Alex Hughes. Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture

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568

Xenakis, Iannis

b. 1922, Brãila, Romania

Composer

Educated at the Athens Polytechnic, Xenakis

settled in France in 1947, working as an ar-

chitect with Le Corbusier until 1959. He is

best known for his ‘stochastic’ music, an ap-

plication of probability theory to structure

rather than to the actual production of sounds.

He was strongly influenced by Varèse, with

whom Xenakis shares a predilection for per-

cussive sonorities and a fascination with the

spatial deployment of music—for example,

musicians placed within the audience, and

electronic techniques. Xenakis’s work requires

of its audience a different attitude towards lis-

tening. His works range from chamber to or-

chestral and choral works: Herma (piano),

Eonta (piano and brass), Pithoprakta (orches-

tra) and incidental music for the Oresteia.

WALTER A.STRAUSS

See also: concert music

X

569

Yacine, Kateb

b. 1929, Constantine, Algeria;

d. 1989, Grenoble

Playwright and director

A well-known North African playwright and

director, Yacine has worked in French since

the 1950s. His texts in French, noted for their

liveliness, movement and flexibility, and for

dealing with Algeria, revolutions, national

identity, etc., include Polygone étoilé (Starry

Zone) and L’Homme aux sandales de

caoutchouc (The Man in Rubber Sandals).

He has also written many plays in Arab dia-

lect.

ANNIE SPARKS

See also: francophone performing arts: North

Africa; theatre

Further reading

Arnaud, J. (1986) La Littérature maghrébine

de langue française, Paris: Publisud, vol. 2

(study of Arabic literature, including a sec-

tion on Yacine).

Yourcenar, Marguerite

b. 1903, Belgium;

d. 1987, Maine, USA

Writer

Yourcenar was a half-Belgian, half-French

writer, who in 1980 became the first woman

to be elected to the Academic Française; she

had been elected to its Belgian counterpart

nine years before. Her best-known work, pub-

lished in 1951, Memoirs of Hadrian

(Mémoires d’Hadrien), is a first person fic-

tional portrait of the Roman emperor. Since

1939, she had lived in the United States with

her long-term partner, Grace Frick, but lesbi-

anism is less prominent in her writing than

male homosexuality, an important theme in

Mémoires d’Hadrien and Alexis (1929),

whose central character reveals his sexual

problems in a long letter to his wife.

Yourcenar’s geographical marginality to

French culture was mirrored by her distance

from its dominant intellectual movements,

most notably the nouveau roman. She was at

work on the third and final volume of her

autobiography at the time of her death.

KEITH READER

See also: women’s/lesbian writing

youth culture

La culture jeune is a somewhat slippery term,

usually denoting the leisure practices or (more

Y

570

broadly) the references, icons and values

deemed to be specific to the 12–25 age group.

As in other Western societies, youth culture in

France is closely associated with the audio-

visual media and leisure technologies.

The democratization of postwar secondary

education in France and the raising of the

school-leaving age to 16 in 1959 had the ef-

fect of extending the period of adolescence.

This, together with France’s ‘baby boom’ and

economic recovery, opened a new teenage con-

sumer market in the late 1950s increasingly

centred on pop music, which the transistor

radio and vinyl record made easily available

to the young person with more disposable in-

come and leisure than the average adult. These

developments benefited a new generation of

French singer-songwriters such as Brel and

Brassens, but their chief impact was to facili-

tate the emergence of a French form of Ameri-

can rock and roll known as yé-yé, performed

by teen idols like Johnny Hallyday and

Françoise Hardy and disseminated by the ra-

dio programme and magazine, Salut les

copains. Although yé-yé seemed little more

than a derivative and trivial commodity, as

early as 1963 the sociologist Edgar Morin

noted its deeper significance as mirror and

stimulant of a new sense of youth identity. Yé-

yé, he argued, was the voice of a virtually ho-

mogeneous ‘class’ founded not on socioeco-

nomic status but on a community of age, taste,

ritual and language. It was also profoundly

ambivalent: while it helped prepare French

youth for life in the consumer society, its vali-

dation of gratuitous pleasure and play also

contained the seeds of rebellion against the

adult world.

Although the homogeneity argument was

questionable, Morin’s detection of revolt at the

heart of French youth culture proved prophetic,

as youth protests against Gaullist society,

fanned by Anglo-American counterculture,

culminated in the ‘cultural revolution’ of May

1968, whose polymorphous values impreg-

nated the music, comic strips, fashions and life-

styles of many young people in France. How-

ever, the very forces which had generated the

youth phenomenon soon changed it. The de-

velopment of new technologies such as video

and the Walkman, and the universalization of

the post-1960s values of youthfulness, plural-

ism and pleasure, transformed Western youth

culture generally into a multinational,

multimillion-dollar industry. Punk notwith-

standing, adolescent dissent was packaged and

marketed during the 1970s, while disillusion-

ment and recession steadily defused 1960s radi-

calism. In France as elsewhere, once immuta-

ble cultural hierarchies began shifting, so that

by the 1980s even the government, under

Mitterrand, had set about legitimizing youth

cultural practices previously considered unwor-

thy or positively antisocial, such as fashion,

comic strips, pop video, rock and pop, rap and

graffiti. Concurrently, the pop market was be-

coming segmented, embracing an ever wider

variety of styles.

During the 1980s, the rise of racism and

AIDS, ongoing dissatisfaction with educa-

tional reform and the popularity of worldwide

humanitarian causes all helped generate a new

social awareness in French youth, variously

exemplified in the student protests of Novem-

ber-December 1986, SOS Racisme, new ‘al-

ternative’ entertainers like the singer Renaud

and the comedian Coluche, and an enthusi-

asm for world music. Such phenomena testi-

fied to a reinvented sense of youth solidarity,

coupled with a new, multicultural sensibility

which generated various musical innovations,

such as the French rap of MC Solaar or the

fusion of rock with languages and rhythms

from the Maghreb and elsewhere.

As a result of these changes, and of the pro-

gressive domestication and commodification

of cultural life in the multimedia age, the ex-

istence of a homogeneous youth culture today

is less widely accepted than it was in the

1960s, though some argue that even then what

was perceived as a common culture was

merely that of a privileged minority. Never-

theless, surveys published in 1990 and 1995

still suggest a degree of commonality in French

adolescents’ cultural practices. One finding is

the decline of reading, despite a rise in the level

of educational attainment. When young peo-

ple do read, it is most often comic strips.

youth culture

571

Correspondingly, audiovisual practices have

risen. In 1994, 92 per cent of the 12–25 age

group had access to a hi-fi system; 79 per cent

a personal stereo and a VCR; and 39 per cent

a TV-linked video game.

This does not, however, mean the complete

domestication of young people’s cultural ex-

perience, since sociability—going to cafés,

roaming the streets, seeing friends—remains

crucial. By far the most popular outing for the

12–25 age group in 1994 was to the cinema

(90 per cent), while other favourites were fun

fairs (60 per cent), nightclubs (57 per cent)

and amusement parks (41 per cent). Opera

productions, however, attracted only 3 per

cent and classical music concerts 7 per cent.

‘Rock’, in fact, remains the preferred music of

54 per cent of the young. Here, too, there is

evidence of increasing sociability: 24 per cent

of 15–25s attended a rock concert in 1988,

and 41 per cent in 1994. Yet it is far from

certain that rock constitutes the homogeneous

culture Morin had found in yé-yé. First, ‘rock’

is a deceptively singular term which masks a

plurality of tastes and, second, young people’s

cultural consumption is differentiated by their

cultural inheritance, gender and social posi-

tion. Although a certain homogeneity is pro-

duced by the shared experiences of schooling,

cultural practices soon diverge once education

ends.

DAVID LOOSELEY

See also: beur music; concert music; Désir,

Harlem, and SOS Racisme; education, second-

ary: collèges, lycées, etc.; racism/anti-semitism

Further reading

Donnat, O. and Cogneau, D. (1990) Les

Pratiques culturelles des Français 1973–

1989, Paris: La Découverte/Documentation

Française (survey sponsored by the govern-

ment).

Guy, J.-M. (ed.) (1995) Les Jeunes et les sor-

ties culturelles, Paris: Ministry of Culture

(another government-sponsored survey).

Nouvelle Enquête sur les pratiques culturelles

des Français (1990), Paris: Documentation

Française (another government survey).

Yonnet, P. (1985) Jeux, modes et masses: la

société française et le moderne, Paris:

Gallimard (a useful sociological study).

youth culture

572

Aba, Noureddine 229

abortion and contraception 1–2, 56, 93, 108,

184, 208, 475, 546, 564, 565

Académic Française 2, 79, 167, 213, 334,

342–3, 355, 382, 501, 569

Acquart, André 2

ACT-UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power)

261, 264

Actes Sud 3

Action Française movement 476, 548

Action (newspaper) 328

Adamo, Salvatore 234

Adamov, Arthur 3, 363, 427, 522, 527, 550

Ader, Clément 536

Adia 202

Adjani, Isabelle 3, 454, 507

adult education 112

advertising 3–7, 5, 9, 192, 213, 436, 533

cultural studies 49

iconography 291–2

newspapers 336, 389, 398, 457

radio 237, 451, 452

television 239, 240, 350

women’s magazines 564

Afghanistan:

Soviet invasion 356

Africa

changing societies 18

cultural influences 82, 425

decolonization 141, 144

ethnography 331

French dependencies 141, 142, 193, 216, 378

music 233, 500

revolutionary ideas 199

short fiction 492

television 539

agriculture 7–8

and economy 455

employment 185

and European integration 7–8, 190, 191

modernization 168

Ahmed, Ahihi Moulay 235

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

1, 8–10, 12, 93, 284, 553

activism 261, 264, 272, 570

cinema 263

deaths from 103, 114, 140, 242, 314, 393

television 9–10, 265

theatre 526

writings on 27, 151, 211, 264, 266, 281–2,

298, 314–15

Aimée, Anouk 10, 150

Air France 392

Aït-Menguellet 236

Aix-en-Provence

Fondation Vasarély 545

music festival 43, 384

Akerman, Chantal 221, 263, 491, 563

Akika, Ali 223

Al Liamm 458

Alaïa, Azzedine 200, 201

Alain-Fournier (Henri-Alban Fournier) 348

Albaladejo, Pierre 477

Albany, Jean 245

Albiach, Anne-Marie 429, 431

alcohol 5, 10–11

Alembert, Jean le Rond d’ 277

Alès: festival of Jeune Théâtre 43

Algeria

anti-government demonstrations 68, 69, 108

cinema 222–3

culture 60

and de Gaulle 258, 259, 374, 501

decolonization 143–4, 145, 521

French colonial rule 69, 120, 199, 216

human rights violations 336

independence 216, 222, 227, 247, 299, 376

independence movement 12, 27, 56, 108,

193 199, 346, 380

Islamic fundamentalism 143, 249, 299, 300

music 67, 68, 236

performing arts 226, 227, 228–30

Index

Page numbers in bold indicate references to the main entry.

573Index

photography 475

present civil war 143

theatre about 379, 526, 569

writers 77, 88, 90, 98, 109, 156–7, 248, 269,

348, 487, 569

Algerian war 12–13, 56, 228, 271, 299, 340, 397

armed forces 12–13, 26, 124–5, 141, 143

and colonial policy 141, 143, 144

and de Gaulle 12–13, 125, 143–4, 216, 258,

501

fiction 136, 157, 189

films 223, 273, 351, 466

French use of torture 108, 195, 397, 482

Harkis 293

and Mitterrand 143, 376

opponents to 104, 193, 195, 383, 539, 546

plays 551

writers’ and intellectuals’ involvement 77,

248, 360, 482

Algiers 142, 236, 291, 366

Allam, Idir and Djamel 67

Alleg, Henri 195

Allégret, Marc 345

Allégret, Yves 106, 421, 493

Alliance Ethnic 67

Allouache, Merzak 222, 223

Almodóvar, Pedro 262

Alps: agriculture 7

Alsace 93, 461, 556

Alsation language 322

Althusser, Louis 13–14, 83, 359, 360, 397, 444,

516–17

Alvard, Julien 29

Amar, Denis 73

Amaury, Émilien 409

American cultural influences 11, 104, 273,

489, 570

architecture 21

art 407, 486, 513

audiovisual media 549

dance 132, 136

distributionalism 340–1

feminism 204

film 53–4, 87, 104, 105, 106, 114, 273

modernism and modernity 404, 437

music 37, 283, 480, 499, 500, 537, 570

postmodernism 436

resistance to 116, 130, 131

science fiction 485

television 350, 495

Amiens: Ballet Théâtre Contemporain 137, 139

Amnesty International 248

Amont, Marcel 14, 395

anarchist movement 212, 328, 365

Andalusian music 67, 235, 236

Andorra 452

Andrien, Jean-Jacques 221

Anglade, Jean-Hugues 263

Anglo-Saxon culture 404, 452, 548, 570

art 486

audiovisual media 549

popular music 472, 499, 500

romantic novels 474

anglomanie 14–15

anglophone culture 64, 162, 499

animation 222

Annales 15, 79, 210, 325, 347

Annaud, Jean-Jacques 166

Anouilh, Jean 15–16, 76, 86, 194

Anquetil, Jacques 134

Anthony, Richard 500, 547

anthropology 16–18, 27, 38, 318, 326, 333–4

anti-abortion groups 2

anti-racism 60, 154–5, 189, 293, 300, 336

anti-semitism 108, 109, 300, 308, 316, 370,

382, 450–1, 546, 548

anti-war activism: artists 425, 426

Antoinette 206

Antonioni, Michelangelo 147

Anzieu, Didier 444

Aperghis, Georges 552

Apollinaire, Guillaume 30, 96, 121, 132, 212,

425, 467

Apostrophes 18, 166, 281

Apothéloz, Charles 231

Arab countries:

relations 295

Arab culture and language 22, 66, 68–9, 227,

228, 229, 311, 343, 569

Arab-Israeli war 193

Arafat, Yasser 269

Aragon, Louis 112, 158, 211, 212, 359, 405

Arc, L’ 347

Arcadie 263

Archaos circus company 108

Arche de la Défense 23, 130, 378, 446

architecture 18–22, 124, 324–5, 353, 434

and sculpture 408, 485

574 Index

under Mitterrand 21, 22–6, 30–1, 62, 130,

296, 378, 446

see also renovation projects

Architecture d’aujourd’hui 73

archives 34, 41

Ardant, Fanny 26, 151, 507

Aristophanes 550

Arland, Marcel 418

Arles: École Nationale de la Photographie 422

Arman 29, 407, 486

armed forces 26–7, 144–5

Algeria 12–13, 26, 124–5, 141

Foreign Legion 141

Aron, Jean-Paul 27

Aron, Raymond 27–8, 193, 195, 212, 272,

394

Arp, Jean 28, 486

Arrabal, Fernando 28, 86, 255, 324

Arsan, Emmanuelle 345

art see arts; collage; painting; sculpture; see

under names of artists and movements

art brut 28, 162–3, 193, 406

art criticism 28–9, 83, 164, 217, 404, 431

Art d’aujourd’hui 73

art galleries and museums 30–1, 112, 350–1,

402

art informel 29, 31–2, 82, 312, 404, 406, 478,

559

Artaud, Antonin 29, 32–3, 47, 81, 158, 193,

217, 373, 406, 523, 526–7

influence 255, 320, 347, 427

ARTE (Association Relative aux Télévisions

Européenes) 33–4, 239, 240, 518, 519, 529

arts

festivals 42–3

funding 34–5, 103

training 128

see also cultural policy;

performing arts;

visual arts

Arts (magazine) 273, 289

Asgarally, René 246

Asia

dance 137–8

music 123

Asso, Raymond 423

Astérix 117, 222, 531

Atget, Eugène 421

athletics 35, 502

Atlan, Jean-Michel 35

Atlan. Liliane 35

Attali, Jacques 35–6

Attoun, Lucien 36, 314

Attoun, Micheline 36

Aubret, Isabelle 191

Aubry, Gilbert 245

Audiberti, Jacques 36, 82, 356, 529

audiovisual media 131, 241, 549, 570, 570–1

Audry, Jacqueline 562

Aufray, Hugues 36–7, 146, 214, 386

Aulenti, Gae 31

Aurenche, Jean 37–8, 104, 106, 344, 516

Auriol, Vincent 37

Aurore, L’ 37

Auschwitz 40, 202, 308, 405, 436

Austen, Jane: influence 473

Austrian cinema and theatre: influence 525

Autant-Lara, Claude 37–8, 104, 106, 251, 538

Auteuil, Daniel 38, 55, 484

Autissier, Anne-Marie 223

Auto-Journal, L’ 285, 467

autobiography 38–41, 88, 89, 167, 331, 333,

383, 396

beur writing 69, 98

feminisis 38, 39, 56, 120, 208, 326

gay writing 393, 567

integration with fiction 59, 90, 98, 164, 186,

211, 246, 469, 481, 483, 492, 566

intellectuals 28, 40, 50, 52–3, 56, 161, 281,

331, 476

lesbian writing 569

and plays 314–15

women’s writing 39, 327, 478, 567

avance sur recettes 3, 41–2, 104, 129, 388

avant-garde 111–12, 132, 163, 394, 425

cinema 59, 262, 426

journals 82

Maghrebin drama 227

and Marxism 327

music 121, 303

painting 362, 408, 424

photography 422

press 195, 346–7

theatre 81, 224, 320, 426, 522, 523, 531,

546

writers 58, 173, 297, 516

see also Surrealism; see under names of

movements

Avignon: summer arts festival 42–3, 85, 86,

137 229, 526, 550

575Index

Ayache, Alain 390

Ayckbourn, Alan 466

Aymé, Marcel 132, 344, 345

Azama, Michel 43

Azéma, Jean-Henri 245

Azéma, Sabine 466

Aznavour, Charles 43, 46, 277, 418, 500, 537,

538

Babillée, Jean 136

Bach, Johann Sebastien 274

Bachelard, Gaston 13, 360

Bacon, Francis 29, 147

Badinter, Élisabeth 44, 210

Badinter, Robert 44

Baez, Joan 37, 214

Bagnolet: choreographic festival 137

Bagouet, Dominique 103

Baker, Josephine 44, 499

Bakhtin, Mikhail 208

Balandier, Georges 17, 18

Balasko, Josiane 45, 72, 262, 432, 563

Balavoine, Daniel 63

Balenciaga, fashion house 200–1, 201

Balissat, Jean 231

Balladur, Édouard 23, 45, 101, 126, 130, 294,

309, 331, 378, 412, 417, 433, 488, 533, 546

Ballard, J.G. 52, 437

Balmain, fashion house 200–1

Balthus 45, 249, 405

Balzac, Honoré de 49–50, 111, 155, 344, 495

Bamboche, La 215

Bancquart, Marie-Claire 429, 431

banks 46, 170, 340, 392

Barbara 46

Barbie, Klaus 308, 402

Barbier 118

Barclay, Eddie 46, 385

Bardèche, Maurice 46

Bardet, Jean 490

Bardot, Brigitte 47, 104, 150, 252, 273, 291,

507, 544

Baroche, Christiane 492

Barraqué, Jean 122, 370

Barrault, Jean-Louis 47–8, 75, 91, 144, 158,

462, 527

acting and mime 32, 47, 372, 373

theatre productions 15, 59, 213, 296, 521,

522, 528

Barre, Raymond 48, 169, 271

Barrière, Alain 48

Barsacq, André 15, 48–9, 250, 355, 401

Barthes, Roland 27, 49–50, 315–16, 503

art criticism 29

autobiography 40, 50

discourse theory 341, 342

ethnography 397

and gay writing 264, 267

influence 52, 89, 207, 208, 342, 438

and literary journals 346, 347, 490

literary theory and semiotics 109, 200, 280

Mythologies 5, 49, 422, 535

structuralism 438, 439, 509, 511, 516

Bartók, Béla 121, 370

Basque country: Catholicism 92, 214, 215,

322, 456, 461

Bataille, Georges 51, 52, 109, 187, 265, 315,

346, 347, 427

Bataille, Nicolas 52, 296

Baude, Jeannine 431

Baudelaire, Charles 362, 421

influence 153, 161, 193, 431

and music 122, 212

studies 39, 153, 341, 483

Baudrillard, Jean 29, 52–3, 436, 437

Baudry, Jean-Louis 516

Bauhaus: influence 545, 559

Bausch, Pina 136

Bayard (press group) 128

Baye, Nathalie 53, 151, 424

Bayrou, François 179

Bazaine, Jean 53

Bazin, André 53–4, 87, 538

BCBG (bon chic bon genre) 54, 202

Béart, Emmanuelle 38, 54–5, 471, 484, 507

Béart, Guy 54, 55, 277, 384, 418

Beaton, Cecil 553

Beaubourg see Pompidou Centre

Beaucarne, Jules 234

Beauregard, Georges de 273

Beauvoir, Simone de 55–7, 187, 425, 481, 538,

565

autobiography and memoirs 39, 56, 120, 208

existentialism 208

influence 148, 210

and journals 482, 521, 553

political activism 119, 208, 329

The Second Sex 188, 193, 208

576 Index

studies of 327

Beauvois, Xavier 263

Bebel-Gisler, Dany 243, 244

Bébête-Show 57, 282, 519

Bebey, Francis 492

Bécaud, Gilbert 57, 146, 500, 537

Bechet, Sydney 304

Becker, Jacques 57–8, 104, 160, 493

Beckett, Samuel 58–9, 340, 374, 454, 522, 527,

528

and existentialism 193

fiction 491

influence 102, 127, 522

plays 32, 47, 73, 194, 463, 491, 528, 531

Beethoven, Ludwig van 84, 274

Begag, Azouz 59–60, 69, 300

Béguin, Albert 250

Beineix, Jean-Jacques 60, 105

Béjart, Maurice 102

school of dance 231

Belfond (publisher) 429

Belghoul, Farida 60, 65, 69, 566

Belgium

cinema 221–2

comic strips 116

performing arts 224–5

popular music 233–4

radio 237, 238

television channels 9, 240

writing 241–3

Bellmer, Hans 421

Bellon, Lolleh 60

Bellon, Yannick 60–1, 262, 562

Belmondo, Jean-Paul 11, 61, 151, 273, 344, 454,

488, 506

Ben (Vautrier) 408

Ben Ammar, Abdellatif 222

Ben Barka, Souhel 223

Ben Bella, Ahmed 143

Ben Jelloun, Tahar 61, 228, 248

Ben Kerroum, Antoinette 566

Ben Mahmoud, Mahmoud 223

Ben Rahhal, M’Hammed 247

Benaïcha, Brahim 69

Benda, Julien 120

Benmussa, Simone 61–2

Bennett, Alan 64

Benoit, Pierre 348

Benveniste, Émile 62, 341

Bercy

music venue 386–7, 500

redevelopment 23, 62

Bérégovoy, Pierre 62–3, 378

Berg, Alban 99, 121, 307

Berger, Michel 63, 253, 284, 480

Bergson, Henri 146, 147

Berlin: Wrapped Reichstag (Christo) 103

Berlin Wall: fall of 103

Berlioz, Hector 370

Berlusconi, Silvio 107

Bernanos, Georges 121, 344

Bernedetto, André 115

Bernier, Georges 98

Bernstein, Henri 466

Berri, Claude 38, 54, 63, 104, 105, 115

Germinal 111, 345, 375, 462

Jean de Florette 112, 151, 345

Manon des sources 112, 345

Berry: music 456

Berto, Juliet 562

Bertolucci, Bernardo 537

Besnehard, Daniel 63, 201, 467

Besset, Jean-Marie 63–4

Besson, Colette 35

Besson, Luc 64, 73, 105, 260

Best, Mireille 567

beur cinema 60, 64–6, 70, 98, 105, 106, 160,

223

beur comics and cartoonists 66–7

Beur FM radio 68

beur music 67, 70, 91, 310, 393–4, 454

beur radio 67–8

beur writing 59–60, 68–70, 70, 98, 300, 487,

566

beurs 64, 66, 67, 70–1

argot 494–5

political activism and movements 60, 66,

70, 71, 300

Beuve-Méry, Hubert 380–1

Bialek, André 234

Bibliothèque Nationale de France 62, 340, 422

architectural project 23–4, 25, 130, 340, 378

446

Bienvenue 55

Big Brother Hakim 67

Bilal 118

Billetdoux, François 71

Billon, Pierre 480

577Index

Binoche, Juliette 71, 90, 454, 507

Birkin, Jane 71–2, 252, 562

Birtwistle, Harrison 122

black culture 95

cinema 106, 160

see also négritude

Blanc, Michel 72, 151, 375

Blanchard, Pierre 304

Blanchot, Maurice 58, 72, 187, 308

Blanco, Serge 477

Blériot, Louis 536

Blier, Bertrand 45, 53, 72, 72, 147, 151, 156,

262, 288, 375, 563

Blin, Roger 2, 47, 58, 72–3, 91, 353, 527, 528

Bloc, André 73

Bloch, Marc 15

Blondin, Antoine 288, 288–9

Blum, Léon 37

Bober, Robert 419

Bobet, Louis 134

Bobigny

festival 67

trial 1

Bobino 132, 133

Bocuse, Paul 73, 203, 256, 471

Boddaert, François 429, 431

Bofa, Gus 132

Bofill, Ricardo 21

Bohringer, Richard 73

Bohringer, Romane 73, 114

Bolt, Robert 550

Boltanski, Christian 405

Bonal, Denise 73–4, 467

Bonaparte, Marie 444

Bondy, Luc 74, 418

Bonmariage, Manu 221

Bonnaire, Sandrine 72, 74, 424

Bonnefoy, Yves 74–5, 164, 429, 430–1

book illustration 97, 163, 362, 420, 424, 429

bookshops 447–8

Bopp, Léon 250

Bordeaux 456, 556–7

Bosnia: war 26, 336, 378

Bost, Pierre 37–8, 104, 106, 344, 516

Bouchaala, Ahmed 65

Bouchareb, Rachid 64–5

Bouchenak, Lofti 236

Bouchnak, brothers 235

Boudjedra, Rachid 248

Boudjellal 66

Boudou, Jean 459–60

Bouffes du Nord theatre, Les 82, 133

Boughedir, Ferid 223

Boukhedenna, Sakina 69, 566

Boulanger, Pascal 429

Boularès, Habib 228

Boulez, Pierre 75–6, 122, 123–4, 370, 533

Bounoure, Gabriel 302

Boupacha, Djamila 56

Bouquet, Carole 72

Bouquet, Michel 76

Bouraoui, Nina 68, 249

Bourdet, Gildas 76

Bourdieu, Pierre 76–7, 79, 422, 503

Bourges: Spring Festival 384–5, 456, 537

Bourvil 63, 251, 507

Bousquet, René 308, 548

Boussac, Marcel 37, 157

Bouteille, Romain 86

Bouvard, Philippe 476

Bouvier, Joelle 103, 140

Bouzid, Nouri 223

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(Mad Cow Disease) 8

Bowie, Malcolm 443

Bradley, Omar 546

Brancusi, Constantin 270

Braque, Georges 77–8, 97, 351, 420, 425, 434,

506

Brasillach, Robert 46, 338

Brassaï (Gyula Halesz) 421, 486

Brassens, Georges 46, 78–9, 132, 211, 212, 234,

418, 451, 500, 536, 570

Braudeau, Michel 265

Braudel, Fernand 17, 79, 326, 509

Brazzaville (Congo) 142

Brecht, Bertolt

discovery of 161, 228

influence 99, 158, 228–9, 274, 306, 320,

427, 516

plays 2, 427, 550, 553

Brécourt-Villars, Claudine 187

Brel, Jacques 46, 78, 79–80, 212, 233, 234, 277,

451, 500, 570

Bresson, Robert 80–1, 91, 104

Brétécher, Claire 116, 398

Breton, André 28, 95, 162, 245, 276, 347,

425, 428, 429