Barzam A.B. Automation in Electrical Power Systems (Системная автоматика)

CIIAPTER

THIRTEEN

A

UTOMATIC

CONTROL

ELIIUINATING

O

\:ENVOLTAGES

The

use

of

bypassing

reactors

on

the

transmission

lines,

r*,hen

the

breahers

of

these

lines

are

,u1de"r

siugie-polr

"o"it-oi,

;il

result

in resonance

effects,

s'hen

not

all the

phases-

of

-a

power

transmission

iection

are

tripped.

Fig.

13-B

'shon's

the

circuit

formed

when

one

of

tU.

fior

f[aser

is disconnected

from

both

sides.

As

follows

from

Fig.

13-3b,

at

certain

ritios

between

the inductive

and

faiiure'

lVhen

one

of the phases

is

tripped._,

whatever

the

cause.

this

protection

disccnnects

all the

three

phases

at

one

oi tue

line

ends;"d;;i;cr-eased

voltage

results

in

ail the

three.

phases

at

_the

suppiy

end

of tne

i"ansmiGoo

line

and

the

supply

end

is

disconnected

bv

tfit,

"

three

phases,

even

if

the

overvoltage

auto-

+

Phase-lo-phoce

t"

AB,8t,tt

I

r\

I

Phase

-k

-

eertlt

*,

A,B,C

rct

(phase

-to-,ohase)

,ra-ilo,

A

"cz

(phase

-

to-eart.h)

(6)

Fig'

t3-3'

Disconnection

of

one

-pbase

of

power

transmission

line

s,ith

earth-

ing

reactor

ciosed

(a)

and'approximate

caiculation

a1agft

a;i

capacit,-v

reactances

resonance

effects

rna-y

occ,ur

at the

fundamental

or

not

eavy

overvoltages

on the

insulation

of

c

controls

have

a setting

range

from

{.15

5-2.0

s

or

more

and

are

-isoiated

against,

rchronous

operalion

in

order

to pivide

When

the

volta-ge

rises

to 1.4

t1,,,

the

overvoltage

automatic

controls

func-

tion

instantaneouslv.

l3-2.

Overvoltage

Automatic

pmtection

Controls

liry: Tr-::_d

disconnection

of a long

rrans.mission_line

is

nor possible

by

the

three phases.

creased

voltage

at

the

substa6on

e,- tile

Fig'

i34.

Protection

a,Sainst

phase-

reacrive

po*"i

f10*

is

direcred

1rg.-',Ar

lq

r

-

rrocrrrn*::*i"t"rt;litrporeswhich

the

,4

busbars,

it

means

tbat

the

line

,,4-r1

ire

cioeec

when

the

pbase

rs

rrrpped:

,

*

iq

t,rippeti

from

the

side

of

subst,ation

,1t.

sarne

contact

ciosec.ehen

tbd'pbase

is

If

the

reactive power

flow

is

directed

from

Al

to

,1,

then

the

line

is

disconnected

from

the *side

r.-,f

suhstaLton

Iv!.

, .A

}ine

may

be

also

tripped

at

both

ends

when^use

is

made

of

a

device

inten-

ded

to

transmit

the

tripping

si-gnai

over

ttte

ie*ote-control

channel.

This

method

is,

however,

moie

cJmpi'icated..

Fig.

13-5.

circuit

diagram

(open

brea.ker

is

shown

in

brack)

R.,:t:*H:*.!l*r

of the

sets

of

automatic

devices

responding

ro

overvolra

and.direction,

a

relay,

type

PEIv{-274,

i.

or*a.

its

characteristic

,#.r=itr"Ttl

condiiion

T

:

Ilfirf

,

sin

p

€--

Only

one voltage

relay

connected

to

rrcarl if +1"^-^ i^ - ^*^ ^: ^ I *-- r ^ -. -.

uevu

rr uuvte

rD .1

Dprru,IaJ.

p.fuLgull0Il

the phase

or interphase

against,

phase-switching

voltqop rnarr ho

(1&16)

384

CEAPTER

TEIRTEEN

Tbe

power

relav

is

adjusted

so tira'u

it

functions

when

the

line

is

disconnected

at

the

opposite end,

i.e.

Qop:

U

op.

ph

(U

op.

pn-

Eor,)

AUTO]UATIC

CONTROL

ELIMINATING

OVENVOLTAGES

385

where

Qop:

phase

power

at which

the

reactive

power

reiay

functions, I{VA

U

oo.pn

:

phase

operating voltage

of

the voiiage

relay,

k\r

E

pn

:

phas,e

emf

,

-

kV

rsssr

:

system

reactance

(Ohns)

from

the

side

of the

untripped

end

.

ol the transmission

line,

measured

from

the

busbars

of

ihe

sub-

moment

ii

produced

b-v

dispiacing

iir.

*rri-;;;;;.i;i.r'ity

"ogi,

ot"il';;;i;i

a

bit

so that

the

load

current

veclor

with

respect

to

the voitaee"

r,ect,or

aiwar,.s

ensures

the

braking

effect.

.

If the

operation

of

the

aut.omatic

device produces

no desirable

effect and

the

overvoltage

persists(an

example

is

a fault.ed

breaker),

the

equipment

under

protection

is tripped

open. For

this

a

breaker

operation'backup'de.'ice

ma5:

fu,s

used.

If the

reactor

is

at fauit.

or

tripped

by tlie

action

of the protective

relaving,

the

closing

control

circuit

should

be automaticalll'

op.n.d'

and a signal

*"Ii

be sent

t,o

attending

personnel.

After

the voitage

has

been

reduced

to"t,he

rated

vaiue

and

the

cause

of

the

trouble

eliminated

th"e

reactor

is

usually

disconnected

manually.

krx

aast

are

conne

usbars

t

transformers

or 500/110-kv

or 500/32.5-kv

autotransformer

------t:- | rl

(jurruesllon

or f,rlese

groups

ror some

reason

makes

the voltage

its

suddenlv

drop.

Therefore,

provision

nmediate

di.oool""ii""

-"i-

thu-

"*"rto-*

ve-mentioned

transformers

or

autotrans_

trrpose

use

is

made

of

auxiliary

contacts

to

the

position

of the

power

switches.

Fig'

13-6'

schematic

diagram

of

automitic

devices

responding-to

-o'ervolrage

with

contror

of

reactive

power

flow

in

p"*.r-ii"osmission

rine

J

-

power

relaT

responding

to

power

e

:_

Uf sin

q;

z

_

voltage

relay;

j

_

time

relav

(r-R-l

-

ress

time;'\R-2

'

noie timei

ra-l

--iliir'

t*"'iiiirgr;

c

_

tripFing

devices;

r

-

circuit

to

open

ttre

line;

ti---ifrcitii-

lo

ctoie-rei".ibi;

.ii,

-

srrcurr

to

ciisconnect

autotrarstonner

(if

necessary,

tbe

seguence

ot

op6iiUons

ruay

be chan8ed)

The

setting

of

the

overvortage

relay

is

selected

by

the

expression

floP:

ffio^

(13-18)

(13-17)

where

f/-*

:

k^:

L

,ureaet

-

The

smaller

requirrrd

as

O lt6n sth ^-

e Ysu

wl.lvll

re_set-to-pickup

ratio

of

the

value

of.

Uoo,

fne

maximum

possible_operating

voltage

margin

factor

(1.05)

the

voitase

relavs

rL^-- ^--" n Yt

LLLiJ

y

are

carelullv

the

relav

closer

the

reset-to-picku

plckup,

ratio,a

special

relay

design

is

tt'pes

have

this

ratio

equalio

O.glO.gg

25-2076

C}IAPTER

TEIRTEEN

13-3"

Increasing the Reset-to-Pickup

Ratio of

a

Voltage Relay

Shown

in Fig. {3-7

are

some methods

for obtaining

overvoltage

relays

with

A

kr"""r

of

0.98. Figure I3-7a shows

the connection of

an

a;c. coil in series

rx'ith

a

saturable

reactor. Usually,

the

operation

of

the

reactor.takes

place

near the

knee of

the

magnetizing

curve- When

the voltage

is

beiow

the

operating

setting,

the impedance of

tbe

reactor

suddenl-v

rises,

the

current

in

the

coi] of

the relay

rirops

and

the relay

opens

its contacts.

Fig.

13-7.

Overvoltage

automatic

protection

controls

(o)

circuit

with

additio"","",irtl#|,,i

|?1llgt",!olr"r'#";l.Ijlifnseries

reeistor

to

chanse

the

Shown

in

Fig. 13-7b is

a

circuit

intended for increasing

the reset-t,o-pickup

ratio

of

the

relay.

An additional

resistance is

connected in series

rtith

tJie relal'

coil. After

the relay has functioned

the resist.ance aut,omaticalif

increases,

since

the

breaking contact

of

an output

auxiliar5'rela1.'closes

it. To

prevent

the

output

relay

from

vibration, its

closing is

cont,rolled

by

the breaking

con-

tacts of

the

voltage

relay.

A

device

responding to

a

change in

the

voltage

or

another

electrical

quantity

and having

a

reset-to-pickup

ratib close

to

1

(0.955

to

0.999)

can

be

obtained,

if tire

design,is based

oL

measuringthe differenee

between

the circuit

voltage-L;"

and

the

reJeience voltage

(),4

o{

t.he

constant

guantity.

X{u}tipl-r'ing

thc

dif-

ference

by

fto

girres

the

voltage

across

tire actuator

t'hich

makes

the

device

function,

i.e., the

output

voltage

of

the

amplifier should

equal

or

be

greater

U

op:

(a;-Ur"i

ko

rf\L^

J^--:^^ -^^^+^ *,L^.. +L^ ^:-.,.,:+ -,^l+^^^ L^-^*^. ^-.'^l +^

IIltr

tIEY.IUti

ltiDltLDr \dIrgII LIIE

Ul.LUull,

vLTILaEE

Irr;t/UJ-uvD

EVuar

uu

(1

3-1

e)

'rized

voltage

relay

1 Ti"

-

int€rrening

translormer

(input);

,El*

i +tf,lt*-q.?

Xq"fl;

$:

r

:

iii

'-r?

I

lTi

d'"Tr*,

t-!o

!' -'

cP

--

e6;;ii-i

;-

eray

phnl

iiil"'ieJr$:E:}ffffi

transistore

a toltage

relav

based

on

this

principJe

!his_

circuir

-s,as

dei.elr;;

{irf,

,n.

the

Latvian.

power

system.

or

a

measurine

bridge.

on"

aim-oiil;

ii,i{}tF,;_#.1,'^"rjiif;ii.:?i,';ff

f#trr

{:inf:*l t *a

ry

0;",n*,'JX**t$*',

*ffi

ti:i,**

#::S:

AUTOMATIC

CONTROL

EIJMINATING

OVENVOLTAGES

while

the

voltase

across

the

actuator

is eguai

to

or

ress

than

(U

r"r")

U,,*t:

(tii-Ur"i

ko

.

The

reset:to-pickup

ratio

of the

device

from

the

above-mention.a-

r*porsions

.

phowrn

in

Fig.

l3_g

is

the

circuit

of

with

an

increasdd

..rrtliolp;-;;;

rario"

use

of

transisrors

by

K.A.'

g;i;ki,

fo,

- ll. rl

krcse!.

4=

5-

Ur"taf.kq'Yr"t

..

uc

uopitleUr.el

$eu)

""r,li'

i:

T:"

from

(r'-zr)

thar

the

greater

rhe

fro

varue,

rhe

croser

tbe

k,,,"6

as

a

-whole

can

be

readily

determined

its

reset

voltage

(1&20)

IR

-t/.2

y

JSD

-0.7

V

4S'

6SD

2GD

6

T7' --' Ti'

vc \

vct

The

vol

zJr

CHAPTER

THIRTEE}i

to

unitt'

may

be

reali-

to

the

sensing

element

ra

e srep

wn

AUTOMA?IC

CONTROL

ELIMINATING

O1BRVOLTAGES

h

instant

the

crurent

(vortage)

passes

the

zero

point

'ducting,

this

ensures

thr

reset-to-pickup

ratio

of

the

y.

This

circuit

of

a

.transistorizea-reia-5j

i.

*o"; p"*

scribed

above.

pvoltage

au_tolnatic

protection

controls

is

a.

voltage

k,"c"t

:-

9.qs,lt:-31.

ihe

circuit

of this-rera,'

]s

shown

ement

fi

is

in

the

form

ving

kr"""r

:

0.8.

The

he

iaci

rhat

connected

i

O

------

O rl

ru

DErrriD

y'rLu

Lue

cor].

or

relay

-R

are

the

break-

|

^

ry

downdiodesBdJormingthe",Ji.,.o*,v9.rta.elru

*;,1:'fl:::-"1.r,1^._.?:t_frTl {;

is

to

rectify-t'he

I _

voltage

being

-taken

fo,

-;;";;ement

from

th;

I rn----

f'ffi*1T;l:{1ig,:lj*':'-'.l"iiqq

til;r";;;

i'

lJ}1

ii"*"i;"^']-;;"'"i.:ti;::;'-"n"-":1:I.Ti

l3t'1.

I I

tfl

I

interveninf

t*nsiJ.m.;.'^ii,

";,

from

50

to

f00

volts.

The

operat

overvoltage

rela1,

range-s

from

0.:

.!3.-4.

Conclu-einns

1.

The

construction

of

a.c

(750

kV

and

more)

power

transmi

Iong

distances

and'their

orrrinf

conneetions

require

automatic

ct

fl_r.it.

prolonged

overvolrajr*

arog.rous

to

the i

I-T-f

-basrc

equioment

of thp srr-h"+o*inn.

I

O

6

vvwrvs

vurll-

lt_tE(l

vt,rL!

LI.lg

ul

"v^

a^vn

rsraJ'rD

useo.

r.ols

rela-v-is

a

sine-type

power

reiay.

-

5'

A'

increase

in

the

sensiti"itv

of the nvcr',alrr-o.o'--, *^-- r

red

either

L-----Y

tt-Y----l

usmission

Fig.

i$9.

Circuit

of voltase

which

the rela1,,

il,p"

-pij-ss

"'"-""

ing

at

the

rr

at

thd

substation.

A reserve

measure

tomatic

devices

responding

to

overvol_

:p

ratio.

Metbods

are

der,dioped

whicl

:eset-to-pickup

ratios.

The

use

of

tunnei

I

-

l.

the

overvglt"Sg

autoTatic

protection

ection

combined

with

the

use

of

a

reac_

_^,*Jol*age.relay

having

a

res_et-to-pickup

ratio

egual

l:l.tyo"gh

the

use

of

runnel

diodes-

in

a

way

similar

transformers

r-rl.

Since

the

operating

time

of the

overvoltage

automatic

devi-

,

v .,o'uecf,rng

tne

relay

to

the

voltage

gt,the

o-pen

end

of"the

t"""=-iJrion

jine.

The

opposite

end

of thc

Jinp ie rlio.^*-

^-1 ^ ) --...

r . i .

t

^ , r .'::- .'^""

rD

urDvul-llls(]'te(l

WlIn

II]e

Af

d Ol e Tprnnip-f rinni-- Ja',i^^

,

Jltrorner

possibility

is

the

use

of

a nhantam .i".-i--r-^-.

-:'{.f'::J:-':":'

Dus-bar

voltage

compensared

for

bv

the

"6firg.-ar";;';;;',"'ir*

ff

.il;'rTH:

AUToMATIC

coNTRoL

ELTMTNATTNG

o

\rEn

votTAGE_s

390

CHAPTER

TEIRTEEN

line

disconnected

at tbe,opposite

end, is

applied

to

the

measuriug

eiement

of

the

aut.omatic

device

t3-5.

Review

Questions

{. what

is the

purpose.of

the

automalic

overvortage protection?

2. \vhat

are

the-

m6thods

of making

1nu

*q"*;ii;";";;;;Iiafr"protection

controLs

opera

te

_ leiectivel

1'

on long power

tranirir

ission

linesf

J'

!t/-hat

are'the

causes

of

overvoltages

at

subshtions

from

which long power

transmis-

aion

lines

are run?

10'

Silicon

breakdown

diodes

are

connected

in

series

with

the coi]

of an

overvoltage

relav'

The

breakdorrn

diodes

""a

tnr

""ii;;;;p;;rii"-r-"ro*"ted.

Expiain the

thought

behind

such

ctinnection.

.

Solution.

For

silic^on

breakdown

diodes,

tbe

volt-ampere

characteiistic

has the

form

sho$n

in

Fig'

13-10.

lf

a reverse

i"it"s.l;p;il"d;

l'iiri"oo

breakrtown

diode, then

up

U

op,

d:Ure!

*Uop.r

n'her1,ir"'r

:

i:fflf;:AJ,lttlfiryo,?

tbi.breakdowa

diode

srack

or

rwo

si]icon

diodes

**o._,^-l

ope,lltini_lpicirni

-oorr"ge

of

retav

R

rne

reset

voltage-f,t"tbe

irltonatic

overvoltage

protection

contror

in-T;;t.;-;,,;,1,;o::i1o"?:,,1g.*l,ii;*;::::;;

kreset.o:t't":".0.

-

!rd.*!,""rt."

hence

u

pichup.d

UreJ

L,

IJ

pichup.

I

U

rl.t

hreset.

o-

TiiG;

*k."'"t''

-

a

*/cfeqe:.

r

tffi*1

a-:-'l-

kreet.6

is

assurned

to

be

egual

to

0.gS,

hence

391

Fig.

13-10. Voit-ampere

characteristjc

of breakdo*,n

diode

to

a

serl'aln

value

oI

.the

reverse

vo.ltage

the

current

n'ill not

inerease

and

it

suddenly ri-ses

when

ir reaches

a cerrain (refgence)

"ftou,

it

Jal;; ;;irat

t";";;,

;;;iiing

consrant.

In

gOntfaSl.

tO

Ordinart-t

l.r-rne dinelpq'!Lrr Er,.i.l^* l**...-;--*'L^

-.=-----.* ,-!==,-- r- 'r= l--r,=*r:,---

ot a re

*i&se

;"i

G;;

;

,ll,i'

;

;' ;;;;;

-;";'il["

;;..,;ii.;

fi"'i

;;

H^";

"8

"#

;hT

ii' li

i

"bXEffi

;';

;

_

The

insranr

tt,

iitic"on

ji;i.l...Trvarue

Uin.

d:

0.95^U_,,,.!

G;11:;;;lL,i""

rs

cur

ot:

l"t',t*^t91"^9:

and

t[e

corr

orrerav

fi

""";:1,::t,Tt:::l:":;.\aplf

ri..s.*od

in'"iur""ot

cerriorr

'"""izl"il"'^oi.Tli;';'"''*X';'f'g5;"1il1r:"f",fli#::ft#iJ_"Xl-"".',rh""suii

ChaTtter"

Fourteen

AUTO]VIATIC

RECORDING

OF

ELECTRICAL

YARIABLES

14-1.

General

For successful

operation.of

a.

pgwgr

slntem

it is

essential

for the

loaci

dispat-

cher to

know the ioad

of

the

tie

ilnks

ind

the

switching

conditions

of indivi-

.1,,^l ]:-l-^

.:--.^l--^l

:- rL^

uudr

rrrtKD

rrrvurYeu

lrl

tue

gelrcraLlofl

anO OlSIfIDUllOn

OI

gleotflC

pOWef.

i,Of

t.hiS

pUfpO-"g,

USg

j.S

madg

gf

lernnto-rontrn'!

eEnorofrro

^-,1

L'!-:-

of informa ri

o

n

m a chines.

such ;;;t.*,

;;;..iT#'j'ii#

i,

irli:"il"ii*.1

ration

and do

not

give

adeguate

analyses

of

the

electrical

piocesse-.

taking

place

at fault

origination

and

during short

circuits.

These

procei.es

are decisivE

in

analysis

of_

the

power

system

operation

under

eaergency

and

after-fault

:conditiong

auci

in esiirnat,ion

of operation

of the protectiie

relaying

and aui-o-

riratic

devices.

From the

nature-of-cha,rges

in

the

currents

and

voltages

before

the

fault,

during

_the

fault

and after

the

fault. it

is aiso

possible

to

ixamine the

stabilit);

of

.Parallel

operatiol,

type

of

_short

circuit,

s-eguence

of tripping

or

closing

individual

terminations

and

determine

the

fauit

distance.

The

latter

is veri

importanf

to

organize rapid

repair

work

on

long

linee

[14-1,

1{-2J.

Aut,omatic

oscillograp!s

are

available

from

the

industrv v'ith

or

without

before-fault

recording

and recording

instruments

using

an

accelerated paper

feed

during disturbances.

X{an-v

poweJ

systerns

are furnished

with

ammeters

and

vo}tmeters

fixing

tbe

starting electrical

magnitudes

in

short

circuits.

From tliese

instruments

and caiculations

the ioad

dispatcher

determirres

the

fault

distance

aiong

the

transmisgion

iine.

AUTOhIATIC

RECORDING

OF

ELECTRTCAL

VARTABLES

IN

DISTURBAATCES

the

oscillograms

^-,1 +i*^ ^$ +L^

artu

uttltg

ul t.llc

i,"l,l.T,T-t"r]:9.t":ttt"dt,-:1"J"--stabilitv

filffiL.t'ansmission

rine

ru

u

riom

;il

t.i;;'

H"ir*i"iil,i"i,#.TtT"rifTl";

in

the

case

of

short-time

disturbances

orlor-longer

periods

(0.5

io

10 s)

t'lien

the

abnormal

operation

is

more

prolonged

w-slrsrDorv!

uurl

g.LlL

sqr]

dircctly

on

a paper

disturbances. Un

1o

onization

tbe

balf-

to

the

25th

seconC)

i2

eiectricai

signais

may

be recorded

simultaneousi5,.

cycie

duration

and

2

seconds

of

tbe

stato-i

cuirEoi-

vge

v^YErruErLt'J'

A

/frnrn rho D(rL +^ .,lsgg,s

I,as

6

seconds

\_-v4

rgv

&u!u

LU

uJe

zlLn

second).

cd

.tr

L)

ov

'

6:a

r=

aL

=o

G)d

trJ*

.-E

tr.-

E5

EV

-g-

3i

QC

FX

9E

q)

Ao

x4

e

E'- =

i5

v-'

c

-.=

F'i.

fril ^

.-ov

L:!

-= P

c.'

F5T

L-cC)

-

Ef:i

3EE

o>

€^

=

@-i

0+.

E,

v,

c)--

xr:

as

&

,l

ij

'.1

.]<

i.*4r8.

-"{*

:.t'tfi

rc,

&5

CIIAPTER

FOURTEE}i

14-2.

Automatie

Starting

Deviees

lor

Oseillogrephs

The

operating

principle

of

a

starting

'I'he

starting

device

is activated

at

a

seguence

current

or

voltage

relay

(Iz

o

cuits

and

swings

_(or_aqichronlu-s

ep

,uod.,

This

relay

also

funltions

at

phase

to

which

it

is

connected.

+cts

-cB

AUTOI\I.{TIC

RECORDING

OF

ELECTRiC.AL

\.AHI,\tsLES

;i;1.n:i,il"&J|;;':ll|3,qi'l,h

ji,:'::,1'_:q

'i$

rhe

operaring

time

or

reray

f"rf,

j:."#,;,T1,_::,"t^-,ji::T{;i;i,::#flTi,":i;:Jf

"o;'nXl'"""*,1:

in

order

to

ensure

recording

oiin."

^d;Ti"il

:fg.'._!1dI,1,ffi.::*Xtuirf,{f;1

;ilit;-tffr?t;"* ""1:"',',*

nitt

'#;#;s"olui,.,

ro

r0

s.

rhe

rerays

rAR

.fU /

ii:r#!in"{il,T::XiJ,tT.ii,i|;ff l":;'::l'^?T.t,i:;,"T.-is?"f

'ili;_i.f

'

n'

"#f*.

f

*L lm **i:. iil:ll l'i!';H

*i'";"

3; I

u'

i,1',

i ;

Tli

",?1"

;

;i{

closed

Ionger

than

the

ti

,*l;;;:lil*"?#,,'j".-.::f

lh;^*1i:;#l*'Ti'".i,"1T^""""'?:f

ffi ,';

iy

t::*#

::"1

"H"1

-

J,:,

:

l"-,'

ri'.".Tfi

;l *l';

6

r

R, t

h

e'

o ;il

u

;

;;

#

i

r

"

#

ii

for

the

coil

of

relav

{! | ! !:;;;;;

;uJ'

JJ

ii

Tr';:"#

t

i'f

:,f,I

be

energized.

Thus.

the

device

In ^.A^- +^ ^_).

saves

recording

paper.

l?.,"; 9,.:"

r:"

:jj;'

:;^.h""

"t:tfl

.?Xfiil

llilTT$;

rli?

tI"",rsi,on _tt T"qe-i;;T;i":

contact

5

Af

R-z

Confrol

busfurs

and

fases'

Debloc*ina

clot Lng.

ot

@$Iat,

rrt gy.

,nF

tlztrEtao

Palg

daLrElfot

vtosrrni

.:rt,

fzrT?q

,Clay

'-Jar

dCd{Octand

siszauglTr*&

si!fl'|Xs",{II#HN

Closinc

o{ t+Lay

fp7

pulre-oesttsto'

2f

tamerq.tbutiotf

d*

yrce

alkr

the

osctl-

tqraph

has

becn

sffid

ft

It

li

tf

tr

Swttcltzq

o!

ittuni-

aotion

[imps

azd

e[eetroma?nds

of

Mm.rat

cbit.aoffiepia

rig'

!+-!'

Schematic

diagram

of

devjce

for

cscilJograph

automatic

startine

(the

cjrcuits

from

the

contacrjof

rela.ys

zn

n, s|ii,

;;d';7;

;;;j;.;

il"-ffii;il;_

nets

of

couplings

and

shut-off

d'evices

dnd

io'*-".i'"i5""tors

are

not

shov-i)

In

short-time

abnormal

operatjons,

as

during_the

operation

of lightning

arrest-ors,

the

eoil

circuits

of

auxiliary

relays-17n,zArt,-g.an

roa

4AR

are

elosed

for

a

short

time.

The

relay'

IAR

is

used-as

'an

auxiiil;y

unit

to

close

the

rela-1'5

SATR

and

8.4{n

ev-the

cont"J.

Jan-t

iia-jii-i).

The

other

relavs

are

used

to

ergage

the

eieitromagners

of

the'o*sctli#fr't';;pfi;.";;i

shut-off

devices

and

io-conner,t

the wiholofnrnc fn *Lo -i--,,;+- ^i +L^ ----:r--r^-

.being

recorded

or

conrrol

lighting_circuits

used

in

i[;;h"hgi"iuif=

,"

j^ioi

TiY-o,T

i'J, T H' lf, * n' ]Ir,: ;19; 11 :;* l: : :::;iF:*_'r.: ! :, ;::

uLr

y

eDt

e

ysrl

ll UJ.tt

Iglll

y

I ol

U

q

g:il*'s",

1 :1";F

disl.-

rirtn

ii

i;'"#iil:

-srarhs-

!l_'

.r*r

is

iiirca

;;"";,h.iiH#:

ment, e.nsinrt

'Trl'^

^I^^r-

v'^v

^seur

u'

^+ ;l^__::*,6. .-_o

.,ruull

pICT,UIeS

afe

takgn

at

the

end-

of eae.h ;;"i;;;*"i"i"

L'l$'err

otf na'l.,*^_r -._ , ,___

vvqr

ur^^6.

J_.Irtr

Camgla

attachment

includ...

t*o-;;Ty.' gA?

R

^od

i!:! ;vith 1es-er

der,f,

^r#jrffi#,lll

l:f*:j: 11d

rq

;;.d'"'rn"irr.';ilTi:ii:X

li,*r.Tl^.go.ti.

;[";_;If-"a"*ui.*,

ESD

l:-nj:1,,,:!.T

ingaged,

op*

tn-.

;ffi:ri.ji

under

li:e

r:luck=dIal.

Whenthe"..'^tlogi'pli.s;!qtedand.;1.'.'-'ffio-

relalt

lAR

functions,

contact

IAR_Z

closes

:'1

'

:'r-" '*:=*::-',ro'

-,;*?,€,-.d..!

.:

reiay

SATR'

Its

-con-tact

BATR-I

makes

r,s;-

14-iJ.

H-rl

osciilograph

*,irir

tire

coil

cireuit

"f

;;;_;'g;-?i,'

*Ut,

ji.

-iamps

and

cfock-to'"e"i.,i

iime----

he

circuit

of

the

'-off

device

u.sed.in

the

camera

attachment.

The

contact

ig

current

to

the

camera

attachmeni-and

turns

on

{-R

reset.

the

coil

circuit

y

opens

the

c.oil

circuit

of

he

canoera

shut-off

device.

C.l

to

0.i5

s,

the

canera

r

lamps

lit

up

to

take

the

;ure

of relay

gATR

drops

rns

to

the

initial

position.

indicated

by

signaliins

;hort-time

aod

pr"otofi;e

;ciliograph

with-a

""*Zr"

auxiliaries

intendea

i"i

lustry

is

the

VIIO_{_automatic

starting

device

with

starting

both

the

H_lI

-an]^F*ts

-".Erfi"g.rpi,.

CHAPTER

FOIJRTEEN

/,

zero-sequence

voltage

relay

and

inter_

nts

responding

to

.disturbanoes.

All these

,a

high

reset-to-pickup

ratio

[1{-s].

The

C-l

device

is

given

in-Fig.

!4-4.

Linder

ied

from

a 170-220-V

source

of operatinr

xcited

and

conta

cL

PAR-L

i-"

cloied.

Aij

when

a fautr

o.cc'rs:.reta],

,o"

.ri33l::%"i,1

contact

lAR-]opens

the

coit

:TTi1

otr

relay

?AR.

When

the

armature

of relay

zAR

drofs

outj the

*oouJ

ZAR-A

s*'itches

-on_

'the

oscillograph

yotor

(in

a

iorcing

manner)

and the

con-

tacts

2AR-3

and

2A_R-5

switc-h

on rhe

Iighr

ro

its

fuil noii"grl

At

the

same

tim-e

the cont.act

jAR-Z"close-s

ths retay+oii?wer

BAR.

The

contact

3AR-3

closes the

coil

circuit,

of relay

4ATR

rn'hichis

delayed

i"

pi"t-"f

and

reset

(for

55-60

ms).

If t.he

startirig

eiement

operates

for

a shoit

time (as

the

operation

of

a

.Iightnil8

arrester)

and

resets

beiore

the

contact

making

ti-*

of

relay

4ATR

i.s,compte1e,

the

ciicuit resets,

the

motor of the

tape

feed

mecla-

nism

of

the

osciiiographstops

anti

the

suppll;1o

the

illumination'circuit

ceasei-

9oly

a

-,'eril

sT'al1-amo'untbf

phoiograpli.'prp*t

is

consumeti.

if

the

startinp

l|:11:rq:9r.lh*-t

lav

4,4?fi

Las

tihe'b

funciion,

rhe

conract

aAf

R-7;;;;:

the

coil

circuit

of-relay

2AR

and

this relav

rx'ill

not

be able to

stop

t5"

rJclr-

ding.proces-q

u&til

the-

end

of recording

el,cle

-is

reached.

The

contacL

4ATR-2

holds

the

coii

Jf ,"irrl

U'f

i

itised

unril

the

contacts

2AR-2

break'

The-conta

et

l.r$-!

.prepares

th.

-"lo=-orc

or

t.i"ylin.

ruc'gt

lHf

gJlifg

relav

J,SR

the

eontact

4AT

R-4 sends

a srarr

signal

tO$ClLr,oGRAPH

STARfl.

At

the

end

of

the

fauity-ope_ration

and

the

reset

of

relar,

IAR,

tire

contact

!^AR-?

o-pens

tbe

circuit

of ihe

LAR

coil

The

conra

cL

JAR-4.i;;;;

relar.

ITR.

Two

to

five

seconds

iater,-the

sliding

"ooir.t

lfn-l

makes

and

clo,ses

the

coil

of

relay

|AR'

fhe

latter

locks

itself"u'ith

irr.

*"tr

ets

SAR-|

and

i,4

R-Z and

coil

of

relap.'

zAR.

This

relav

functions

aph

motor

and

iliuminator.

re

armature

of relay

4ATR

drops

out

circuit

of

the

clock

illuminator

oDens

s

of

contact

4ATR-7).

The

delav

m^ke,

ock

dial

afrer

the

fuli

stop

of

ih. t"J,*

hing

time

is

determined

bv

the

time

contact.

6AR-3

conpiet,es

the

motor

ar:

to

mrcve

the

p)rotographic

tape

with

the

rI

another

fault

oceurs

before

the

devir

tion.

Contact

3AR-4

opens

the

coil

circuit.

of time

rela5,

ITR

and

it resets,

The.

oscillograph,stops

operaring

onry

afrer

trr"

ti*,

,^."fi1

iirt'

";;;-.'ir."ii*i

COntaCt.

When the c.nntnrlc nf

-{ho

c+qnrinn -^I^-.^ ^-^ ^r^-^r r-- r .. -

t

!

il.

T

t

tAF-/

+Afp-/

74P-2

7AR-6

I:!;

r,

$;

r"tart

ins

osci

rrosraph

mo{or

l:t"!-

/tm1ti1S

rccordrnq

ttme

tn

normat

slarl

Retoy

c6ntro/{ing

lemps

otl

ctoc*

l Lt

umrDatt

otl

!r{oy

confroltinq

lape

.driviog

mehonisnz

vith

cioc*

prcEure

Relay

to

ltmil

sterltn-a

titne

*tlen

.!,rio.!",

o.{

starttng

ielays

are

7Ap

I

closea

lor

o tang

trhe

/sP

Signal

.

?sctl[o,arapt

starl

,,

2sP

I

n"\-J

Signa{

,,Dtslu.-iances

to

roltagzc

(a

blou'n

fuse

in tire

secondar5,

circuit

of

the"r,ol;i;

ITR

wiII

not

repeat

its

operaiion.

In

tni,

irrt*"*j.

transformer)

the

time

relal'

the

time

rela3'2TR,

having

\

*\

\4

24P-3

14-4'

operating

circuits

of

starting

device

for

osciilog.a'hs,

t1.,pe

l/ro_1

a pickup

time

greater

than

that,

of

relay

1TR,

functions

after

the

operation

of relav

'?'4'R

and

closure

oiltrlan-4.o"1".i.-Ai;,

closing

the

coutac

t

zRT-1,

the

reial'

7,4'rR

functions.

rur

-"ontr

cL

\AR-t

"iorm

the

relay

zAR

to

make

It'.""'#;T.f"

"

prolonged

Jo'o*

of

the

rei^;-7iRT;

';;;ir-#.

,.rord

to

14-3.

Devices

for

Recording

Electrical

!'ariables

with

Autoduti.

A**eleration

of

Recording

Speeds

il;G-ili-rt*lL**s

we

now

consider

the

recorders,

models

H-3gb,

H-3Bg

and

p_885,

with

accelerated

paper

sqge-d;

d**g

il"it-'ul"u

"t."

"rra

in

a number

of

soviet

-

power

svstems'

The

H-385

instniment

is

an

"**ri*,

or

voltmeter

which

records

r"'-il

AUTOMATIC.RECORIING

OF

ELEC?RICAL

VARIABLES

puises.

Under

nr

180

pulses

o., nnii"T1ir:9":1PJ.t?o"*itioT:

a

sy.nc\onous

motor

,sar

forms

f

&ffi

:f*,tt*l,mi**i,ily*:ff

*:-'#",;T'llisol;ili"f

ff

"',"ff

dri

ve

me

cda

uism

;i" ; ;";;"::il 7

D

rYr

-

t

a

rrertra

t

whp,,,o^^-,,*

j::tl9Tlg"et

(Fig.r

tasiiiiii

'|.T*il-.T'liil'rli*fr,*f'*::ii:'i?#"f':*::li"*

e*ry

srarriag.rera-v,s.E,

l{*,1"i1:

l,tr. 1"

;e;;{!

_;

;'i:;

;f#:"?#':i;3#;

of

the

tape-drive

mechani";-;J

ala

rf,s

contact

]AR-I

opens

ihe

circui

conracr

IAR_'

e.tospo rha ^r_^.-..

tl?l1r,d

by

the

SM_i-ioit"Jt-

""a

its

othe

ifi

il

:x',!,'

f,f;i,""1

*I** :i:['il ,*' & .

it

"*:'f#;i'

T""'1"

:l

tti

ll;,l'?t::

Yj.,"

the

vibrator

operates,

the

"oo

"

t[e

electromagnet

coil

of

the

vibrator.

1ne

rast

to

c,lose

is.the.

qrr.ri.lio-,.

_^::!:t,V,iI_./

opens

and

the

cootact-iib2

closes.

The

last

to

close

i*.i#

",,"Jlrlll-Ill'av'

v

Lo-

Tho .i,^,,;+ ^c .r^l.the

auxiliary

relay

ZAil.

rhe

circuit

of

the

i6-_d;i#H,i"#ifft

ff?,*?'*,3t_t,1". ::,til:t

i

I{J

#ii,:t".J

second).

:1.:lTi

with

the

"fi;;;;;:(30'

;;il:'.";".i

g

The

paper

moves

0.33

mm

per

pulse.

The

i

--

pulse

motor

is

sunnliorr-li* ^ ,r ^ to

t

or22A-Y

sorrrr.p

;Ff,;-;*r;^^"::

*'t'

'1o''

LLLI-

T

,r-aFd+^^ *_^ll_.

*""

"r1-:-\,!c[Ionous

motor

,

operates

from

an

a-c-

g9fi_v

c^rri^^

I

Each

operatioa

"r-tn.

$;rT#

device,

3

; _:T:L,.:1Tf,.rs

the

;;p-elir,oe

mechanism

to

accelerated

oneratio-n,

,.*it,

ii

operation

lll.l:::tease,sea.r

"oa

"riior,-oiin.

paper_

aqvance

mechanism

fg,

z+

s-?tinr.;J;;

,??:?

rnrl

auxiliarl.

,;i;t,-;.4fi,"ur,

,ooo,o

eonventionallv

t

-qig.

1"4_i-;;'th.

,.ir"s€ p,^

gear'

Relay

lAR

ncus it.splf *ir'r +L^ ^-

^.6'

14-6.

Recorder

with ar..nororaior

CHAPTEF

FOURTEEN

NI

+

T'

.I

4r

A

ll.|

Fig'

14-5'

Coanectiol^?i-iiry-grive,mechaniqe

_of

recording

instrumenrs

*,ith

"1{{;-.r"r*sn**i[fi

iTf

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speed

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paper

speed

of

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under

normal

operating

conditions

and

at

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of 3600 mrn/h rrnrtpr

uency

meter

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the

same

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tie

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t

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feed

parameters.

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the

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26_2076

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Barzam A.B. Automation in Electrical Power Systems (Системная автоматика)

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