AWS B4.0: 2007 Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds

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CLAUSE 7. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTS AWS B4.0:2007

Figure 7.5—Orientation of Weld Metal Fracture Toughness Specimens

in a Double-Groove Weld Thick Section Weldment

Figure 7.6—Crack Plane Orientation Code for

Compact Tension Specimens from Welded Plate

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 7. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTS

Figure 7. 7—Recommended Ratio of Weld Metal to Specimen Thickness

for Weld-Metal Fracture Toughness Specimen (Compact Tension Specimen)

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CLAUSE 7. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTS AWS B4.0:2007

DROP WEIGHT TEST RESULTS

To: _____________________________________________________________________________ Date:___________________

Specimen No. _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Code: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Type of Steel and Specification:__________________________________________________________________________________

Heat Treatment: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Orientation/Location: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Specimen Type: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Test Temperature: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Results of Test:

Reported by: ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 7.8—Suggested Data Sheet for Drop Weight Test

Specimen Results

1 ____ ______________________

2 ____ ______________________

3 ____ ______________________

4 ____ ______________________

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 8. HARDNESS TESTS

8. Hardness Tests

8.1 Scope

8.1.1 This clause covers the indentation hardness test-

ing of welds. Test methods include the Brinell, Rock-

well, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests.

8.1.2 When hardness tests are required, test specimen

preparation and testing procedures shall conform to the

applicable hardness test method standard.

8.1.3 This standard does not specify acceptance criteria.

8.1.4 When this standard is used, the following infor-

mation shall be furnished:

(1) The specific type of test and number of specimens

required,

(2) The specific location and orientation of test

specimens,

(3) The specific locations within a test specimen to be

tested and number of (indentations) required and surface

preparation,

(4) Base metal specification/identification, and

(5) Filler metal specification/identification.

8.2 Normative References. The following standards

contain provisions which, through reference in this text,

constitute mandatory provisions of this test. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced standard

shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amend-

ments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not

apply.

ASTM Documents:

(1) ASTM E 3, Methods for Preparation of Metallo-

graphic Specimens

(2) ASTM E 10, Standard Test Method for Brinell

Hardness of Metallic Materials

(3) ASTM E 18, Standard Test Methods for Rockwell

Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic

Materials

(4) ASTM E 92, Standard Test Method for Vickers

Hardness of Metallic Materials

(5) ASTM E 110, Standard Test Method for Indenta-

tion Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness

Testers

(6) ASTM E 384, Standard Test Method for Micro-

indentation Hardness of Materials

8.3 Summary of Method. A calibrated machine forces

an indentor, of specified geometry and under a predeter-

mined load, into the surface of the test specimen and

some measure of the resultant impression is expressed as

a specific measure of hardness.

8.4 Significance. Hardness test provide quantitative data

which can be compared, analyzed, and used in the design

of welding procedures. Hardness tests may also be used

in the analysis of weld failures. The Brinell (E10), Rock-

well (E18), and Vickers (E92) tests produce relatively

large indentations and are used for evaluating the weld

joint and unaffected base metal. The microhardness tests,

Knoop and Vickers (E384), which produce relatively

small indentations, are widely used for hardness mea-

surements in cross-sections of weld, heat-affected zones

(HAZs), or extremely localized weld areas.

When selecting a hardness test method for use on weld

overlays, the thickness of the weld overlays and the base

metal must be within the thickness limits specified in the

applicable ASTM standard test method for the particular

hardness testing technique (for example, ASTM E 18

paragraph 6.3).

8.5 Apparatus. The apparatus for conducting the various

hardness tests shall be in accordance with one of the fol-

lowing applicable ASTM standard test methods:

(1) Brinell, E 10;

(2) Rockwell, E 18;

(3) Vickers, E 92;

(4) Microhardness (Knoop and Vickers), E 384; or

(5) Portable Hardness, E 110.

8.6 Specimens

8.6.1 All requirements of the applicable ASTM stan-

dard test method, except those modified by the following

sections, shall apply.

8.6.2 Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell hardness test

methods are generally used to evaluate unaffected base

metal and weld metal, unless otherwise specified. In

order to qualify as a valid weld metal hardness test, the

edge of an impression shall be no closer than three times

the major dimension of an indentation from the edge of

the weld metal in the prepared specimen.

8.6.3 Vickers and Knoop microhardness test methods

are the recommended test methods for fine-scale traverse

across single or multiple weld regions, unless otherwise

specified.

8.6.4 Hardness test should be performed on surfaces

prepared in accordance with the applicable hardness test

method standard. Weld-metal hardness tests are permit-

ted only on weld joint cross sections or local areas of the

weld reinforcement prepared before testing.

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CLAUSE 8. HARDNESS TESTS AWS B4.0:2007

8.6.5 Applicable precautions described in the ASTM

E 110 standard test method should be placed on the use

of portable hardness test methods.

8.7 Procedure. Test procedures for measuring hardness

in weldments shall be in accordance with the latest edi-

tion of the applicable ASTM Standard Test Method as

listed in 8.5.

8.8 Report. In addition to the requirements of the appli-

cable documents (see 8.2), the report shall include the

following:

(1) Base metal specification;

(2) Filler metal specification;

(3) Type of welded joint or surfacing weld;

(4) Welding procedure (process and parameters);

(5) Type of test equipment;

(6) Specimen location and orientation;

(7) Hardness scale (Indenter type and load), when

specified;

(8) Location of impressions;

(9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the

specimen or procedure; and

(10) Test results.

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

9. Break Tests (Nick and Fillet Weld)

9.1 Nick-Break Test

9.1.1 Scope

9.1.1.1 This subclause covers nick-break testing of

welds in pipe or plate.

9.1.1.2 When a nick-break test is required, the prepa-

ration of the test specimens and the testing procedures

shall conform to this standard.

9.1.1.3 This standard does not specify requirements or

acceptance criteria.

9.1.1.4 This standard is applicable to the following

when specified:

(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel,

and welding procedures;

(2) Information, basis for inspection, and fabrication

quality control when acceptance criteria have been estab-

lished; and

(3) Research and development.

9.1.1.5 When this standard is used, the following

information shall be furnished:

(1) Welding procedure (process and parameters)

used,

(2) The specific tests and the number of specimens

that are required,

(3) Base metal specification/identification,

(4) Position of welding,

(5) Filler metal specification/identification (when

used),

(6) Location and orientation of the specimens,

(7) Whether external weld reinforcement is to be

notched,

(8) Manner of breaking specimen,

(9) Report form including type of data and observa-

tions to be made, and

(10) Acceptance criteria.

9.1.2 Normative References. The following standards

contain provisions which, through reference in this text,

constitute mandatory provisions of this test. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced standard

shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amend-

ments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not

apply.

AWS Documents:

AWS D10.12, Recommended Practices and Proce-

dures for Welding Low Carbon Steel Pipe

API Documents:

(1) API 1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related

Facilities

(2) API RP 1107, Recommended Pipe Line Mainte-

nance Welding Practices

9.1.3 Summary of Method

9.1.3.1 The specimen is fractured by one of the fol-

lowing three methods:

(1) Specimens are broken by supporting the ends and

striking one side in the center with a hammer, or by

supporting one end and striking the other end with a

hammer;

(2) Specimens are loaded in tension on a testing

machine until fracture occurs; or

(3) Specimens are broken by supporting one end and

applying load at other end of the specimen.

9.1.4 Significance

9.1.4.1 The nick-break test is used to evaluate the

proper technique and welding parameters necessary to

obtain sound groove or fillet welded joints in pipe or

plate. The nick-break test is also used, on occasion, to

verify (by destructive testing) results obtained by non-

destructive techniques.

9.1.4.2 Nick-break tests are used to evaluate flash butt

welds, pressure welds, or inertia (friction) welds.

9.1.4.3 No significance is attached to the magnitude

of the load required for fracture.

9.1.5 Apparatus

9.1.5.1 Apparatus shall be capable of firmly support-

ing the specimen on one or both ends when fractured by

use of a hammer (see Figures 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3).

9.1.5.2 Tests may also be performed either by loading

in tension or three point bending.

9.1.6 Specimens

9.1.6.1 Specimens from Butt Welds. Nick-break

specimens shall be prepared by cutting the joint and the

base metal to form a rectangular cross section. The spec-

imens may be either machine cut or flame cut. Edges

shall be relatively smooth and parallel and shall be

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tute, 2101 L Street, Northwest, Washington, DC 20037.

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CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD) AWS B4.0:2007

notched with a hacksaw or band saw or thin abrasive

wheel (disc). Notches are located as shown in Figure

9.1.4.

9.1.6.2 Full-Sized Specimens. Small weld assemblies

may be tested in their entirety using the complete assem-

bly as the specimen. In those cases, the assembly shall be

notched at the weld edges to a depth of approximately

1/8 in (3 mm) and across the reinforcement to a depth of

approximately 1/16 in (1.6 mm) similar to that shown in

Figure 9.1.4. These may be modified to suit individual

assemblies, but the specimen configuration must be

reported.

9.1.6.3 Specimens from Flash Butt Welds. Nick-

break specimens shall be prepared by cutting the joint

and base metal to form a rectangular cross section. The

specimens shall be as shown in Figure 9.1.5 and may

either be machine or flame cut or cut by other suitable

means.

The sides of the specimen may be macroetched to locate

the bond line. The sides of the specimen shall be notched

along the bond line with a hacksaw, band saw, thin abra-

sive wheel (disk) or by other suitable means. Each notch

shall be approximately 1/8 in (3 mm) deep, however, the

depth of the notch shall not exceed 10% of the weld

thickness. The weld reinforcement need not be removed

prior to notching. If the reinforcement will be removed

for service, but remain for testing, the notch shall extend

through the thickness of the reinforcement and into the

weld to a depth in the weld not exceeding 10% of the

weld thickness. If the reinforcement will remain on the

weld in service, the depth of the notch from the rein-

forcement surface shall not exceed 10% of the weld

thickness (see Figure 9.1.5).

9.1.6.4 Specimens from Fillet Welds. There are dif-

ferent types of nick-break test specimens for testing fillet

welded joints.

(1) Pipe branch connections are tested using

machine-cut or flame-cut specimens from the crotch

areas and 90° from crotch (point) areas as shown in Fig-

ure 9.1.6. The specimens should be approximately 2 in

(50 mm) wide and 3 in (76 mm) in length and notched as

shown in Figure 9.1.6.

(2) Pipe sleeve type connections (Figure 9.1.7) are

tested using machine-cut or flame-cut specimens equally

spaced around the circumference. The specimens should

be at least 3 in (76 mm) wide and 6 in (152 mm) long and

notched as shown in Figure 9.1.7.

(3) Plate fillet welded joints are tested by machine-

cut or flame-cut specimens from a lap joint design shown

in Figure 9.1.8. The specimens should be approximately

3 in (76 mm) wide and 6 in (152 mm) long and notched

as shown in Figure 9.1.8.

9.1.7 Procedure

9.1.7.1 The specimens shall be broken by supporting

the ends and striking or applying a load to the opposite

side, by supporting one end and striking the other end

with a hammer or by pulling in a tensile machine. When

a hammer is used to fracture the specimen, one side is hit

twice and then the specimen is turned 180° and the other

side is hit twice. This procedure is continued until the

specimen is broken.

9.1.7.2 After breaking, the fractured faces (in the as-

broken condition) of the specimen shall be examined

visually for discontinuities, usually, for incomplete joint

penetration, incomplete fusion, porosity, cracks, and slag

inclusions. The presence of any of these or other

observed discontinuities shall be reported. The size,

spacing, and number of the observed discontinuities

should be reported, if observed. If any of these disconti-

nuities exceed the specified limits, this should also be

reported.

9.1.8 Report. In addition to reporting the test results as

required by the applicable documents, the report shall

also include the following:

(1) Base metal specification;

(2) Filler metal specification;

(3) Welding procedure (process and parameters);

(4) Testing procedure;

(5) Fracture appearance;

(6) Number, type, size, and location of inclusions or

discontinuities in the fracture surface; and

(7) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the

specimen or procedure.

9.1.9 Commentary. There may be other AWS and ISO

nick-break tests available that evaluate welding tech-

nique and parameters in pipe, plate, flash butt, and pres-

sure welds and these may be used if required by the

specification or by agreement between the contracting

parties.

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

Figure 9.1.1—Nick-Break Testing Fixture Made Out of 6 in (152 mm) Pipe

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CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD) AWS B4.0:2007

Figure 9.1.2—Nick-Break Test Using Vise

Figure 9.1.3—Testing of Fillet Weld Specimens

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

Figure 9.1.4—Nick-Break Test Specimen

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