American Anthropologist. — New series: Vol.65 (No 4). — 1963. — P.
815–836.
Дискуссионное, но при этом весьма изумительное англоязычное
исследование Марии Гимбутас на тему расселения индоевропейцев по
древней Европе в свете археологии.
Quote:
"There never was a period of definitive development and of a final linguistic crystallization- either in prehistoric, or in historic times. All was fluid, all was and still is changing"
Some conclusions:
Kurgan expansion - the FIRST real Indo-Europeans - lies in the Eurasian steppes, in the lower Volga basin and beyond the Caspian Sea.
The invasion (or several waves of invasions) most likely occurred in the period between 2400 and 2200 BC.
Archeological evidence and the earliest historic records show that these people were ruled by
powerful kings and a council of nobles. They were in possession of vehicles drawn by oxen. Horse is evidenced from the earliest Kurgan phases and onwards, but apparently was used for milk and meat and as a sacrificial animal like sheep and cattle, Their social system and economy provided unlimited possibilities for invasion and conquest. They entered the civilized world in the Near East, Anatolia, and the Aegean area, establishing there their own states; they conquered the agricultural peoples in the Balkans, central and northe Europe and occupied even the forested areas in the East Baltic area and central Russia inhabited by hunters and fishers.
Quote:
"There never was a period of definitive development and of a final linguistic crystallization- either in prehistoric, or in historic times. All was fluid, all was and still is changing"
Some conclusions:
Kurgan expansion - the FIRST real Indo-Europeans - lies in the Eurasian steppes, in the lower Volga basin and beyond the Caspian Sea.
The invasion (or several waves of invasions) most likely occurred in the period between 2400 and 2200 BC.
Archeological evidence and the earliest historic records show that these people were ruled by
powerful kings and a council of nobles. They were in possession of vehicles drawn by oxen. Horse is evidenced from the earliest Kurgan phases and onwards, but apparently was used for milk and meat and as a sacrificial animal like sheep and cattle, Their social system and economy provided unlimited possibilities for invasion and conquest. They entered the civilized world in the Near East, Anatolia, and the Aegean area, establishing there their own states; they conquered the agricultural peoples in the Balkans, central and northe Europe and occupied even the forested areas in the East Baltic area and central Russia inhabited by hunters and fishers.