McGraw - Hill. inc. Serving the need for knowledge 1221 Avenue of
the Americas New-York, NY 10020, 1992. - 710 p.
Distillation Design provides complete, up-to-date coverage of the principles and practical aspects of designing this important industrial process for the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, petroleum refining, gas, and alcohol industries.
This definitive sourcebook examines process and equipment design procedures, discusses the limitations of the various design methods, and provides nuts-and-bolts solutions to help you design trouble-free systems. The book also presents worked-out examples of typical design problems, as well as guidelines for using computer programs in design.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction to Distillation
Distillation background
What is distillation?
Why Distillation?
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)
K-Value and Relative Volatility
Ideal and Non-Ideal Systems
Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Composition on K-Values and Volatility
Phase Diagrams
Calculation of Bubble Points and Dew Points
Azeotropes
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
Superscripts
References
Key Fractionation Concepts
Theoretical Stages
Ideal and Nonideal Stages
Stripping, Rectification, and Fraclionation
Material and Energy Balances
x-y Diagrams
McCabe-Thiele Diagrams: Fundamentals
Constant Molar Overflow and Other Assumptions
McCabe-Thiele Diagrams: Line Equations
McCabe-Thiele Diagrams: Construction
Optimum Feed Stage and Pinching
Minimum Reflux Ratio
Minimum Stripping
Total Reflux and Minimum Stages
Allowance for Stage Efficiencies
Extension to Complex Columns
Key Concepts of Multicomponent Distillation
Key and Nonkey Components
Column Composition and Temperature Profiles
Hengstebeck Diagrams: Principles
Hengstebeck Diagrams: Construction
Minimum Reflux by Hengstebeck Diagram
Key Ratio Plots and Retrograde Distillation
Best Feed Stage Location
Distribution of Nonkeys (d/b Plots)
Analyzing Computer Simulation Results by Graphical Techniques
Use of x-y Diagrams (McCabe-Thiele and Hengstebeck)
Use of Key Ratio and d/b Plots
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References
Column Process Design, Optimization, and Shortcut Calculations
Process Design and Optimization
Separation Specification: Requirements and Options
Optimizing Product Recovery (Material Balance Optimization)
Optimizing Separation (Energy Balance Optimization)
Application of Recovery and Separation Optimization
Setting Column Pressure
Optimum Reflux Ratio
Feed Stage Optimization by Computer
Minimum Reflux by Computer
Minimum Stages by Computer
Process Design Procedure
Reflux and Stages: Shortcut Methods
Minimum Stages
Minimum Reflux
Minimum Reflux tor Systems Containing Distributed Nonkeys
Extension of the Minimum Reflux Equations
Reflux-Stages Relationships
Feed Stage Location
Analysis of Existing Columns: the Smith-Brinkley Method
The Analytical x-y Diagram: Smoker's Equation
The Jafarey, Douglas, and McAvoy Equation: Design and Control
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References
Rigorous Distillation Calculations
Basic Concepts
Stage and Column Models
Basic (MESH) Equations of Rigorous Distillation
Rigorous Computational Methods
The Basic Classification of the Methods
PreComputer Methods
The Strategy of Solution Using a Rigorous Method
Trldlagonal Matrix Method for the Material Balances
Bubble-Point (BP) Methods
Numerical Methods - the Newton-Raphson Technique
Sum-Rates (SR) Method
2N Newton Methods
Global Newton Methods
Inside-Out Methods
Relaxation Methods
Homotopy-Continuation Methods
Nonequilibriutn or Rate Based Methods
How to Use and Which to Use
Hints for Setting Separation Specifications
Problems When Setting Simulation Input
Recovering from Failures and Analyzing Results
Which Method to Use
What to Look for in Choosing a Package or Method
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
Superscripts
References
General Reviews and Surveys
General Sources Used Throughout
First Statement of the General Methods
Early Methods for Computers
Material Balance Methods
Thelle-Geddes Oriented (Including Bubble-Point Methods)
Sum-Rates or Absorber-Oriented Methods
Global Newton Methods
Relaxation Methods
Inside-Out Algorithms
Hootopy Methods
Nonequllibrium Models
Incorporation of Efficiencies In Rigorous Distillation
Calculations
Applications of Convergence Methods and Comparisons
Program Reference Manuals
Numerical Methods
Personal Communications
Batch Distillation
Existing Systems
Simple Distillation
Constant Reflux Ratio
Varying Reflux Ratio
Time and Boil-Up Requirements
New Design - A Case History
Special Note to Readers
References
Tray Design and Operation
The Common Tray Types
Description of the Common Tray Types
Comparison of the Common Tray Types
Tray Capacity Limits
The Classical Hydraulic Model
Tray Stability Diagram
Definitions of Tray Area, Vapor Load and Liquid Load
Tray Flooding Mechanisms
Factors Affecting Flooding
Entrainment (Jet) Flooding
Downcomer Backup Flooding
Downcomer Aeration
Downcomer Choke Flooding
Derating ("System") Factors
Entrainment
Sieve Tray Weeping
Valve Tray Weeping
Dumping
Tray Hydraulic Parameters
Pressure Drop
Dry Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop Through the Aerated Liquid
Head Loss Under Downcomer Apron
Clear Liquid Height and Froth Density
Tudown
Flow Regimes on Trays
The Common Flow Regimes
The Flow Regime Likely to Exist on industrial Trays
Transition Between Flow Regimes
Implications of the Spray Regime for Design and Operation
Implications of the Emulsion Regime for Design and Operation
Column Sizing
General Considerations
Tray Sizing Example and Initial Steps
Preliminary Determination of Tower Diameter
Preliminary Tray Layout
First Trial
Second Trial
Hydraulic Checks, Second Trial
Third Trial
Tudown Checks (Based on Third Trial)
Concluding Comments on Design Philosophy
Tray Design Summary
Hydraulic Performance Summary
Tray Efficiency
Tray Efficiency Fundamentals
Definitions
Point Efficiency Fundamentals
Tray Efficiency Fundamentals
Tray Efficiency Prediction
Theoretical Prediction Methods
Empirical Prediction Methods
Prediction by Data Interpolation
Tray Efficiency Calculation Example
Tray Efficiency Scaleup
Effect of Errors in VLE on Efficiency
Liquid Flow Pattes and Maldistribution on Large Trays
Effect of Tray Maldistribution on Efficiency
Other Factors Affecting Tray Efficiency
Tray Efficiency in Multicomponent Separations
Efficiency Scaleup: Process Factors
Efficiency Scaleup: Equipment Factors
Nomenclature for Chapters 6 and 7
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References for Chapters 6 and 7
Packing Design and Operation
Packing Objectives
Types of Random Packings
Comparison of Random Packings from Different Generations
Packing Material - Random Packings
Structured Packing Evolution
Types of Wire-Mesh Structured Packings
Geometrical Features of Corrugated Structured Packings
Types of Corrugated Structured Packings
Structured Packings Versus Random Packings
Considerations for Specifying Structured Packings
Types of Grids
Grid Versus Other Packings
Packing Hydraulics
Pressure Drop Flow Regimes
Efficiency Flow Regimes
Flood Point: Concept and Traps
Maximum Operational Capacity (MOC): Concept and Traps
Pressure Drop: Inherent Limitations and Traps
Flood-Point Prediction
Maximum Operational Capacity (MOC) Prediction
Pressure Drop Prediction by Correlation
Pressure Drop Prediction by Interpolation
Packing Factors
Loading Point
Column Sizing Criteria
Average Pressure Drop
Liquid Holdup
Minimum Wetting Rate
Underwetting
Minimum Vapor Rate
Comparing Trays and Packings
Factors Favoring Packed Columns
Factors Favoring Tray Columns
Packing Efficiency and Scaleup
Packing Efficiency
The Transfer Unit Concept
The HETP Concept
Factors Affecting HETP
HETP Prediction - Mass Transfer Models
HETP Prediction - Rules of Thumb
HETP Prediction - Data Interpolation
Maldistribution and Its Effects on Packing Efficiency
Effects of Liquid Maldistribution of HETP: An Overview
Effect of Maldistribution on Local UV Ratio
Effect of Lateral Mixing
Effect of Liquid Flow Nonuniformlty
The Zone-Stage Model
Empirical Prediction of the Effects of Maldistribution
Effect of Vapor Maldistribution on Packing Efficiency
Implications of Maldistribution to Packing Design Practice
Packed Tower Scaleup
Diameter Considerations
Height, Loading, Wetting and Other Considerations
Packed Tower Scaleup: Summary and Recommendations
Packed Column Sizing
Strategy
Column Sizing Example
Column Sizing Example: First Trial
Column Sizing Example: Second Trial
Column Sizing Example: Design Checks
Column Sizing Example: Design and Performance Summary
Concluding Comments on Design Philosophy
Column Sizing Example: Speculation on Suppliers. Modifications to the Preliminary Design
Column Sizing Example: Trays or Packings?
Nomenclature (Chapters 8 and 9)
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References (Chapters 8 and 9)
Packing Capacity and Pressure Drop GPDC Interpolation Charts Atlas
Application Guidelines for Using the GPDC Interpolation Charts
A Guide to the GPDC Interpolation Charts
Acknowledgment
References
Packing Efficiency Data
Random Packings
Interpolation Procedure
Legend for Table
Structured Packings
Efficiency Data Plots
Interpolation Procedure
Legend for Table
References
Subject Index
Distillation Design provides complete, up-to-date coverage of the principles and practical aspects of designing this important industrial process for the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, petroleum refining, gas, and alcohol industries.
This definitive sourcebook examines process and equipment design procedures, discusses the limitations of the various design methods, and provides nuts-and-bolts solutions to help you design trouble-free systems. The book also presents worked-out examples of typical design problems, as well as guidelines for using computer programs in design.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction to Distillation
Distillation background
What is distillation?
Why Distillation?
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)
K-Value and Relative Volatility
Ideal and Non-Ideal Systems
Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Composition on K-Values and Volatility
Phase Diagrams
Calculation of Bubble Points and Dew Points
Azeotropes
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
Superscripts
References
Key Fractionation Concepts
Theoretical Stages
Ideal and Nonideal Stages
Stripping, Rectification, and Fraclionation
Material and Energy Balances
x-y Diagrams
McCabe-Thiele Diagrams: Fundamentals
Constant Molar Overflow and Other Assumptions
McCabe-Thiele Diagrams: Line Equations
McCabe-Thiele Diagrams: Construction
Optimum Feed Stage and Pinching
Minimum Reflux Ratio
Minimum Stripping
Total Reflux and Minimum Stages
Allowance for Stage Efficiencies
Extension to Complex Columns
Key Concepts of Multicomponent Distillation
Key and Nonkey Components
Column Composition and Temperature Profiles
Hengstebeck Diagrams: Principles
Hengstebeck Diagrams: Construction
Minimum Reflux by Hengstebeck Diagram
Key Ratio Plots and Retrograde Distillation
Best Feed Stage Location
Distribution of Nonkeys (d/b Plots)
Analyzing Computer Simulation Results by Graphical Techniques
Use of x-y Diagrams (McCabe-Thiele and Hengstebeck)
Use of Key Ratio and d/b Plots
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References
Column Process Design, Optimization, and Shortcut Calculations
Process Design and Optimization
Separation Specification: Requirements and Options
Optimizing Product Recovery (Material Balance Optimization)
Optimizing Separation (Energy Balance Optimization)
Application of Recovery and Separation Optimization
Setting Column Pressure
Optimum Reflux Ratio
Feed Stage Optimization by Computer
Minimum Reflux by Computer
Minimum Stages by Computer
Process Design Procedure
Reflux and Stages: Shortcut Methods
Minimum Stages
Minimum Reflux
Minimum Reflux tor Systems Containing Distributed Nonkeys
Extension of the Minimum Reflux Equations
Reflux-Stages Relationships
Feed Stage Location
Analysis of Existing Columns: the Smith-Brinkley Method
The Analytical x-y Diagram: Smoker's Equation
The Jafarey, Douglas, and McAvoy Equation: Design and Control
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References
Rigorous Distillation Calculations
Basic Concepts
Stage and Column Models
Basic (MESH) Equations of Rigorous Distillation
Rigorous Computational Methods
The Basic Classification of the Methods
PreComputer Methods
The Strategy of Solution Using a Rigorous Method
Trldlagonal Matrix Method for the Material Balances
Bubble-Point (BP) Methods
Numerical Methods - the Newton-Raphson Technique
Sum-Rates (SR) Method
2N Newton Methods
Global Newton Methods
Inside-Out Methods
Relaxation Methods
Homotopy-Continuation Methods
Nonequilibriutn or Rate Based Methods
How to Use and Which to Use
Hints for Setting Separation Specifications
Problems When Setting Simulation Input
Recovering from Failures and Analyzing Results
Which Method to Use
What to Look for in Choosing a Package or Method
Nomenclature
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
Superscripts
References
General Reviews and Surveys
General Sources Used Throughout
First Statement of the General Methods
Early Methods for Computers
Material Balance Methods
Thelle-Geddes Oriented (Including Bubble-Point Methods)
Sum-Rates or Absorber-Oriented Methods
Global Newton Methods
Relaxation Methods
Inside-Out Algorithms
Hootopy Methods
Nonequllibrium Models
Incorporation of Efficiencies In Rigorous Distillation
Calculations
Applications of Convergence Methods and Comparisons
Program Reference Manuals
Numerical Methods
Personal Communications
Batch Distillation
Existing Systems
Simple Distillation
Constant Reflux Ratio
Varying Reflux Ratio
Time and Boil-Up Requirements
New Design - A Case History
Special Note to Readers
References
Tray Design and Operation
The Common Tray Types
Description of the Common Tray Types
Comparison of the Common Tray Types
Tray Capacity Limits
The Classical Hydraulic Model
Tray Stability Diagram
Definitions of Tray Area, Vapor Load and Liquid Load
Tray Flooding Mechanisms
Factors Affecting Flooding
Entrainment (Jet) Flooding
Downcomer Backup Flooding
Downcomer Aeration
Downcomer Choke Flooding
Derating ("System") Factors
Entrainment
Sieve Tray Weeping
Valve Tray Weeping
Dumping
Tray Hydraulic Parameters
Pressure Drop
Dry Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop Through the Aerated Liquid
Head Loss Under Downcomer Apron
Clear Liquid Height and Froth Density
Tudown
Flow Regimes on Trays
The Common Flow Regimes
The Flow Regime Likely to Exist on industrial Trays
Transition Between Flow Regimes
Implications of the Spray Regime for Design and Operation
Implications of the Emulsion Regime for Design and Operation
Column Sizing
General Considerations
Tray Sizing Example and Initial Steps
Preliminary Determination of Tower Diameter
Preliminary Tray Layout
First Trial
Second Trial
Hydraulic Checks, Second Trial
Third Trial
Tudown Checks (Based on Third Trial)
Concluding Comments on Design Philosophy
Tray Design Summary
Hydraulic Performance Summary
Tray Efficiency
Tray Efficiency Fundamentals
Definitions
Point Efficiency Fundamentals
Tray Efficiency Fundamentals
Tray Efficiency Prediction
Theoretical Prediction Methods
Empirical Prediction Methods
Prediction by Data Interpolation
Tray Efficiency Calculation Example
Tray Efficiency Scaleup
Effect of Errors in VLE on Efficiency
Liquid Flow Pattes and Maldistribution on Large Trays
Effect of Tray Maldistribution on Efficiency
Other Factors Affecting Tray Efficiency
Tray Efficiency in Multicomponent Separations
Efficiency Scaleup: Process Factors
Efficiency Scaleup: Equipment Factors
Nomenclature for Chapters 6 and 7
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References for Chapters 6 and 7
Packing Design and Operation
Packing Objectives
Types of Random Packings
Comparison of Random Packings from Different Generations
Packing Material - Random Packings
Structured Packing Evolution
Types of Wire-Mesh Structured Packings
Geometrical Features of Corrugated Structured Packings
Types of Corrugated Structured Packings
Structured Packings Versus Random Packings
Considerations for Specifying Structured Packings
Types of Grids
Grid Versus Other Packings
Packing Hydraulics
Pressure Drop Flow Regimes
Efficiency Flow Regimes
Flood Point: Concept and Traps
Maximum Operational Capacity (MOC): Concept and Traps
Pressure Drop: Inherent Limitations and Traps
Flood-Point Prediction
Maximum Operational Capacity (MOC) Prediction
Pressure Drop Prediction by Correlation
Pressure Drop Prediction by Interpolation
Packing Factors
Loading Point
Column Sizing Criteria
Average Pressure Drop
Liquid Holdup
Minimum Wetting Rate
Underwetting
Minimum Vapor Rate
Comparing Trays and Packings
Factors Favoring Packed Columns
Factors Favoring Tray Columns
Packing Efficiency and Scaleup
Packing Efficiency
The Transfer Unit Concept
The HETP Concept
Factors Affecting HETP
HETP Prediction - Mass Transfer Models
HETP Prediction - Rules of Thumb
HETP Prediction - Data Interpolation
Maldistribution and Its Effects on Packing Efficiency
Effects of Liquid Maldistribution of HETP: An Overview
Effect of Maldistribution on Local UV Ratio
Effect of Lateral Mixing
Effect of Liquid Flow Nonuniformlty
The Zone-Stage Model
Empirical Prediction of the Effects of Maldistribution
Effect of Vapor Maldistribution on Packing Efficiency
Implications of Maldistribution to Packing Design Practice
Packed Tower Scaleup
Diameter Considerations
Height, Loading, Wetting and Other Considerations
Packed Tower Scaleup: Summary and Recommendations
Packed Column Sizing
Strategy
Column Sizing Example
Column Sizing Example: First Trial
Column Sizing Example: Second Trial
Column Sizing Example: Design Checks
Column Sizing Example: Design and Performance Summary
Concluding Comments on Design Philosophy
Column Sizing Example: Speculation on Suppliers. Modifications to the Preliminary Design
Column Sizing Example: Trays or Packings?
Nomenclature (Chapters 8 and 9)
English Letters
Greek Letters
Subscripts
References (Chapters 8 and 9)
Packing Capacity and Pressure Drop GPDC Interpolation Charts Atlas
Application Guidelines for Using the GPDC Interpolation Charts
A Guide to the GPDC Interpolation Charts
Acknowledgment
References
Packing Efficiency Data
Random Packings
Interpolation Procedure
Legend for Table
Structured Packings
Efficiency Data Plots
Interpolation Procedure
Legend for Table
References
Subject Index