Анненков Ю.М., Ивашутенко А.С. Перспективные материалы и технологии в электроизоляционной и кабельной технике
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ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ:
x ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ǻH
f100 %
;
x ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɤɚ
ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ǻH
f
;
x ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ǻH
f
;
x ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟ-
ɪɚ ǻɒ
100 %
ɪɚɜɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ǻH
f100%
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ-
ɦɢ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ǻH
f100 %
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.13 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɵ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɉɗɌ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɩɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɣ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ǻH
f100 %
(ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1).
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ-
ɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ȾɋɄ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɬɨɱɤɭ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ ɬɨɱ-
ɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɟ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ
-
ɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɤɚɦ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɧɞɨ-
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɭɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟ-
ɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.13.
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ɪ
ɨ
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123
ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 150 ɤȼ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ: ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ, ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ ɞɢ-
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ (ȡ
v
) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨ-
ɹɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ASTM D257. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ-
ɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ȡ
v
) ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 10
10
–10
16
Ɉɦ·ɫɦ.
Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 5 (ASTM D150).
Ɍɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ. ɂɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ.
Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ
ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɨɣ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɥɨɜɨɥɶɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ (ɦɦ)
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ASTM D149).
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ) ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɤɚ-
ɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɨɝɧɹ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤ-
ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ: ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ (ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɵ,
ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɵ (Ɍɗɉ) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1).
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɢɡɨɩɪɟɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɭ-
ɬɚɞɢɟɧ-ɫɬɢɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨ 25 ɤȼ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɢɧ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɟɦɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɹɦɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ, ɫɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɚ-
ɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸ-
ɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɩɥɨ-, ɨɡɨɧɨ-, ɜɥɚɝɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭ-
ɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɨ ɛɭɬɢɥ-ɤɚɭɱɭɤɟ – ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɭɧɞɟ
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1940–1950 ɝɝ.
124
ɗɬɢɥɟɧ-ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ-ɞɢɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɢ (ɋɄɗɉɌ), ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɦɚɪɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɰɟɧɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ–ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1960-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚ
ɫɲɢɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ
35 ɤȼ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɡɨɧɨ- ɢ ɚɬ-
ɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨ-, ɜɥɚɝɨ-
ɢ ɬɪɢɢɧɝɨɫɬɨɣ-
ɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɹɯ ɜɵɲɟ 138 ɤȼ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɍɞ. ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ, ɈɆ*ɫɦ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɤȼ/ɦɦ
Ɍɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɩɪɢ
1 ɄȽɰ
Ⱦɢɷɥɟɤ-
ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟ-
ɦɨɫɬɶ
Ʉɚɭɱɭɤɢ
ɇɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɭɱɭɤ 10
15
–10
17
3–30 (2,3–3)·10
–
3
2,1–3,7
ɂɡɨɩɪɟɧɨɜɵɣ, ɛɭɬɚɞɢɟɧ-ɫɬɢɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ 10
15
20–28 0,9·10
–
3
2,1–2,7
ɗɬɢɥɟɧ-ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɣ (ɞɢɟɧɨɜɵɣ) 10
15
–10
17
35–42 (0,5–0,9)·10
–
3
3–3,5
Ȼɭɬɢɥɤɚɭɱɭɤ 10
17
16–24 (8–30)·10
–
3
2,4–2,6
ɏɥɨɪɨɩɪɟɧɨɜɵɣ 10
11
6–24 30·10
–
3
9
ɇɢɬɪɢɥɶɧɵɣ 10
9
–10
10
10–25 5·10
–
3
3–5
ɋɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɨɜɵɣ 10
14
–10
16
20–25 (1–50)·10
–
3
3–5
Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ
ɉȼɏ-ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɬɵ 10
11
–10
14
14–20 (50–90)·10
–
3
3–10
ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ 10
15
–10
17
18–30 (0,1–0,3)·10
–
3
2,3
ɋɲɢɬɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10
15
25–98 0,3·10
–
3
2,3–2,4
ɉɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ 10
14
–10
15
25–30 (0,2–0,3)·10
–
3
2,3–2,4
Ɏɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ:
ɉȼȾɎ (Ɏ–2)
ɉɌɎɗ (Ɏ–4)
ɛɨɥɟɟ 10
14
ɛɨɥɟɟ 10
16
10–37
20–30
(10–20)·10
–3
(0,2–0,3)·10
–3
7,5–13
2,0
Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɨɦɟɪɵ
Ɉɥɟɮɢɧɨɜɵɟ (Santoprene, Ɍɗɉ ɉɉ
305Ʉ–Ɇ ɢ ɞɪ.)
10
13
–10
15
25–40 (0,2–0,3)·10
–3
2,3–2,4
ɋɬɢɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ (Tefabloc ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɛɨɥɟɟ 10
14
20–30 (0,3–1,4)·10
–
3
2,4–2,5
ɍɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ (Elastollan ɢ ɞɪ.) ɛɨɥɟɟ 10
12
15–25 (40–90)·10
–
3
3–6
ɋɨɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɟ (Arnitel, Hɧɟɤɭɞ ɢ
ɬ. ɩ.)
10
11
–10
14
15–20 (40–80)·10
–3
3–5
ȼɢɧɢɥɨɜɵɟ (Tefanyl, Ɍɉȼɗ «Ɍɚɦɟɪ-
ɥɟɧ», Ɍɗɉ–ɉȼɏ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.)
10
9
–10
11
15–20 (40–100)·10
–3
3–5
125
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ) ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ. ɏɥɨɪɨɩɪɟɧɨɜɭɸ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ-
ɧɵɯ, ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ, ɧɟɮɬɟɩɨɝɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪ. ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
10–15 ɥɟɬ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵ-
ɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɭɧɞɚɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɯɥɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɫɭɥɶɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɨɜ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɨɥɟɮɢɧɵ.
ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɇȽ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɉȼɏ–ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɬɵ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 60 % ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ), ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɭɧɞɵ
(ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 37 %, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ: ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
(ɉɗɇɉ ɢɥɢ ɉȼȾ) – 21 %, ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɉɗȼɉ ɢɥɢ
ɉɇȾ) – 9 %, ɢ ɫɲɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (7 %).
2.3. ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ
2.3.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ
Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ –[–Cɇ
2
–ɋɇ
2
–]
n
–. Ɇɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢ-
ɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ:
x
ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɉɗȼȾ) ɢɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (ɋ
2
ɇ
4
) ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
(130–250 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 190–300 °ɋ) ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ 30–100 ɫ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ) ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢ-
ɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ.
x
ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɉɗɇȾ) ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (ɋ
2
ɇ
4
) ɩɨ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ
ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 80 °ɋ) ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ).
x
ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɉɗɋȾ) ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (ɋ
2
ɇ
4
) ɩɨ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɩɪɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (3–4 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ 160 °ɋ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ)).
126
ɉɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ (ɉɗ) ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɨɬ –120 ɞɨ +100 °ɋ). Ⱦɥɹ ɉɗ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ-
ɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ: ɩɪɢ Ɍ = (ɨɬ –40 ɞɨ +110) tgį ɪɚɜɟɧ (2–4)·10
–4
,
ȿ
ɉɊ
= 40–30 Ɇȼ/ɦ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɗȼɉ § 70–85 %, ɉɗɇɉ–
60 %. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɉɗ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30–400 ɬɵɫ. ɞɥɹ ɉɗɇɉ ɢ 50–800 ɬɵɫ. ɞɥɹ ɉɗȼɉ.
ɇɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɉɗ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɟɪɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ), ɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥ-
ɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ – ɮɨɬɨɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɨɜ, ɤɟɬɨɧɨɜ
, ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɮɨ-
ɬɨɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɫɜɟɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɍɎ-ɥɭɱɟɣ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɉɗ ɩɨ-
ɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɥɚɧɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɲɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ. ɋɲɢɬɵɣ ɉɗ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱ-
ɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 130 °ɋ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɨ-
ɪɨɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɸ, ɤ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ, ɩɪɨɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡ-
ɪɵɜ, ɫɬɨɟɤ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱ-
ɧɭɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ɋɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɍɎ–
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɫɚɠɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨ-
ɡɢɰɢɢ ɉɗ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɉɗɇɉ ɢ ɉɗȼɉ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 16336–77.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ «ɉɗ»,
ɬɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɰɢɮɪ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɉɗ, ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɵ
ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɢɪɟ, ɢ ɛɭɤɜɵ Ʉ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɤɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɪɬ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪ-
ɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɚ ɉɗɇɉ 10203–003, 10702–020, 15303–003 ɢ 17802–015 ɢ ɪɟ-
ɰɟɩɬɭɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ 01, 02, 04, 05, 09 ɢ 10 ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɉɗ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɉɗȼɉ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɉɗ 20406–007 ɢ 20606–012 ɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ 07–12,
19 ɢ 2.
ɉɗ ɢɧɟɪɬɟɧ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. ɏɢɦɨɫɬɨɣ-
ɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɆɆɊ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸ-
ɳɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ-
ɟɬ.
127
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɉɗ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɮɬɨɪɚ, ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɢɫɢ ɫɭɪɶɦɵ, ɫɭɪɶ-
ɦɹɧɨ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɉɗ (ɫɚɦɨɡɚɬɭɯɚɸ-
ɳɢɣ ɉɗ). Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɉɗ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɢɡɨɛɭɬɢɥɟɧɨɦ, ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɚɠɟɣ ɢ
ɫɬɟɚɪɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɷɤɪɚ-
ɧɨɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɉɗ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɉɗ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɚɫɬɨɬ-
ɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ
, ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤ-
ɠɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɟ-
ɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɉɗ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɬɵ (ɚɦɢɧɵ, ɚɥɤɢɥɮɟɧɨɥɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɉɗ ɩɟɪɟɪɚ-
ɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ (120–280 °ɋ) ɜɫɟɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ
ɋɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (ɋɗ)
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɦ (ɋɗɉ). ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɋɗɉ ɩɪɨɩɢ-
ɥɟɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ: ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ: ɝɚɡɨ- ɢ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ,
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ
ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɸ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-
ɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɋɗɉ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɢ.
2.3.2. ɋɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ (ɋȼɆɉɗ)
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɉɗ (ɋȼɆɉɗ) ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10
6
.
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɋȼɆɉɗ-ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɫ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1,5·10
6
ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ. ɋɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ:
x ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
x ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ;
x ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ;
x ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ;
x ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
128
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ–ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ–ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɦɟɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɭ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢ-
ɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɉɗ. Ɉɧ ɤɚɤ
ɛɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɦ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɨ-
ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɋȼɆɉɗ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ. ɂɦɟɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ,
ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ–42 ɢ ɩɨɥɢɚɦɢɞɚ ɉ–68. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɚɦɢɞɚ. ɂɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɉɗɇȾ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɋȼɆɉɗ ɤɚɤ:
x ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ);
x ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ;
x ɪɷɦ-ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɹ;
x ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɟ (ɝɨɪɹɱɟɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɨɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ);
x ɝɟɥɶ-ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ:
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ;
x ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ: ɥɵɠɢ, ɫɧɨɭɛɨɪɞɵ;
x ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɟ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɚ-
ɥɟɣ;
x ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɨɧɟɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɬɨɜ;
x ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ;
x ɷɧɞɨɩɪɨɬɟɡɵ;
x ɲɚɪɢɤɨɩɨɞɲɢɛɧɢɤɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɉɗɇȾ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ:
x ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ;
x ɨɬɦɵɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ;
x ɫɭɲɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ;
x ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ.
129
ȼ Ɍɨɦɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɨɤ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɶɞɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɛɟɥɨ-
ɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɤɚɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɶɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɥɶɞɭ.
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɬɤɚ – ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɧɢ ɢ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɫ ɬɚ-
ɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ
. Ʉɚɬɨɤ ɜ Ɍɨɦ-
ɫɤɟ – ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭ-
ɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɤɚ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɪ-
ɪɨɡɢɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞ. ȿɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɬ +90 ɞɨ –200 °ɋ.
Ʌɟɞ ɢɡ ɋȼɆɉɗ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ
ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 8 ɪɚɡ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ. ɋɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɦ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟ-
ɧɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɋȼɆɉɗ
ȡ
v
(Ɉɦ·ɫɦ)–10
17
, tgį–2,10
–4
, İ (10
6
Ƚɰ)–2,3, ȿ
ɩɪ
(ɤȼ/ɦɦ)–50–55 ɭ ɉɗɇȾ–40–50
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɉɗɇɉ
(ɉɗȼɉ)
ɉɗȼɉ
ɋȼɆɉɗ
ɉɗɇȾ ɉɗɋȾ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɝ\ɦ
3
918–935 945–955 960–970 940
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, °ɋ 105–115 130–135 130–135 125–135
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɡɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ, °ɋ 60–65 80–90 80–100 110–120
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ, 10
–
4
2–5 7–35 0 4–7 350–600
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ, Ɇɉɚ 80–260 1000–1200 1070–1100 1070–1100
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, Ɇɉɚ, ɩɪɢ:
ɪ
ɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
10–16
10–17
22–32
18–45
25–38
18–40
28–32
ɢɡɝɢɛɟ 12–17 20–35 25–40 30–40
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ, % 150–600 400–800 200–800 400–500
ɍɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤȾɠ\ɦ
2
Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɧɟ ɥɨɦɚɟɬɫɹ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ Ȼɪɢɧɟɥɥɸ, Ɇɉɚ 15–25 45–60 55–60 40–50
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤȾɠ\(ɤɝ.Ʉ)
2,1–2,8
2,3
2,3–2,7
2,0
2,3–2,7
1,8
2,5–2,9
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ȼɬ\(ɦ
.
Ʉ)
0,2–0,3 0,27 0,27 0,28
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ, 104 ɝɪɚɞ
–
1
2,2–2,5 2 2 2
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɝ\10 ɦɢɧ 0,2–20 0,1–15 0,2–10 0,2–0,3
130
2.3.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɲɢɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚ-
ɛɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ
ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ (125–128 °ɋ). ɂɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ 70–80
°
ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. ɉɨɢɫɤ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɉɗ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɢɞɟɟ ɫɲɢɜɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɜ
70-ɯ ɝ. ɏɏ ɜ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
Ȗ-ɥɭɱɚɦɢ (ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɲɢɜɤɚ).
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ɉɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɡɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨ-
ɥɹ ɫɲɢɜɤɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɲɢɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ.
ɋɢɥɚɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɥɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɲɢɜɤɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɪɨɞɢ-
ɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 60-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨ-
ɬɚɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ: monosil ɢ sioplas.
Monosil-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɢɧɢɥɫɢɥɚɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɭɡɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ. ȼ sioplas-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ
ɝɨɬɨɜɚɹ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ ɫ
ɫɢɥɚɧɨɦ – ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ + ɜɢɧɢɥɫɢɥɚɧ + ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞ. ȼ ɷɬɭ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɭɱɭɤ-ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ (ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ), ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɫ-
ɬɪɭɞɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢ-
ɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɬɪɭɞɟɪɚ «ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ» ɞɨ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫ ɫɲɢɜɤɢ (ɭɠɟ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ) ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ
ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɫɢɥɚɧɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɫɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɲɢɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɚ.
Ɍɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ monosil-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ – ɞɟɥɚɸɬ
ɜɫɟ ɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɟ ɠɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ sioplas-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɝɞɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɥɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧ, ɚ ɝɞɟ ɤɚɭɱɭɤ–
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢ-
ɥɟɧ ɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɨ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ monosil,
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ sioplas-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, – ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɪɢɫ-