ã% *%…2!%ë p“C3K-

ë,*, aë=!3“ü, %!ã=…%" , C%ä!=ƒäë…,L C% ÷!ƒ"/÷=L…/ì “,23=ö, ì "

“" ƒ, “ %*%…÷=…,ì “!%÷…%L “ë3›K/, ë,*",ä=ö,L %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,,, “%*!=-

?…,ì ÷,“ë……%“2, ,ë, ø2=2= !=K%2…,*%", C% “%“2% …,þ ƒä%!%"ü ,ë,

C% ä!3ã,ì 3"=›,2ëü…/ì C!,÷,…=ì Kƒ C!="= …= C…“,þ;

."=*3,!%"=……/ì , %2“ë……/ì ,ƒ ƒ%… ."=*3=ö,, (%2÷3›ä…, ), C!-

"%%÷!ä…%ã% , C%“ëä3þ?ã% %2“ë…, , = 2=*› “=ì%“2% 2ëü…% "/-

.="ø,ì ,ƒ .2,. ƒ%… C%“ë *=2=“2!%-/ …= )!…%K/ëü“*%L `}q;

,…/ì ã!=›ä=…=ì, “ë, .2% %C!äë…% ƒ=*%…=ì, , =*2=ì, o!ƒ,-

ä…2= p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü.

d%C%ë…,2ëü…/ ã=!=…2,, " %Kë=“2, “%äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë-

…, ã!=›ä=…=ì, 3*=ƒ=……/ì " ÷=“2, C!"%L …=“2% ?L “2=2ü,, %K“C÷,-

"=þ2“ C32ì !=ƒ!=K%2*, , !=ë,ƒ=ö,, öë"/. ã%“3ä=!“2"……/. C!%-

ã!=ìì “%äL“2", ƒ=… 2%“2, …=“ë…, , “%ƒä=…, ä%C%ë…,2ëü…/. !=K%-

÷,. ì“2 , “Cö,=ë,ƒ,!%"=……/. %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L ("*ëþ÷= %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,, äë

2!3ä= ,…"=ë,ä%"), 3“2=…%"ë…, K!%…, äë C!,ì= …= !=K%23, C!ä%“2="-

ë…, 3“ë3ã C% C!%-““,%…=ëü…%L %!,…2=ö,,, = 2=*› C32ì %!ã=…,ƒ=-

ö,, %K3÷…, C% “Cö,=ëü…/ì C!%ã!=ìì=ì , ä!3ã,ì, ì!=ì,.

o%! ä%* 3“2=…%"ë…, K!%…, äë C!,ì= …= !=K%23 ã!=›ä=…, %“%K%

…3›ä=þ?,.“ " “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 , … “C%“%K…/. …= !="…/. 3“ë%", .

*%…*3!,!%"=2ü …= !/…* 2!3ä=, %C!äë 2“ o!=",2ëü“2"%ì p“C3Kë,-

*, aë=!3“ü.

c%“3ä=!“2"% " “%%2"2“2",, “ ƒ=*%…%ä=2ëü“2"%ì % 2!3ä ã=!=…2,!3-

2 C!ä%“2="ë…, C!"%ã% !=K%÷ã% ì“2= "/C3“*…,*=ì ã%“3ä=!“2"……/.

3÷!›ä…,L, %K“C÷,"=þ?,. C%ë3÷…, C!%-““,%…=ëü…%-2.…,÷“*%ã%,

“!ä…ã% “Cö,=ëü…%ã% , "/“øã% %K!=ƒ%"=…, " ä…"…%L -%!ì C%ë3÷-

…, %K!=ƒ%"=…, ƒ= “÷2 “!ä“2" !“C3Kë,*=…“*%ã% , (,ë,) ì“2…%ã% Kþä-

›2%", ë,ö=ì “ %“%K……%“2 ì, C“,.%-,ƒ,÷“*%ã% !=ƒ",2, , %“"%,"ø,ì

3÷K…/ C!%ã!=ìì/ " %K?%K!=ƒ%"=2ëü…/. 3÷!›ä…, . %K?ã% 2,C=,

ë,ö=ì “ %“%K……%“2 ì, C“,.%-,ƒ,÷“*%ã% !=ƒ",2, , %“"%,"ø,ì “Cö,-

=ëü…/ 3÷K…/ C!%ã!=ìì/, = 2=*› "%……%“ë3›=?,ì “!%÷…%L "%……%L

“ë3›K/, 3"%ë……/ì ,ƒ b%%!3›……/. q,ë ,ë, ä!3ã,. "%L“* , "%,…“*,.

-%!ì,!%"=…,L p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü. o%! ä%* , 3“ë%", C!ä%“2="ë-

…, C!"%ã% !=K%÷ã% ì“2= 3*=ƒ=……/ì ë,ö=ì %C!äë þ2“ o!=",2ëü-

“2"%ì p“C3Kë,*, aë=!3“ü.

c%“3ä=!“2"% %K“C÷,"=2 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2"% !%ä,2ëL, *%2%!/ %K -

ƒ=…/ "%ƒì?=2ü !=“.%ä/, ƒ=2!=÷……/ ã%“3ä=!“2"%ì …= “%ä!›=…, ä-

2L, …=.%ä ?,.“ …= ã%“3ä=!“2"……%ì %K“C÷…,, (ä=ë>$ %K ƒ=……/

ë,ö=), , …=C!="ë…/ C% “3äK…%ì3 C%“2=…%"ë…,þ " %!ã=…/ C% 2!3ä3,

ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2, C32ì 3“2=…%"ë…, K!%…, äë C!,ì=

,. …= !=K%23.

n!ã=…/ C% 2!3ä3, ƒ=… 2%“2, , “%ö,=ëü…%L ƒ=?,2 C!, C%ë3÷…,,

“3äK…%ã% C%“2=…%"ë…, % 2!3ä%3“2!%L“2" %K ƒ=……%ã% ë,ö= " 2÷…,

2!. !=K%÷,. ä…L %C!äë þ2 %ä…3 ,ë, …“*%ëü*% %!ã=…,ƒ=ö,L äë 2!3-